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Podh MB, Ratha R, Purohit CS. Template Assisted Synthesis of Linear [5]Catenane by Post-Functionalization of Templated [2]Catenane and Using Click Reaction. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202400351. [PMID: 38700467 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Polymers with all mechanically interlocked rings, such as linear [n]catenanes, have great potential as functional materials due to possible higher degrees of freedom that may contribute to their flexibility but remain elusive. All the synthetic methods used to prepare such a polymer yield mixtures of products. In the absence of higher molecular weight linear [n]catenanes, emphasis on synthesizing low molecular weight oligomers is being pursued. Here, we have described the synthesis of a linear [5]catenane by post-functionalizing a Co(III) templated [2]catenane having a pyridine-diamide unit free for further metal ion coordination. Two molecules were synthesized with suitable threading groups: one, two terminal azide groups, and two, with two terminal alkyne groups to form two [3]pseudorotaxane utilizing Co(III) coordination. These units were then joined, forming a macrocycle, using click reaction, giving the desired metalated linear [5]catenane in 40 % yield. Removal of metal ions leads to linear [5]catenane. In addition, the formation of linear [3] and [2]catenane are also observed. All synthesized structures have been isolated by column chromatographic technique and characterized by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and mass spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mana Bhanjan Podh
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Jatni, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India-, 752050
- Mana Bhanjan Podh, Radhakrishna Ratha, Chandra Shekhar Purohit, Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI) Mumbai, Mumbai, India-, 400094
| | - Radhakrishna Ratha
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Jatni, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India-, 752050
- Mana Bhanjan Podh, Radhakrishna Ratha, Chandra Shekhar Purohit, Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI) Mumbai, Mumbai, India-, 400094
| | - Chandra Shekhar Purohit
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Jatni, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India-, 752050
- Mana Bhanjan Podh, Radhakrishna Ratha, Chandra Shekhar Purohit, Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI) Mumbai, Mumbai, India-, 400094
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2
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Podh MB, Ratha R, Purohit CS. Template Assisted One-Pot Synthesis of [2], Linear [3], and Radial [4]Catenane via Click Reaction. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202400031. [PMID: 38372572 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Design and synthesis of higher order catenane are unexpectedly complex and involve precise cooperation among the precursors overcoming competing and opposing interactions. We achieved synthesis of [2], linear [3], radial [4] in a one-pot reaction by consecutive ring closing through click reactions. This synthesis gave three isolable products due to two, four, and six-click reactions between suitable coupling partners. Yields of the isolate templated-catenane decrease from lower to higher-ordered catenane (40 %, 12 %, and 4 %), probably due to the bite angle as well as the flexibility of the reacting partners. Removal of templating cobalt(III) ion leads to the formation of fully organic [2], linear [3], and radial [4]catenane. These synthesized catenanes were purified by column chromatography and characterized by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and ESI-MS spectroscopy. The synthesized catenanes have free binding sites suitable for post-functionalization and may be used for the synthesis of higher-ordered catenane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mana Bhanjan Podh
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Jatni, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India -, 752050
- Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, India -, 400094
| | - Radhakrishna Ratha
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Jatni, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India -, 752050
- Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, India -, 400094
| | - Chandra Shekhar Purohit
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Jatni, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India -, 752050
- Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, India -, 400094
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3
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Nandi M, Bej S, Jana T, Ghosh P. From construction to application of a new generation of interlocked molecules composed of heteroditopic wheels. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023. [PMID: 38015500 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03778a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Over the last few decades, research on mechanically interlocked molecules has significantly evolved owing to their unique structural features and interesting properties. A substantial percentage of the reported works have focused on the synthetic strategies, leading to the preparation of functional MIMs for their applications in the chemical, materials, and biomedical sciences. Importantly, various macrocyclic wheels with specific heteroditopicity (including phenanthroline, amide, amine, oxy-ether, isophthalamide, calixarene and triazole) and threading axles (bipyridine, phenanthroline, pyridinium, triazolium, etc.) have been designed to synthesize targeted multifunctional mononuclear/multinuclear pseudorotaxanes, rotaxanes and catenanes. The structural uniqueness of these interlocked systems is advantageous owing to the presence of mechanical bonds with specific three-dimensional cavities. Furthermore, their multi-functionalities and preorganised structural entities exhibit a high potential for versatile applications, like switching, shuttling, dynamic properties, recognition and sensing. In this feature article, we describe some of the most recent advances in the construction and chemical behaviour of a new generation of interlocked molecules, primarily focusing on heteroditopic wheels and their applications in different directions of the modern research area. Furthermore, we outline the future prospects and significant perspectives of the new generation heteroditopic wheel based interlocked molecules in different emerging areas of science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandira Nandi
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India.
| | - Somnath Bej
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India.
| | - Tarun Jana
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India.
| | - Pradyut Ghosh
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India.
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4
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Colley N, Nosiglia MA, Tran SL, Harlan GH, Chang C, Li R, Delawder AO, Zhang Y, Barnes JC. Topologically Controlled Syntheses of Unimolecular Oligo[ n]catenanes. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2022; 8:1672-1682. [PMID: 36589894 PMCID: PMC9801505 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.2c00697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Catenanes are a well-known class of mechanically interlocked molecules that possess chain-like architectures and have been investigated for decades as molecular machines and switches. However, the synthesis of higher-order catenanes with multiple, linearly interlocked molecular rings has been greatly impeded by the generation of unwanted oligomeric byproducts and figure-of-eight topologies that compete with productive ring closings. Here, we report two general strategies for the synthesis of oligo[n]catenanes that rely on a molecular "zip-tie" strategy, where the "zip-tie" is a central core macrocycle precursor bearing two phenanthroline (phen) ligands to make odd-numbered oligo[n]catenanes, or a preformed asymmetric iron(II) complex consisting of two macrocycle precursors bearing phen and terpyridine ligands to make even-numbered oligo[n]catenanes. In either case, preformed macrocycles or [2]catenanes are threaded onto the central "zip-tie" core using metal templation prior to ring-closing metathesis (RCM) reactions that generate several mechanical bonds in one pot. Using these synthetic strategies, a family of well-defined linear oligo[n]catenanes were synthesized, where n = 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 interlocked molecular rings, and n = 6 represents the highest number of linearly interlocked rings reported to date for any isolated unimolecular oligo[n]catenane.
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5
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Colley ND, Nosiglia MA, Li L, Amir F, Chang C, Greene AF, Fisher JM, Li R, Li X, Barnes JC. One-Pot Synthesis of a Linear [4]Catenate Using Orthogonal Metal Templation and Ring-Closing Metathesis. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:10450-10460. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan D. Colley
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Mark A. Nosiglia
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Faheem Amir
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Christy Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Angelique F. Greene
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Jeremy M. Fisher
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Ruihan Li
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Xuesong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Jonathan C. Barnes
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
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6
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Alcântara AFP, Fontana LA, Almeida MP, Rigolin VH, Ribeiro MA, Barros WP, Megiatto JD. Control over the Redox Cooperative Mechanism of Radical Carbene Transfer Reactions for the Efficient Active‐Metal‐Template Synthesis of [2]Rotaxanes. Chemistry 2020; 26:7808-7822. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur F. P. Alcântara
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Campinas (UNICAMP) PO Box 6154 13083-970 Campinas Brazil
- Instituto Federal do Sertão Pernambucano Estrada do Tamboril 56200-000 Ouricuri Brazil
| | - Liniquer A. Fontana
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Campinas (UNICAMP) PO Box 6154 13083-970 Campinas Brazil
| | - Marlon P. Almeida
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Campinas (UNICAMP) PO Box 6154 13083-970 Campinas Brazil
| | - Vitor H. Rigolin
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Campinas (UNICAMP) PO Box 6154 13083-970 Campinas Brazil
| | - Marcos A. Ribeiro
- Departamento de QuímicaUniversidade Federal do Espírito Santo Av. Fernando Ferrari, 514 29075-910 Vitória Brazil
| | - Wdeson P. Barros
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Campinas (UNICAMP) PO Box 6154 13083-970 Campinas Brazil
| | - Jackson D. Megiatto
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Campinas (UNICAMP) PO Box 6154 13083-970 Campinas Brazil
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7
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Megiatto JD, Guldi DM, Schuster DI. Design, synthesis and photoinduced processes in molecular interlocked photosynthetic [60]fullerene systems. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:8-20. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00638a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The mechanical bond, an entanglement in space between component parts that cannot be separated without breaking or distorting chemical bonds between atoms, can be used as a versatile organizing principle in the design of artificial photosynthetic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
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8
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Nandi M, Santra S, Akhuli B, Ghosh P. Threading of various ‘U’ shaped bidentate axles into a heteroditopic macrocyclic wheel via NiII/CuII templation. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:7421-7433. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt00699c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The NiII/CuII templated threading of various terminal group embedded ‘U’ shaped axles into an amido–amine macrocyclic wheel towards the development of a new generation of [2]pseudorotaxanes via [3 + 2] coordination assisted by other non-covalent interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandira Nandi
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata 700032
- India
| | - Saikat Santra
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata 700032
- India
| | - Bidyut Akhuli
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata 700032
- India
| | - Pradyut Ghosh
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata 700032
- India
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9
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Hahn U, Nierengarten JF. The copper–catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition for the construction of fullerene–porphyrin conjugates. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2016. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424616500966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Click chemistry has become a very popular and efficient concept for synthetic chemists for the construction of new molecules. Among the click chemistry approaches known to date, it is undoubted that the copper-catalyzed alkyne-azide 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition (CuAAC) has played a key role. Such reactions in general offer virtually unlimited possibilities to prepare new molecules for [Formula: see text]. materials science applications. As such, the synthesis of porphyrin–fullerene conjugates obtained via CuAAC are summarized within the present review article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Hahn
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Matériaux Moléculaires, Université de Strasbourg et CNRS (UMR 7509), Ecole Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux (ECPM), 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Jean-François Nierengarten
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Matériaux Moléculaires, Université de Strasbourg et CNRS (UMR 7509), Ecole Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux (ECPM), 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
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10
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Ornelas C. Brief Timelapse on Dendrimer Chemistry: Advances, Limitations, and Expectations. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201500393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Catia Ornelas
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Campinas - Unicamp; Campinas SP 13083-970 Brazil
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11
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Kirner SV, Henkel C, Guldi DM, Megiatto JD, Schuster DI. Multistep energy and electron transfer processes in novel rotaxane donor-acceptor hybrids generating microsecond-lived charge separated states. Chem Sci 2015; 6:7293-7304. [PMID: 28757988 PMCID: PMC5512142 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc02895g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A new set of [Cu(phen)2]+ based rotaxanes, featuring [60]-fullerene as an electron acceptor and a variety of electron donating moieties, namely zinc porphyrin (ZnP), zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) and ferrocene (Fc), has been synthesized and fully characterized with respect to electrochemical and photophysical properties. The assembly of the rotaxanes has been achieved using a slight variation of our previously reported synthetic strategy that combines the Cu(i)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction (the "click" or CuAAC reaction) with Sauvage's metal-template protocol. To underline our results, complementary model rotaxanes and catenanes have been prepared using the same strategy and their electrochemistry and photo-induced processes have been investigated. Insights into excited state interactions have been afforded from steady state and time resolved emission spectroscopy as well as transient absorption spectroscopy. It has been found that photo-excitation of the present rotaxanes triggers a cascade of multi-step energy and electron transfer events that ultimately leads to remarkably long-lived charge separated states featuring one-electron reduced C60 radical anion (C60˙-) and either one-electron oxidized porphyrin (ZnP˙+) or one-electron oxidized ferrocene (Fc˙+) with lifetimes up to 61 microseconds. In addition, shorter-lived charge separated states involving one-electron oxidized copper complexes ([Cu(phen)2]2+ (τ < 100 ns)), one-electron oxidized zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc˙+; τ = 380-560 ns), or ZnP˙+ (τ = 2.3-8.4 μs), and C60˙- have been identified as intermediates during the sequence. Detailed energy diagrams illustrate the sequence and rate constants of the photophysical events occurring with the mechanically-linked chromophores. This work pioneers the exploration of mechanically-linked systems as platforms to position three distinct chromophores, which are able to absorb light over a very wide range of the visible region, triggering a cascade of short-range energy and electron transfer processes to afford long-lived charge separated states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina V Kirner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , D-91058 Erlangen , Germany .
| | - Christian Henkel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , D-91058 Erlangen , Germany .
| | - Dirk M Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , D-91058 Erlangen , Germany .
| | - Jackson D Megiatto
- Department of Chemistry , New York University , New York , NY 10003 , USA .
| | - David I Schuster
- Department of Chemistry , New York University , New York , NY 10003 , USA .
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12
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Glasson CRK, Meehan GV, Davies M, Motti CA, Clegg JK, Lindoy LF. Post-Assembly Covalent Di- and Tetracapping of a Dinuclear [Fe2L3]4+ Triple Helicate and Two [Fe4L6]8+ Tetrahedra Using Sequential Reductive Aminations. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:6986-92. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b00940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. K. Glasson
- College of Science, Technology & Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - George V. Meehan
- College of Science, Technology & Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Murray Davies
- College of Science, Technology & Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Cherie A. Motti
- The Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland 4810, Australia
| | - Jack K. Clegg
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane St. Lucia, Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Leonard F. Lindoy
- College of Science, Technology & Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
- School of
Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Building F11 Eastern Avenue, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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13
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Cîrcu M, Soran A, Hădade ND, Rednic M, Terec A, Grosu I. Cryptands with 1,3,5-tris(1',3'-dioxan-2'-yl)-benzene units: synthesis and structural investigations. J Org Chem 2013; 78:8722-9. [PMID: 23924384 DOI: 10.1021/jo401432y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Various cryptands based on 1,3-dioxane decorated 1,3,5-trisubstituted-benzene building blocks, connected by different chains (exhibiting ester, ether, or triazol groups) to several units with C3 symmetry, are reported. The structure of the compounds was investigated by single crystal X-ray diffraction, NMR, and MS. The role of the 1,3-dioxane units was targeted to ensure the preorganization of the substrate for the macrocyclization reactions on one side, and for easier NMR assignment of the structure of the cryptands on the other side.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Cîrcu
- Center of Supramolecular Organic and Organometallic Chemistry, Cluj-Napoca, Babeş-Bolyai University, 11 Arany Janos str., 400028, Cluj-Napoca, România
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14
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Yuki T, Koyama Y, Matsumura T, Takata T. Click Annulation of Pseudo[2]rotaxane to [2]Catenane Exploiting Homoditopic Nitrile N-Oxide. Org Lett 2013; 15:4438-41. [DOI: 10.1021/ol401986u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Yuki
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 (H-126), Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan, and Catalysis Research Center, Hokkaido University, N21 W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Koyama
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 (H-126), Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan, and Catalysis Research Center, Hokkaido University, N21 W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Tohru Matsumura
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 (H-126), Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan, and Catalysis Research Center, Hokkaido University, N21 W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Takata
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 (H-126), Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan, and Catalysis Research Center, Hokkaido University, N21 W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
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15
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Howson SE, Clarkson GJ, Faulkner AD, Kaner RA, Whitmore MJ, Scott P. Optically pure heterobimetallic helicates from self-assembly and click strategies. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:14967-81. [PMID: 23943014 DOI: 10.1039/c3dt51725j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Single diastereomer, diamagnetic, octahedral Fe(II) tris chelate complexes are synthesised that contain three pendant pyridine proligands pre-organised for coordination to a second metal. They bind Cu(I) and Ag(I) with coordination geometry depending on the identity of the metal and the detail of the ligand structure, but for example homohelical (ΔFe,ΔCu) configured systems with unusual trigonal planar Cu cations are formed exclusively in solution as shown by VT-NMR and supported by DFT calculations. Similar heterobimetallic tris(triazole) complexes are synthesised via clean CuAAC reactions at a tris(alkynyl) complex, although here the configurations of the two metals differ (ΔFe,ΛCu), leading to the first optically pure heterohelicates. A second series of Fe complexes perform less well in either strategy as a result of lack of preorganisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne E Howson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
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16
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Avti PK, Maysinger D, Kakkar A. Alkyne-azide "click" chemistry in designing nanocarriers for applications in biology. Molecules 2013; 18:9531-49. [PMID: 23966076 PMCID: PMC6270461 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18089531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 08/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The alkyne-azide cycloaddition, popularly known as the "click" reaction, has been extensively exploited in molecule/macromolecule build-up, and has offered tremendous potential in the design of nanomaterials for applications in a diverse range of disciplines, including biology. Some advantageous characteristics of this coupling include high efficiency, and adaptability to the environment in which the desired covalent linking of the alkyne and azide terminated moieties needs to be carried out. The efficient delivery of active pharmaceutical agents to specific organelles, employing nanocarriers developed through the use of "click" chemistry, constitutes a continuing topical area of research. In this review, we highlight important contributions click chemistry has made in the design of macromolecule-based nanomaterials for therapeutic intervention in mitochondria and lipid droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod K. Avti
- Montreal Heart Institute, Research Center, 5000 Bélanger Est, Montréal, QC H1T 1C8, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W. Montréal, QC H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - Dusica Maysinger
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Ashok Kakkar
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W. Montréal, QC H3A 0B8 Canada
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17
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Schuster DI. Reflections on a Fifty-Year Career in Organic Photochemistry: A Personal Perspective. J Org Chem 2013; 78:6811-41. [DOI: 10.1021/jo4007078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David I. Schuster
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
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Wojtecki RJ, Wu Q, Johnson JC, Ray DG, Korley LTJ, Rowan SJ. Optimizing the formation of 2,6-bis(N-alkyl-benzimidazolyl)pyridine-containing [3]catenates through component design. Chem Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc52082j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Glen PE, O'Neill JA, Lee AL. Synthesis of a C1-symmetric Box macrocycle and studies towards active-template synthesis of mechanically planar chiral rotaxanes. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.10.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Megiatto JD, Schuster DI, de Miguel G, Wolfrum S, Guldi DM. Topological and Conformational Effects on Electron Transfer Dynamics in Porphyrin-[60]Fullerene Interlocked Systems. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2012; 24:2472-2485. [PMID: 22984324 PMCID: PMC3439220 DOI: 10.1021/cm3004408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The effect of molecular topology, and conformation on the dynamics of photoinduced electron transfer (ET) processes has been studied in interlocked electron donor-acceptor systems, specifically rotaxanes with zinc(II)-tetraphenylporphyrin (ZnP) electron donor and [60]fullerene (C(60)) as the electron acceptor. Formation or cleavage of coordinative bonds was used to induce major topological and conformational changes in the interlocked architecture. In the first approach, the tweezers-like structure created by the two ZnP stopper groups on the thread was used as a recognition site for complexation of 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO), which creates a bridge between the two ZnP moieties on the rotaxane, generating a catenane structure. The photoinduced processes in the DABCO-complexed (ZnP)(2)-[2]catenate-C(60) system were compared with those of the (ZnP)(2)-rotaxane-C(60) precursor and the previously reported ZnP-[2]catenate-C(60). Steady-state emission and transient absorption studies showed that a similar multistep ET pathway emerged for rotaxanes and catenanes upon photoexcitation at various wavelengths, ultimately resulting in a long-lived ZnP(•+)/C(60) (•-) charge separated radical pair state. However, the decay kinetics of the latter states clearly reflect the topological differences between the rotaxane, the catenate, and DABCO-complexed-catenate architectures. The lifetime of the long-distance ZnP(•+)-[Cu(I)phen(2)](+)-C(60) (•-) charge separated state is more than four times longer in 3 (1.03 µs) than in 1 (0.24 µs) and approaches that in catenate 2 (1.1 µs). The results clearly showed that adoption of a catenane from a rotaxane topology inhibits the charge recombination process. In a second approach, the Cu(I) ion used as template to assemble the (ZnP)(2)-[Cu(I)phen(2)](+)-C(60) rotaxane was removed, and structural analysis suggested a major topographical change occurred, such that charge separation between the chromophores was no longer observed upon photoexcitation in nonpolar as well as polar solvents. Only ZnP and C(60) triplet excited states were observed upon laser excitation. These results highlighted the critical importance of the central Cu(I) ion for long range ET processes in these large interlocked electron donor-acceptor systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David I. Schuster
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Gustavo de Miguel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Silke Wolfrum
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Zhu Z, Fahrenbach AC, Li H, Barnes JC, Liu Z, Dyar SM, Zhang H, Lei J, Carmieli R, Sarjeant AA, Stern CL, Wasielewski MR, Stoddart JF. Controlling Switching in Bistable [2]Catenanes by Combining Donor–Acceptor and Radical–Radical Interactions. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:11709-20. [DOI: 10.1021/ja3037355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhixue Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston,
Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Albert C. Fahrenbach
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston,
Illinois 60208, United States
- NanoCentury KAIST Institute
and Graduate School of EEWS (WCU), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 373-1 Guseong Dong, Yuseong
Gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston,
Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jonathan C. Barnes
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston,
Illinois 60208, United States
- NanoCentury KAIST Institute
and Graduate School of EEWS (WCU), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 373-1 Guseong Dong, Yuseong
Gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhichang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston,
Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Scott M. Dyar
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston,
Illinois 60208, United States
- Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy
Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Huacheng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston,
Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Juying Lei
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston,
Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Raanan Carmieli
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston,
Illinois 60208, United States
- Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy
Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Amy A. Sarjeant
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston,
Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Charlotte L. Stern
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston,
Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston,
Illinois 60208, United States
- Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy
Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston,
Illinois 60208, United States
- NanoCentury KAIST Institute
and Graduate School of EEWS (WCU), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 373-1 Guseong Dong, Yuseong
Gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
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Mohan A, Sankararaman S. 1,2,3-Triazolophanes-Cyclophanes with an Array of Molecular Structures and Supramolecular Architectures. Isr J Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201100160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Beves JE, Blight BA, Campbell CJ, Leigh DA, McBurney RT. Strategien und Taktiken für die metallgesteuerte Synthese von Rotaxanen, Knoten, Catenanen und Verschlingungen höherer Ordnung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201007963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Beves JE, Blight BA, Campbell CJ, Leigh DA, McBurney RT. Strategies and tactics for the metal-directed synthesis of rotaxanes, knots, catenanes, and higher order links. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:9260-327. [PMID: 21928462 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201007963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 570] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
More than a quarter of a century after the first metal template synthesis of a [2]catenane in Strasbourg, there now exists a plethora of strategies available for the construction of mechanically bonded and entwined molecular level structures. Catenanes, rotaxanes, knots and Borromean rings have all been successfully accessed by methods in which metal ions play a pivotal role. Originally metal ions were used solely for their coordination chemistry; acting either to gather and position the building blocks such that subsequent reactions generated the interlocked products or by being an integral part of the rings or "stoppers" of the interlocked assembly. Recently the role of the metal has evolved to encompass catalysis: the metal ions not only organize the building blocks in an entwined or threaded arrangement but also actively promote the reaction that covalently captures the interlocked structure. This Review outlines the diverse strategies that currently exist for forming mechanically bonded molecular structures with metal ions and details the tactics that the chemist can utilize for creating cross-over points, maximizing the yield of interlocked over non-interlocked products, and the reactions-of-choice for the covalent capture of threaded and entwined intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon E Beves
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, UK
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de Miguel G, Wielopolski M, Schuster DI, Fazio MA, Lee OP, Haley CK, Ortiz AL, Echegoyen L, Clark T, Guldi DM. Triazole bridges as versatile linkers in electron donor-acceptor conjugates. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:13036-54. [PMID: 21702513 PMCID: PMC3163909 DOI: 10.1021/ja202485s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic triazoles have been frequently used as π-conjugated linkers in intramolecular electron transfer processes. To gain a deeper understanding of the electron-mediating function of triazoles, we have synthesized a family of new triazole-based electron donor-acceptor conjugates. We have connected zinc(II)porphyrins and fullerenes through a central triazole moiety--(ZnP-Tri-C(60))--each with a single change in their connection through the linker. An extensive photophysical and computational investigation reveals that the electron transfer dynamics--charge separation and charge recombination--in the different ZnP-Tri-C(60) conjugates reflect a significant influence of the connectivity at the triazole linker. Except for the m4m-ZnP-Tri-C(60)17, the conjugates exhibit through-bond photoinduced electron transfer with varying rate constants. Since the through-bond distance is nearly the same for all the synthesized ZnP-Tri-C(60) conjugates, the variation in charge separation and charge recombination dynamics is mainly associated with the electronic properties of the conjugates, including orbital energies, electron affinity, and the energies of the excited states. The changes of the electronic couplings are, in turn, a consequence of the different connectivity patterns at the triazole moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo de Miguel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mateusz Wielopolski
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - David I. Schuster
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Michael A Fazio
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Olivia P. Lee
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | | | - Angy L. Ortiz
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson SC USA
| | - Luis Echegoyen
- Department of Chemistry University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968-0519
| | - Timothy Clark
- Computer-Chemie-Centrum, University of Erlangen, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Voignier J, Frey J, Kraus T, Buděšínský M, Cvačka J, Heitz V, Sauvage J. Transition‐Metal‐Complexed Cyclic [3]‐ and [4]Pseudorotaxanes Containing Rigid Ring‐and‐Filament Conjugates: Synthesis and Solution Studies. Chemistry 2011; 17:5404-14. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201003592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Voignier
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organo‐Minérale, Institut de Chimie, Université de Strasbourg‐CNRS/UMR 7177, 4, rue Blaise Pascal, 67070 Strasbourg‐Cedex (France), Fax: (+33) 390‐241‐368
| | - Julien Frey
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organo‐Minérale, Institut de Chimie, Université de Strasbourg‐CNRS/UMR 7177, 4, rue Blaise Pascal, 67070 Strasbourg‐Cedex (France), Fax: (+33) 390‐241‐368
| | - Tomáš Kraus
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CR, v.v.i. Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6 (Czech Republic)
| | - Miloš Buděšínský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CR, v.v.i. Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6 (Czech Republic)
| | - Josef Cvačka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CR, v.v.i. Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6 (Czech Republic)
| | - Valérie Heitz
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organo‐Minérale, Institut de Chimie, Université de Strasbourg‐CNRS/UMR 7177, 4, rue Blaise Pascal, 67070 Strasbourg‐Cedex (France), Fax: (+33) 390‐241‐368
| | - Jean‐Pierre Sauvage
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organo‐Minérale, Institut de Chimie, Université de Strasbourg‐CNRS/UMR 7177, 4, rue Blaise Pascal, 67070 Strasbourg‐Cedex (France), Fax: (+33) 390‐241‐368
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Megiatto JD, Schuster DI. Alternative demetalation method for Cu(I)-phenanthroline-based catenanes and rotaxanes. Org Lett 2011; 13:1808-11. [PMID: 21384822 DOI: 10.1021/ol200304d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A new and less hazardous procedure for demetalation of Cu(I)-phenanthroline-based interlocked molecules, using aqueous NH(4)OH rather than toxic KCN, has been developed. The conditions are compatible with materials containing nucleophile-sensitive appended groups such as C(60), and coordinating moieties such as zinc(II)-porphyrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson D Megiatto
- Chemistry Department, New York University, New York City, New York 10003, United States.
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Megiatto Junior JD, Spencer R, Schuster DI. Optimizing reaction conditions for synthesis of electron donor-[60]fullerene interlocked multiring systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm02154g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Megiatto JD, Li K, Schuster DI, Palkar A, Herranz MÁ, Echegoyen L, Abwandner S, de Miguel G, Guldi DM. Convergent synthesis and photoinduced processes in multi-chromophoric rotaxanes. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:14408-19. [PMID: 20518479 PMCID: PMC2964391 DOI: 10.1021/jp101154k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of [2]rotaxane materials, in which [60]fullerene is linked to a macrocycle and ferrocene (Fc) moieties are placed at the termini of a thread, both of which possess a central Cu(I)-1,10-phenanthroline [Cu(phen)(2)](+) complex, were synthesized by self-assembly using Sauvage metal template methodology. Two types of threads were constructed, one with terminal ester linkages, and a second with terminal 1,2,3-triazole linkages derived from Cu(I)-catalyzed "click" 1,3-cycloaddition reactions. Model compounds lacking the fullerene moiety were prepared in an analogous manner. The ability of the interlocked Fc-[Cu(phen)(2)](+)-C(60) hybrids to undergo electron transfer upon photoexcitation in benzonitrile, dichloromethane, and ortho-dichlorobenzene was investigated by means of time-resolved fluorescence and transient absorption spectroscopy, using excitation wavelengths directed at the fullerene and [Cu(phen)(2)](+) subunits. The energies of the electronic excited states and charge separated (CS) states that might be formed upon photoexcitation were determined from spectroscopic and electrochemical data. These studies showed that MLCT excited states of the copper complex in the fullerenerotaxanes were quenched by electron transfer to the fullerene in benzonitrile, resulting in charge separated states with oxidized copper and reduced fullerene moieties, (Fc)(2)-[Cu(phen)(2)](2+)-C(60)(•-). Even though electron transfer from Fc to the oxidized copper complex is predicted to be exergonic by 0.16 to 0.20 eV, no unequivocal evidence in support of such a process was obtained. The conclusion that Fc plays no role in the photoinduced processes in our systems rests on the lack of enhancement of the lifetime of the charge separated state, as measured by decay of C(60)(•-) at ∼1000 nm, since one-electron oxidized Fc is very difficult to detect spectroscopically in the 500-800 nm spectral region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ke Li
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - David I. Schuster
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Amit Palkar
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634
| | | | - Luis Echegoyen
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634
| | - Silke Abwandner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gustavo de Miguel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Ornelas C, Broichhagen J, Weck M. Strain-promoted alkyne azide cycloaddition for the functionalization of poly(amide)-based dendrons and dendrimers. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:3923-31. [PMID: 20184364 DOI: 10.1021/ja910581d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Functionalization of a poly(amido)-based dendron with ethylene glycol chains (PEG) using copper-catalyzed alkyne azide cycloaddition (CuAAC) afforded dendrons with significant levels of copper contaminations, preventing the use of such materials for biological applications. We suggest that the presence of amide, PEG, and triazole functional groups allows for copper complexation, thereby preventing the separation of the copper catalyst from the final dendron. To minimize this problem, synthetic variations on CuAAC including the addition of "click" additives for copper sequestering as well as the use of copper wire as the copper source were investigated. None of these strategies, however, resulted in copper-free products. In contrast, we developed a copper-free strain-promoted alkyne azide cycloaddition (SPAAC) strategy that functionalized poly(amide)-based dendrons and dendrimers with PEG chains quantitatively under mild reaction conditions without any metal contamination. The SPAAC products were characterized by (1)H and (13)C NMR, 2D HSQC and COSY NMR, mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis. This is the first report on the use of SPAAC for dendrimer functionalization, and the results obtained here show that SPAAC is an important tool to the dendrimer and more general biomaterials community for the functionalization of macromolecular structures due to the mild and metal-free reaction conditions, no side products, tolerance toward functional groups, and high yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Ornelas
- Molecular Design Institute and Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003-6688, USA
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Collin JP, Durola F, Frey J, Heitz V, Reviriego F, Sauvage JP, Trolez Y, Rissanen K. Templated Synthesis of Cyclic [4]Rotaxanes Consisting of Two Stiff Rods Threaded through Two Bis-macrocycles with a Large and Rigid Central Plate as Spacer. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:6840-50. [DOI: 10.1021/ja101759w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Collin
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organo-Minérale, Institut de Chimie, LC3 UMR 7177 du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67070 Strasbourg Cedex, France, and Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Fabien Durola
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organo-Minérale, Institut de Chimie, LC3 UMR 7177 du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67070 Strasbourg Cedex, France, and Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Julien Frey
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organo-Minérale, Institut de Chimie, LC3 UMR 7177 du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67070 Strasbourg Cedex, France, and Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Valérie Heitz
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organo-Minérale, Institut de Chimie, LC3 UMR 7177 du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67070 Strasbourg Cedex, France, and Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Felipe Reviriego
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organo-Minérale, Institut de Chimie, LC3 UMR 7177 du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67070 Strasbourg Cedex, France, and Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jean-Pierre Sauvage
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organo-Minérale, Institut de Chimie, LC3 UMR 7177 du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67070 Strasbourg Cedex, France, and Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Yann Trolez
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organo-Minérale, Institut de Chimie, LC3 UMR 7177 du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67070 Strasbourg Cedex, France, and Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Kari Rissanen
