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Saridakis I, Kaiser D, Maulide N. Unconventional Macrocyclizations in Natural Product Synthesis. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2020; 6:1869-1889. [PMID: 33274267 PMCID: PMC7706100 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c00599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Over the past several decades, macrocyclic compounds have emerged as increasingly significant therapeutic candidates in drug discovery. Their pharmacological activity hinges on their rotationally restricted three-dimensional orientation, resulting in a unique conformational preorganization and a high enthalpic gain as a consequence of high-affinity macrocycle-protein binding interactions. Synthetic access to macrocyclic drug candidates is therefore crucial. From a synthetic point of view, the efficiency of macrocyclization events commonly suffers from entropic penalties as well as undesired intermolecular couplings (oligomerization). Although over the past several decades ring-closing metathesis, macrolactonization, or macrolactamization have become strategies of choice, the toolbox of organic synthesis provides a great number of versatile transformations beyond the aforementioned. This Outlook focuses on a selection of examples employing what we term unconventional macrocyclizations toward the synthesis of natural products or analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iakovos Saridakis
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Kaiser
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nuno Maulide
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Research
Platform for Next Generation Macrocycles, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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2
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Vinogradov AA, Suga H. Introduction to Thiopeptides: Biological Activity, Biosynthesis, and Strategies for Functional Reprogramming. Cell Chem Biol 2020; 27:1032-1051. [PMID: 32698017 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Thiopeptides (also known as thiazolyl peptides) are structurally complex natural products with rich biological activities. Known for over 70 years for potent killing of Gram-positive bacteria, thiopeptides are experiencing a resurgence of interest in the last decade, primarily brought about by the genomic revolution of the 21st century. Every area of thiopeptide research-from elucidating their biological function and biosynthesis to expanding their structural diversity through genome mining-has made great strides in recent years. These advances lay the foundation for and inspire novel strategies for thiopeptide engineering. Accordingly, a number of diverse approaches are being actively pursued in the hope of developing the next generation of natural-product-inspired therapeutics. Here, we review the contemporary understanding of thiopeptide biological activities, biosynthetic pathways, and approaches to structural and functional reprogramming, with a special focus on the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Vinogradov
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Suga
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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3
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Christy MP, Johnson T, McNerlin CD, Woodard J, Nelson AT, Lim B, Hamilton TL, Freiberg KM, Siegel D. Total Synthesis of Micrococcin P1 through Scalable Thiazole Forming Reactions of Cysteine Derivatives and Nitriles. Org Lett 2020; 22:2365-2370. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell P. Christy
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California—San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Trevor Johnson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California—San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Clare D. McNerlin
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0934, United States
| | - John Woodard
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0934, United States
| | - Andrew T. Nelson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
- School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Bryant Lim
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0934, United States
| | - Tiffany L. Hamilton
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0934, United States
| | - Kaitlyn M. Freiberg
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0934, United States
| | - Dionicio Siegel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0934, United States
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4
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Abstract
This Review is devoted to the chemistry of macrocyclic peptides having heterocyclic fragments in their structure. These motifs are present in many natural products and synthetic macrocycles designed against a particular biochemical target. Thiazole and oxazole are particularly common constituents of naturally occurring macrocyclic peptide molecules. This frequency of occurrence is because the thiazole and oxazole rings originate from cysteine, serine, and threonine residues. Whereas other heteroaryl groups are found less frequently, they offer many insightful lessons that range from conformational control to receptor/ligand interactions. Many options to develop new and improved technologies to prepare natural products have appeared in recent years, and the synthetic community has been pursuing synthetic macrocycles that have no precedent in nature. This Review attempts to summarize progress in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan V Smolyar
- Department of Chemistry , Moscow State University , