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Lavarda G, Labella J, Martínez-Díaz MV, Rodríguez-Morgade MS, Osuka A, Torres T. Recent advances in subphthalocyanines and related subporphyrinoids. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:9482-9619. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00280a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Subporphyrinoids constitute a class of extremely versatile and attractive compounds. Herein, a comprehensive review of the most recent advances in the fundamentals and applications of these cone-shaped aromatic macrocycles is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Lavarda
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Labella
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Victoria Martínez-Díaz
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Salomé Rodríguez-Morgade
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomás Torres
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA-Nanociencia, c/Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Shimizu S. Recent Advances in Subporphyrins and Triphyrin Analogues: Contracted Porphyrins Comprising Three Pyrrole Rings. Chem Rev 2016; 117:2730-2784. [PMID: 27779851 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Subporphyrinato boron (subporphyrin) was elusive until the syntheses of tribenzosubporphine in 2006 and meso-aryl-substituted subporphyrin in 2007. These novel contracted analogues possess a 14π-electron conjugated system embedded in a bowl-shaped structure. They exhibit absorption and fluorescence in the UV/vis region and nonlinear optical properties due to their octupolar structures. The unique coordination geometry around the central boron atom in the structure of subporphyrin enabled investigation of rare boron species, such as borenium cations, boron hydrides, and boron peroxides. Along with the burgeoning development of the chemistry of subporphyrins, analogous triphyrin systems have also emerged. Their rich coordination chemistry as a result of their free-base structures, which are different from the boron-coordinating structure of subporphyrins, has been intensively investigated. On the basis of the unique structures and reactivities of subporphyrins and their related triphyrin analogues, supramolecular architectures and covalently linked multicomponent systems have also been actively pursued. This Review provides an overview of the development of subporphyrin and triphyrin chemistry in the past decade and future prospects in this field, which may inspire molecular design toward applications based on their unique properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soji Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University , Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.,Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University , Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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Yoshida K, Copley G, Mori H, Osuka A. Probing the rotational dynamics of meso-(2-substituted)aryl substituents in A2B-type subporphyrins. Chemistry 2014; 20:10065-72. [PMID: 24976497 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201402778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A2 B-type B-methoxy subporphyrins 3 a-g and B-phenyl subporphyrins 7 a-c,e,g bearing meso-(2-substituted)aryl substituents are synthesized, and their rotational dynamics are examined through variable-temperature (VT) (1) H NMR spectroscopy. In these subporphyrins, the rotation of meso-aryl substituents is hindered by a rationally installed 2-substituent. The rotational barriers determined are considerably smaller than those reported previously for porphyrins. Comparison of the rotation activation parameters reveals a variable contribution of ΔH(≠) and ΔS(≠) in ΔG(≠). 2-Methyl and 2-ethyl groups of the meso-aryl substituents in subporphyrins 3 e, 3 f, and 7 e induce larger rotational barriers than 2-alkoxyl substituents. The rotational barriers of 3 g and 7 g are reduced by the presence of the 4-dibenzylamino group owing to its ability to stabilize the coplanar rotation transition state electronically. The smaller rotational barriers found for B-phenyl subporphyrins than for B-methoxy subporphyrins indicate a negligible contribution of SN 1-type heterolysis in the rotation of meso-aryl substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Yoshida
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502 (Japan), Fax: (+81) 75-753-3970
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Claessens CG, González-Rodríguez D, Rodríguez-Morgade MS, Medina A, Torres T. Subphthalocyanines, subporphyrazines, and subporphyrins: singular nonplanar aromatic systems. Chem Rev 2013; 114:2192-277. [PMID: 24568182 DOI: 10.1021/cr400088w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian G Claessens
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , E-28049 Madrid, Spain
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Saga S, Hayashi SY, Yoshida K, Tsurumaki E, Kim P, Sung YM, Sung J, Tanaka T, Kim D, Osuka A. Subporphyrins with an axial B-C bond. Chemistry 2013; 19:11158-61. [PMID: 23857881 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201302454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Axial fabrications of subporphyrins have been conveniently accomplished by the reaction of B(methoxo)triphenylsubporphyrin with Grignard reagents such as aryl-, heteroaryl-, ferrocenyl-, β-styryl-, phenylethynyl-, and ethylmagnesium bromides. The axial groups thus introduced are not conjugated with the subporphyrin core. This situation leads to effective fluorescence quenching of subporphyrins when the axial group is strongly electron donating such as 4-dimethylaminophenyl and ferrocenyl groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Saga
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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Multielectron Redox Chemistry of a Neutral, NIR-Active, Indigo-Pillared ReI-Based Triangular Metalloprism. Chemistry 2012; 18:5275-83. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201102087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope J. Brothers
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1042, New Zealand
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Kuzuhara D, Yamada H, Xue Z, Okujima T, Mori S, Shen Z, Uno H. New synthesis of meso-free-[14]triphyrin(2.1.1) by McMurry coupling and its derivatization to Mn(i) and Re(i) complexes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:722-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc04286b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Berlicka A, Latos-Grażyński L, Szterenberg L, Pawlicki M. Photooxidation of Dithiaethyneporphyrin. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201000792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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