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Keyes ED, Mifflin MC, Austin MJ, Sandres J, Roberts AG. Chemical cyclization of tyrosine-containing peptides via in situ generated triazolinedione peptides. Methods Enzymol 2024; 698:89-109. [PMID: 38886041 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2024.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Tyr-derived cyclic peptide natural products are formed by enzymatic manifolds that oxidatively cross-link embedded phenolic side chains of tyrosine (Tyr) and 4-hydroxyphenylglycine residues during their controlled production. Bioactive Tyr-derived cyclic peptides, such as the arylomycins and vancomycins, continue to motivate the development of enzymatic and chemical strategies for their de novo assembly and modification. However, chemical access to these structurally diverse natural cycles can be challenging and step intensive. Therefore, we developed an oxidative procedure to selectively convert Tyr-containing N4-substituted 1,2,4-triazolidine-3,5-dione peptides (urazole peptides) into stable Tyr-linked cyclic peptides. We show that Tyr-containing urazole peptides are simple to prepare and convert into reactive N4-substituted 1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione peptides by oxidation, which then undergo spontaneous cyclization under mildly basic aqueous conditions to form a cross-linkage with the phenol side chain of embedded Tyr residues. Using this approach, we have demonstrated access to over 25 Tyr-linked cyclic peptides (3- to 11-residue cycles) with good tolerance of native residue side chain functionalities. Importantly, this method is simple to perform, and product formation can be quickly confirmed by mass spectrometric and 1H NMR spectroscopic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Dalles Keyes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Marcus C Mifflin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Maxwell J Austin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Jesus Sandres
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Andrew G Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.
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2
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Molinaro C, Kawasaki Y, Wanyoike G, Nishioka T, Yamamoto T, Snedecor B, Robinson SJ, Gosselin F. Engineered Cytochrome P450-Catalyzed Oxidative Biaryl Coupling Reaction Provides a Scalable Entry into Arylomycin Antibiotics. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:14838-14845. [PMID: 35905381 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c06019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We report herein the first example of a cytochrome P450-catalyzed oxidative carbon-carbon coupling process for a scalable entry into arylomycin antibiotic cores. Starting from wild-type hydroxylating cytochrome P450 enzymes and engineered Escherichia coli, a combination of enzyme engineering, random mutagenesis, and optimization of reaction conditions generated a P450 variant that affords the desired arylomycin core 2d in 84% assay yield. Furthermore, this process was demonstrated as a viable route for the production of the arylomycin antibiotic core on the gram scale. Finally, this new entry affords a viable, scalable, and practical route for the synthesis of novel Gram-negative antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Molinaro
- Department of Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Yukie Kawasaki
- Applied Microbiotechnology Department, MicroBiopharm Japan Co. Ltd., 156 Nakagawara, Kiyosu, Aichi 452-0915, Japan
| | - George Wanyoike
- Production Technology Department, MicroBiopharm Japan Co. Ltd., 1808 Nakaizumi, Iwata, Shizuoka 438-0078, Japan
| | - Taiki Nishioka
- Applied Microbiotechnology Department, MicroBiopharm Japan Co. Ltd., 156 Nakagawara, Kiyosu, Aichi 452-0915, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Yamamoto
- Applied Microbiotechnology Department, MicroBiopharm Japan Co. Ltd., 156 Nakagawara, Kiyosu, Aichi 452-0915, Japan
| | - Brad Snedecor
- Department of Cell Culture and Bioprocess Operations, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Sarah J Robinson
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Francis Gosselin
- Department of Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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3
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Kaushik S, He H, Dalbey RE. Bacterial Signal Peptides- Navigating the Journey of Proteins. Front Physiol 2022; 13:933153. [PMID: 35957980 PMCID: PMC9360617 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.933153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In 1971, Blobel proposed the first statement of the Signal Hypothesis which suggested that proteins have amino-terminal sequences that dictate their export and localization in the cell. A cytosolic binding factor was predicted, and later the protein conducting channel was discovered that was proposed in 1975 to align with the large ribosomal tunnel. The 1975 Signal Hypothesis also predicted that proteins targeted to different intracellular membranes would possess distinct signals and integral membrane proteins contained uncleaved signal sequences which initiate translocation of the polypeptide chain. This review summarizes the central role that the signal peptides play as address codes for proteins, their decisive role as targeting factors for delivery to the membrane and their function to activate the translocation machinery for export and membrane protein insertion. After shedding light on the navigation of proteins, the importance of removal of signal peptide and their degradation are addressed. Furthermore, the emerging work on signal peptidases as novel targets for antibiotic development is described.
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Aldemir H, Shu S, Schaefers F, Hong H, Richarz R, Harteis S, Einsiedler M, Milzarek TM, Schneider S, Gulder TAM. Carrier Protein-Free Enzymatic Biaryl Coupling in Arylomycin A2 Assembly and Structure of the Cytochrome P450 AryC*. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202103389. [PMID: 34725865 PMCID: PMC9299028 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The arylomycin antibiotics are potent inhibitors of bacterial type I signal peptidase. These lipohexapeptides contain a biaryl structural motif reminiscent of glycopeptide antibiotics. We herein describe the functional and structural evaluation of AryC, the cytochrome P450 performing biaryl coupling in biosynthetic arylomycin assembly. Unlike its enzymatic counterparts in glycopeptide biosynthesis, AryC converts free substrates without the requirement of any protein interaction partner, likely enabled by a strongly hydrophobic cavity at the surface of AryC pointing to the substrate tunnel. This activity enables chemo‐enzymatic assembly of arylomycin A2 that combines the advantages of liquid‐ and solid‐phase peptide synthesis with late‐stage enzymatic cross‐coupling. The reactivity of AryC is unprecedented in cytochrome P450‐mediated biaryl construction in non‐ribosomal peptides, in which peptidyl carrier protein (PCP)‐tethering so far was shown crucial both in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hülya Aldemir
- Chair of Technical Biochemistry, Technical University of Dresden, Bergstraße 66, 01069, Dresden, Germany.,Biosystems Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Shuangjie Shu
- Chair of Technical Biochemistry, Technical University of Dresden, Bergstraße 66, 01069, Dresden, Germany.,Biosystems Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Francoise Schaefers
- Biosystems Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Hanna Hong
- Biosystems Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - René Richarz
- Biosystems Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Sabrina Harteis
- Biosystems Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Manuel Einsiedler
- Chair of Technical Biochemistry, Technical University of Dresden, Bergstraße 66, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tobias M Milzarek
- Chair of Technical Biochemistry, Technical University of Dresden, Bergstraße 66, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sabine Schneider
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximillians-University Munich, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias A M Gulder
- Chair of Technical Biochemistry, Technical University of Dresden, Bergstraße 66, 01069, Dresden, Germany.,Biosystems Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
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6
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Peters DS, Pitts CR, McClymont KS, Stratton TP, Bi C, Baran PS. Ideality in Context: Motivations for Total Synthesis. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:605-617. [PMID: 33476518 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Total synthesis-the ultimate proving ground for the invention and field-testing of new methods, exploration of disruptive strategies, final structure confirmation, and empowerment of medicinal chemistry on natural products-is one of the oldest and most enduring subfields of organic chemistry. In the early days of this field, its sole emphasis focused on debunking the concept of vitalism, that living organisms could create forms of matter accessible only to them. Emphasis then turned to the use of synthesis to degrade and reconstitute natural products to establish structure and answer questions about biosynthesis. It then evolved to not only an intricate science but also a celebrated form of art. As the field progressed, a more orderly and logical approach emerged that served to standardize the process. These developments even opened up the possibility of computer-aided design using retrosynthetic analysis. Finally, the elevation of this field to even higher levels of sophistication showed that it was feasible to synthesize any natural product, regardless of complexity, in a laboratory. During this remarkable evolution, as has been reviewed elsewhere, many of the principles and methods of organic synthesis were refined and galvanized. In the modern era, students and practitioners are still magnetically attracted to this field due to the excitement of the journey, the exhilaration of creation, and the opportunity to invent solutions to challenges that still persist. Contemporary total synthesis is less concerned with demonstrating a proof of concept or a feasible approach but rather aims for increased efficiency, scalability, and even "ideality." In general, the molecules of Nature are created biosynthetically with levels of practicality that are still unimaginable using the tools of modern synthesis. Thus, as the community strives to do more with less (i.e., innovation), total synthesis is now focused on a pursuit for simplicity rather than a competition for maximal complexity. In doing so, the practitioner must devise outside-the-box strategies supplemented with forgotten or newly invented methods to reduce step count and increase the overall economy of the approach. The downstream applications of this pursuit not only empower students who often go on to apply these skills in the private sector but also lead to new discoveries that can impact numerous disciplines of societal importance. This account traces some select case studies from our laboratory over the past five years that vividly demonstrate our own motivation for dedicating so much effort to this classic field. In aiming for simplicity, we focus on the elusive goal of achieving ideality, a term that, when taken in the proper context, can serve as a guiding light to point the way to furthering progress in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S. Peters