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organo-Minérale, Institut de Chimie, LC3 UMR 7177 du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67070 Strasbourg Cedex, France, and Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
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First example of a CLICK reaction of a coordinated 4′-azido-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine ligand. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2010.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Megiatto JD, Schuster DI, Abwandner S, de Miguel G, Guldi DM. [2]Catenanes decorated with porphyrin and [60]fullerene groups: design, convergent synthesis, and photoinduced processes. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:3847-61. [PMID: 20196597 PMCID: PMC2862559 DOI: 10.1021/ja910149f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A new class of [2]catenanes containing zinc(II)-porphyrin (ZnP) and/or [60]fullerene (C(60)) as appended groups has been prepared. A complete description of the convergent synthetic approach based on Cu(I) template methodology and "click" 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition chemistry is described. This new electron donor-acceptor catenane family has been subjected to extensive spectroscopic, computational, electrochemical and photophysical studies. (1)H NMR spectroscopy and computational analysis have revealed that the ZnP-C(60)-[2]catenane adopts an extended conformation with the chromophores as far as possible from each other. A detailed photophysical investigation has revealed that upon irradiation the ZnP singlet excited state initially transfers energy to the (phenanthroline)(2)-Cu(I) complex core, producing a metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) excited state, which in turn transfers an electron to the C(60) group, generating the ZnP-[Cu(phen)(2)](2+)-C(60)(*-) charge-separated state. A further charge shift from the [Cu(phen)(2)](2+) complex to the ZnP subunit, competitive with decay to the ground state, leads to the isoenergetic long distance ZnP(*+)-[Cu(phen)(2)](+)-C(60)(*-) charge-separated radical pair state, which slowly decays back to the ground state on the microsecond time scale. The slow rate of back-electron transfer indicates that in this interlocked system, as in previously studied covalently linked ZnP-C(60) hybrid materials, this process occurs in the Marcus-inverted region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson D Megiatto
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA.
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Constable EC, Housecroft CE, Neuburger M, Rösel P. Clicking hard-core sugar balls. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:1628-30. [DOI: 10.1039/b924103e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Megiatto, Jr. JD, Schuster DI. Introduction of useful peripheral functional groups on [2]catenanes by combining Cu(i) template synthesis with “click” chemistry. NEW J CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/b9nj00486f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Hänni KD, Leigh DA. The application of CuAAC ‘click’ chemistry to catenane and rotaxane synthesis. Chem Soc Rev 2010; 39:1240-51. [DOI: 10.1039/b901974j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Goldup SM, Leigh DA, McGonigal PR, Ronaldson VE, Slawin AMZ. Two Axles Threaded Using a Single Template Site: Active Metal Template Macrobicyclic [3]Rotaxanes. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 132:315-20. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9080716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M. Goldup
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, The King’s Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, United Kingdom, and School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, Purdie Building, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Leigh
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, The King’s Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, United Kingdom, and School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, Purdie Building, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Paul R. McGonigal
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, The King’s Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, United Kingdom, and School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, Purdie Building, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Vicki E. Ronaldson
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, The King’s Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, United Kingdom, and School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, Purdie Building, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra M. Z. Slawin
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, The King’s Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, United Kingdom, and School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, Purdie Building, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
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Zheng H, Zhou W, Lv J, Yin X, Li Y, Liu H, Li Y. A Dual-Response [2]Rotaxane Based on a 1,2,3-Triazole Ring as a Novel Recognition Station. Chemistry 2009; 15:13253-62. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200901841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Goldup SM, Leigh DA, Long T, McGonigal PR, Symes MD, Wu J. Active Metal Template Synthesis of [2]Catenanes. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:15924-9. [PMID: 19807083 DOI: 10.1021/ja9070317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M. Goldup
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, The King’s Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Leigh
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, The King’s Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, United Kingdom
| | - Tao Long
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, The King’s Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, United Kingdom
| | - Paul R. McGonigal
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, The King’s Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, United Kingdom
| | - Mark D. Symes
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, The King’s Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jhenyi Wu
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, The King’s Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, United Kingdom
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Megiatto JD, Spencer R, Schuster DI. Efficient One-Pot Synthesis of Rotaxanes Bearing Electron Donors and [60]Fullerene. Org Lett 2009; 11:4152-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ol9016645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Spencer
- Chemistry Department, New York University, New York City, New York 10003
| | - David I. Schuster
- Chemistry Department, New York University, New York City, New York 10003
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Plietzsch O, Schilling CI, Tolev M, Nieger M, Richert C, Muller T, Bräse S. Four-fold click reactions: Generation of tetrahedral methane- and adamantane-based building blocks for higher-order molecular assemblies. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:4734-43. [DOI: 10.1039/b912189g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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