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Cody Ross Pitts
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Kyle S. McClymont
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Thomas P. Stratton
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Cheng Bi
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Phil S. Baran
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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7
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Saridakis I, Kaiser D, Maulide N. Unconventional Macrocyclizations in Natural Product Synthesis. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2020; 6:1869-1889. [PMID: 33274267 PMCID: PMC7706100 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c00599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Over the past several decades, macrocyclic compounds have emerged as increasingly significant therapeutic candidates in drug discovery. Their pharmacological activity hinges on their rotationally restricted three-dimensional orientation, resulting in a unique conformational preorganization and a high enthalpic gain as a consequence of high-affinity macrocycle-protein binding interactions. Synthetic access to macrocyclic drug candidates is therefore crucial. From a synthetic point of view, the efficiency of macrocyclization events commonly suffers from entropic penalties as well as undesired intermolecular couplings (oligomerization). Although over the past several decades ring-closing metathesis, macrolactonization, or macrolactamization have become strategies of choice, the toolbox of organic synthesis provides a great number of versatile transformations beyond the aforementioned. This Outlook focuses on a selection of examples employing what we term unconventional macrocyclizations toward the synthesis of natural products or analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iakovos Saridakis
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Kaiser
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nuno Maulide
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Research
Platform for Next Generation Macrocycles, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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8
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Ng-Choi I, Figueras E, Oliveras À, Feliu L, Planas M. Solid-Phase Synthesis of Biaryl Cyclic Lipopeptides Derived from Arylomycins. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:23401-23412. [PMID: 32954193 PMCID: PMC7496001 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
An efficient approach for the solid-phase synthesis of N-methylated tailed biaryl cyclic lipopeptides based on the structure of arylomycins was established. Each of these analogues incorporates an N-terminal linear lipopeptide attached to a biaryl cyclic tripeptide containing a Phe-Tyr, a Tyr-Tyr, or a His-Tyr linkage. This methodology first involved an intramolecular Suzuki-Miyaura arylation of a linear peptidyl resin incorporating the corresponding halogenated amino acid at the N-terminus and a boronotyrosine at the C-terminus. After N-methylation of the resulting biaryl cyclic peptidyl resin, the N-methylated lipopeptidyl tail was then assembled. The biaryl cyclic lipopeptides were purified and characterized.
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9
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Sengupta S, Mehta G. Macrocyclization via C-H functionalization: a new paradigm in macrocycle synthesis. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:1851-1876. [PMID: 32101232 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob02765c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The growing emphasis on macrocycles in engaging difficult therapeutic targets such as protein-protein interactions and GPCRs via preferential adaptation of bioactive and cell penetrating conformations has provided impetus to the search for de novo macrocyclization strategies that are efficient, chemically robust and amenable to diversity creation. An emerging macrocyclization paradigm based on the C-H activation logic, of particular promise in the macrocyclization of complex peptides, has added a new dimension to this pursuit, enabling efficacious access to macrocycles of various sizes and topologies with high atom and step economy. Significant achievements in macrocyclization methodologies and their applications in the synthesis of bioactive natural products and drug-like molecules, employing strategic variations of C-H activation are captured in this review. It is expected that this timely account will foster interest in newer ways of macrocycle construction among practitioners of organic synthesis and chemical biology to advance the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumitra Sengupta
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad-5000 046, Telengana, India.
| | - Goverdhan Mehta
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad-5000 046, Telengana, India.
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10
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Ben‐Lulu M, Gaster E, Libman A, Pappo D. Synthesis of Biaryl‐Bridged Cyclic Peptides via Catalytic Oxidative Cross‐Coupling Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:4835-4839. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201913305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mor Ben‐Lulu
- Department of ChemistryBen-Gurion University of the Negev Beer Sheva 84105 Israel
| | - Eden Gaster
- Department of ChemistryBen-Gurion University of the Negev Beer Sheva 84105 Israel
| | - Anna Libman
- Department of ChemistryBen-Gurion University of the Negev Beer Sheva 84105 Israel
| | - Doron Pappo
- Department of ChemistryBen-Gurion University of the Negev Beer Sheva 84105 Israel
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11
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Ben‐Lulu M, Gaster E, Libman A, Pappo D. Synthesis of Biaryl‐Bridged Cyclic Peptides via Catalytic Oxidative Cross‐Coupling Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201913305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mor Ben‐Lulu
- Department of ChemistryBen-Gurion University of the Negev Beer Sheva 84105 Israel
| | - Eden Gaster
- Department of ChemistryBen-Gurion University of the Negev Beer Sheva 84105 Israel
| | - Anna Libman
- Department of ChemistryBen-Gurion University of the Negev Beer Sheva 84105 Israel
| | - Doron Pappo
- Department of ChemistryBen-Gurion University of the Negev Beer Sheva 84105 Israel
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12
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Wong N, Petronijević F, Hong AY, Linghu X, Kelly SM, Hou H, Cravillion T, Lim NK, Robinson SJ, Han C, Molinaro C, Sowell CG, Gosselin F. Stereocontrolled Synthesis of Arylomycin-Based Gram-Negative Antibiotic GDC-5338. Org Lett 2019; 21:9099-9103. [PMID: 31668077 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b03481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We report herein an efficient, stereocontrolled, and chromatography-free synthesis of the novel broad spectrum antibiotic GDC-5338. The route features the construction of a functionalized tripeptide backbone, a high-yielding macrocyclization via a Pd-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura reaction, and the late-stage elaboration of key amide bonds with minimal stereochemical erosion. Through extensive reaction development and analytical understanding, these key advancements allowed the preparation of GDC-5338 in 17 steps, 15% overall yield, >99 A % HPLC, and >99:1 dr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Wong
- Department of Small Molecule Process Chemistry , Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Filip Petronijević
- Department of Small Molecule Process Chemistry , Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Allen Y Hong
- Department of Small Molecule Process Chemistry , Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Xin Linghu
- Department of Small Molecule Process Chemistry , Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Sean M Kelly
- Department of Small Molecule Process Chemistry , Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Haiyun Hou
- Department of Small Molecule Process Chemistry , Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Theresa Cravillion
- Department of Small Molecule Process Chemistry , Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Ngiap-Kie Lim
- Department of Small Molecule Process Chemistry , Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Sarah J Robinson
- Department of Small Molecule Process Chemistry , Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Chong Han
- Department of Small Molecule Process Chemistry , Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Carmela Molinaro
- Department of Small Molecule Process Chemistry , Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - C Gregory Sowell
- Department of Small Molecule Process Chemistry , Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Francis Gosselin
- Department of Small Molecule Process Chemistry , Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
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13
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Bai Q, Bai Z, Wang H. Macrocyclization of Biaryl-Bridged Peptides through Late-Stage Palladium-Catalyzed C(sp2)–H Arylation. Org Lett 2019; 21:8225-8228. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center of Nanjing University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Zengbing Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center of Nanjing University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Huan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center of Nanjing University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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14
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Abstract
Signal peptidases are the membrane bound enzymes that cleave off the amino-terminal signal peptide from secretory preproteins . There are two types of bacterial signal peptidases . Type I signal peptidase utilizes a serine/lysine catalytic dyad mechanism and is the major signal peptidase in most bacteria. Type II signal peptidase is an aspartic protease specific for prolipoproteins. This chapter will review what is known about the structure, function and mechanism of these unique enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Paetzel
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, South Science Building 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada.
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15
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Lim NK, Linghu X, Wong N, Zhang H, Sowell CG, Gosselin F. Macrolactamization Approaches to Arylomycin Antibiotics Core. Org Lett 2018; 21:147-151. [PMID: 30565949 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b03603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two practical entries to arylomycin antibiotics core structures are investigated. In route A, the activation of l-Hpg for the key macrolactamization step is achieved in 89% yield in the presence of unprotected phenol and amine functionalities. Alternatively, a propanephosphonic acid anhydride (T3P)-promoted coupling between thel-Tyr and l-Ala moieties in route B led to a facile macrolactamization in 68% yield with a marked reduction in competing oligomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngiap-Kie Lim
- Department of Small Molecule Process Chemistry , Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Xin Linghu
- Department of Small Molecule Process Chemistry , Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Nicholas Wong
- Department of Small Molecule Process Chemistry , Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Haiming Zhang
- Department of Small Molecule Process Chemistry , Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - C Gregory Sowell
- Department of Small Molecule Process Chemistry , Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Francis Gosselin
- Department of Small Molecule Process Chemistry , Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
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16
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The Suzuki–Miyaura Cross-Coupling as a Versatile Tool for Peptide Diversification and Cyclization. Catalysts 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/catal7030074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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17
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Pérez-Labrada K, Cruz-Mendoza MA, Chávez-Riveros A, Hernández-Vázquez E, Torroba T, Miranda LD. Diversity-oriented synthesis and cytotoxic activity evaluation of biaryl-containing macrocycles. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:2450-2458. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob02726a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of biaryl-containing macrocycles has been carried out through a four-step approach comprising two Ugi four component reactions and a Suzuki–Miyaura macrocyclization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karell Pérez-Labrada
- Instituto de Química
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- Circuito Exterior S.N
- Ciudad Universitaria
- Coyoacán
| | - Marco A. Cruz-Mendoza
- Instituto de Química
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- Circuito Exterior S.N
- Ciudad Universitaria
- Coyoacán
| | - Alejandra Chávez-Riveros
- Instituto de Química
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- Circuito Exterior S.N
- Ciudad Universitaria
- Coyoacán
| | - Eduardo Hernández-Vázquez
- Instituto de Química
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- Circuito Exterior S.N
- Ciudad Universitaria
- Coyoacán
| | - Tomás Torroba
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Burgos
- 09001 Burgos
- Spain
| | - Luis D. Miranda
- Instituto de Química
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- Circuito Exterior S.N
- Ciudad Universitaria
- Coyoacán
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18
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Liao L, Zhou J, Xu Z, Ye T. Concise Total Synthesis of Nannocystin A. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:13263-13266. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201606679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linping Liao
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics; Engineering Laboratory for Chiral Drug Synthesis; School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology; Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School; Xili, Nanshan District Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Jingjing Zhou
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics; Engineering Laboratory for Chiral Drug Synthesis; School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology; Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School; Xili, Nanshan District Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Zhengshuang Xu
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics; Engineering Laboratory for Chiral Drug Synthesis; School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology; Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School; Xili, Nanshan District Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Tao Ye
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics; Engineering Laboratory for Chiral Drug Synthesis; School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology; Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School; Xili, Nanshan District Shenzhen 518055 China
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Linping Liao
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics; Engineering Laboratory for Chiral Drug Synthesis; School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology; Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School; Xili, Nanshan District Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Jingjing Zhou
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics; Engineering Laboratory for Chiral Drug Synthesis; School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology; Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School; Xili, Nanshan District Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Zhengshuang Xu
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics; Engineering Laboratory for Chiral Drug Synthesis; School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology; Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School; Xili, Nanshan District Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Tao Ye
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics; Engineering Laboratory for Chiral Drug Synthesis; School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology; Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School; Xili, Nanshan District Shenzhen 518055 China
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20
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Boruah PR, Ali AA, Chetia M, Saikia B, Sarma D. Pd(OAc)2 in WERSA: a novel green catalytic system for Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions at room temperature. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:11489-92. [PMID: 26091363 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc04561d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A recyclable/reusable Pd(OAc)2 catalysed Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction condition in neat "Water Extract of Rice Straw Ash" (WERSA) at room temperature was developed. This is a ligand/base/promoter/additive/organic media free protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Rekha Boruah
- Department of Chemistry, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh-786004, Assam, India.
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21
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Wu WJ, Chen HJ, You J, Wu Y, Liu B. Synthesis, Optical Rotation, and Absolute Configurations of Santinols. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201500758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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22
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Ronson TO, Taylor RJ, Fairlamb IJ. Palladium-catalysed macrocyclisations in the total synthesis of natural products. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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23
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Wencel-Delord J, Panossian A, Leroux FR, Colobert F. Recent advances and new concepts for the synthesis of axially stereoenriched biaryls. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:3418-30. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00012b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 528] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade the field of the synthesis of axially chiral compounds has been rapidly expanding. Not only key advances have been achieved concerning the already established strategies but also new synthetic routes have been devised. This review showcases the recent developments in this domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Wencel-Delord
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire
- UMR CNRS 7509
- SynCat
- Université de Strasbourg
- ECPM
| | - A. Panossian
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire
- UMR CNRS 7509
- COHA
- Université de Strasbourg
- ECPM
| | - F. R. Leroux
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire
- UMR CNRS 7509
- COHA
- Université de Strasbourg
- ECPM
| | - F. Colobert
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire
- UMR CNRS 7509
- SynCat
- Université de Strasbourg
- ECPM
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24
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Midorikawa T, Endow JK, Dufour J, Zhu J, Inoue K. Plastidic type I signal peptidase 1 is a redox-dependent thylakoidal processing peptidase. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 80:592-603. [PMID: 25182596 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Thylakoids are the photosynthetic membranes in chloroplasts and cyanobacteria. The aqueous phase inside the thylakoid known as the thylakoid lumen plays an essential role in the photosynthetic electron transport. The presence and significance of thiol-disulfide exchange in this compartment have been recognized but remain poorly understood. All proteins found free in the thylakoid lumen and some proteins associated to the thylakoid membrane require an N-terminal targeting signal, which is removed in the lumen by a membrane-bound serine protease called thylakoidal processing peptidase (TPP). TPP is homologous to Escherichia coli type I signal peptidase (SPI) called LepB. Genetic data indicate that plastidic SPI 1 (Plsp1) is the main TPP in Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) although biochemical evidence had been lacking. Here we demonstrate catalytic activity of bacterially produced Arabidopsis Plsp1. Recombinant Plsp1 showed processing activity against various TPP substrates at a level comparable to that of LepB. Plsp1 and LepB were also similar in the pH optima, sensitivity to arylomycin variants and a preference for the residue at -3 to the cleavage site within a substrate. Plsp1 orthologs found in angiosperms contain two unique Cys residues located in the lumen. Results of processing assays suggested that these residues were redox active and formation of a disulfide bond between them was necessary for the activity of recombinant Arabidopsis Plsp1. Furthermore, Plsp1 in Arabidopsis and pea thylakoids migrated faster under non-reducing conditions than under reducing conditions on SDS-PAGE. These results underpin the notion that Plsp1 is a redox-dependent signal peptidase in the thylakoid lumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Midorikawa
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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25
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Palladium(II) chalcogenolate complexes as catalysts for CC cross-coupling and carbonylative Suzuki coupling reactions. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.03.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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26
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Hussain A, Yousuf SK, Mukherjee D. Importance and synthesis of benzannulated medium-sized and macrocyclic rings (BMRs). RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra07434c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic molecular frameworks, especially the benzannulated medium-sized and macrocyclic ring (BMR) systems, constitute an integral component of a large number of biologically significant natural or synthetic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altaf Hussain
- Acedemy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
- New Delhi, India
- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR-IIIM)
- , India
| | - S. K. Yousuf
- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR-IIIM)
- , India
| | - Debaraj Mukherjee
- Acedemy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
- New Delhi, India
- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR-IIIM)
- , India
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Brehm E, Breinbauer R. Investigation of the origin and synthetic application of the pseudodilution effect for Pd-catalyzed macrocyclisations in concentrated solutions with immobilized catalysts. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:4750-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob41020j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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29
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30
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Ren P, Stern LA, Hu X. Copper-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling of Functionalized Alkyl Halides and Tosylates with Secondary and Tertiary Alkyl Grignard Reagents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201204275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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31
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Copper-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling of Functionalized Alkyl Halides and Tosylates with Secondary and Tertiary Alkyl Grignard Reagents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:9110-3. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201204275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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32
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Recent advances in application of intramolecular Suzuki cross-coupling in cyclization and heterocyclization. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-012-0746-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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33
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Meyer FM, Collins JC, Borin B, Bradow J, Liras S, Limberakis C, Mathiowetz AM, Philippe L, Price D, Song K, James K. Biaryl-bridged macrocyclic peptides: conformational constraint via carbogenic fusion of natural amino acid side chains. J Org Chem 2012; 77:3099-114. [PMID: 22352804 DOI: 10.1021/jo202105v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A general method for constraining peptide conformations via linkage of aromatic sidechains has been developed. Macrocyclization of suitably functionalized tri-, tetra- and pentapeptides via Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling has been used to generate side chain to side chain, biaryl-bridged 14- to 21-membered macrocyclic peptides. Biaryl bridges possessing three different configurations, meta-meta, meta-ortho, and ortho-meta, were systematically explored through regiochemical variation of the aryl halide and aryl boronate coupling partners, allowing fine-tuning of the resultant macrocycle conformation. Suzuki-Miyaura macrocyclizations were successfully achieved both in solution and on solid phase for all three sizes of peptide. This approach constitutes a means of constraining peptide conformation via direct carbogenic fusion of side chains of naturally occurring amino acids such as phenylalanine and tyrosine, and so is complementary to strategies involving non-natural, for example, hydrocarbon, bridges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falco-Magnus Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, UniteUSA
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Smitha Rao CV, Anné J. Bacterial type I signal peptidases as antibiotic targets. Future Microbiol 2012; 6:1279-96. [PMID: 22082289 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.11.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite an alarming increase in morbidity and mortality caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria, the number of antibiotics available to efficiently combat them is dwindling. Consequently, there is a pressing need for new drugs, preferably with novel modes of action to avert the problem of cross-resistance. Several new targets have been proposed, including proteins essential in the protein secretion pathway such as the type I signal peptidase (SPase), indispensable for the release of the signal peptide during secretion of Sec- and Tat-dependent proteins. The type I SPase is considered to be an attractive target because it is essential, substantially different from the eukaryotic counterpart, and its active site is located at the outer leaflet of the cytoplasmic membrane, permitting relatively easy access to potential inhibitors. A few SPase inhibitors have already been identified, but their suitability as drugs is yet to be confirmed. An overview is given on the currently known SPase inhibitors, how they can give valuable information on the structural, biochemical and target validation aspects of the SPases, the approaches to identify them, and their future potential as drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C V Smitha Rao
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Hitotsuyanagi Y, Odagiri M, Kato S, Kusano JI, Hasuda T, Fukaya H, Takeya K. Isolation, Structure Determination, and Synthesis of Allo-RA-V and Neo-RA-V, RA-Series Bicyclic Peptides fromRubia cordifoliaL. Chemistry 2012; 18:2839-46. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201103185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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36
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Gulder T, Baran PS. Strained cyclophane natural products: Macrocyclization at its limits. Nat Prod Rep 2012; 29:899-934. [DOI: 10.1039/c2np20034a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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37
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Tan YX, Romesberg FE. Latent antibiotics and the potential of the arylomycins for broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. MEDCHEMCOMM 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2md20043k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Liu WT, Kersten RD, Yang YL, Moore BS, Dorrestein PC. Imaging mass spectrometry and genome mining via short sequence tagging identified the anti-infective agent arylomycin in Streptomyces roseosporus. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:18010-3. [PMID: 21999343 DOI: 10.1021/ja2040877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Here, we described the discovery of anti-infective agent arylomycin and its biosynthetic gene cluster in an industrial daptomycin producing strain Streptomyces roseosporus. This was accomplished via the use of MALDI imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) along with peptidogenomic approach in which we have expanded to short sequence tagging (SST) described herein. Using IMS, we observed that prior to the production of daptomycin, a cluster of ions (1-3) was produced by S. roseosporus and correlated well with the decreased staphylococcal cell growth. With a further adopted SST peptidogenomics approach, which relies on the generation of sequence tags from tandem mass spectrometric data and query against genomes to identify the biosynthetic genes, we were able to identify these three molecules (1-3) to arylomycins, a class of broad-spectrum antibiotics that target type I signal peptidase. The gene cluster was then identified. This highlights the strength of IMS and MS guided genome mining approaches in effectively bridging the gap between phenotypes, chemotypes, and genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ting Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, Unites States
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Liu J, Luo C, Smith PA, Chin JK, Page MGP, Paetzel M, Romesberg FE. Synthesis and characterization of the arylomycin lipoglycopeptide antibiotics and the crystallographic analysis of their complex with signal peptidase. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:17869-77. [PMID: 21999324 DOI: 10.1021/ja207318n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation of natural products, including antibiotics, often plays an important role in determining their physical properties and their biological activity, and thus their potential as drug candidates. The arylomycin class of antibiotics inhibits bacterial type I signal peptidase and is comprised of three related series of natural products with a lipopeptide tail attached to a core macrocycle. Previously, we reported the total synthesis of several A series derivatives, which have unmodified core macrocycles, as well as B series derivatives, which have a nitrated macrocycle. We now report the synthesis and biological evaluation of lipoglycopeptide arylomycin variants whose macrocycles are glycosylated with a deoxy-α-mannose substituent, and also in some cases hydroxylated. The synthesis of the derivatives bearing each possible deoxy-α-mannose enantiomer allowed us to assign the absolute stereochemistry of the sugar in the natural product and also to show that while glycosylation does not alter antibacterial activity, it does appear to improve solubility. Crystallographic structural studies of a lipoglycopeptide arylomycin bound to its signal peptidase target reveal the molecular interactions that underlie inhibition and also that the mannose is directed away from the binding site into solvent which suggests that other modifications may be made at the same position to further increase solubility and thus reduce protein binding and possibly optimize the pharmacokinetics of the scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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Roberts TC, Schallenberger MA, Liu J, Smith PA, Romesberg FE. Initial efforts toward the optimization of arylomycins for antibiotic activity. J Med Chem 2011; 54:4954-63. [PMID: 21630667 DOI: 10.1021/jm1016126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
While most clinically used antibiotics were derived from natural products, the isolation of new broad-spectrum natural products has become increasingly rare and narrow-spectrum agents are typically deemed unsuitable for development because of intrinsic limitations of their scaffold or target. However, it is possible that the spectrum of a natural product antibiotic might be limited by specific resistance mechanisms in some bacteria, such as target mutations, and the spectra of such "latent" antibiotics might be reoptimized by derivatization, just as has been done with clinically deployed antibiotics. We recently showed that the spectrum of the arylomycin natural product antibiotics, which act via the novel mechanism of inhibiting type I signal peptidase, is broader than previously believed and that resistance in several key human pathogens is due to the presence of a specific Pro residue in the target peptidase that disrupts interactions with the lipopeptide tail of the antibiotic. To begin to test whether this natural resistance might be overcome by derivatization, we synthesized analogues with altered lipopeptide tails and identified several with an increased spectrum of activity against S. aureus. The data support the hypothesis that the arylomycins are latent antibiotics, suggest that their spectrum may be optimized by derivatization, and identify a promising scaffold upon which future optimization efforts might focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tucker C Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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41
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Roberts TC, Smith PA, Romesberg FE. Synthesis and biological characterization of arylomycin B antibiotics. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2011; 74:956-961. [PMID: 21545107 PMCID: PMC3150569 DOI: 10.1021/np200163g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics are virtually always isolated as families of related compounds, but the evolutionary forces underlying the observed diversity are generally poorly understood, and it is not even clear whether they are all expected to be biologically active. The arylomycin class of antibiotics is comprised of three related families that are differentiated by nitration, glycosylation, and hydroxylation of a conserved core scaffold. Previously, we reported the total synthesis of an A series member, arylomycin A2, as well as the A series derivative arylomycin C16 and showed that both are active against a broader spectrum of bacteria than previously appreciated. We now report the total synthesis of a B series analogue, arylomycin B-C16, and its aromatic amine derivative. While the aromatic amine loses activity against all bacteria tested, the B series compound shows activities that are similar to the A series compounds, except that it also gains activity against the important pathogen Streptococcus agalactiae.
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Marsault E, Peterson ML. Macrocycles Are Great Cycles: Applications, Opportunities, and Challenges of Synthetic Macrocycles in Drug Discovery. J Med Chem 2011; 54:1961-2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jm1012374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 591] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Marsault
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke Québec, J1H5N4, Canada
| | - Mark L. Peterson
- Tranzyme Pharma Inc., 3001 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1H5N4, Canada
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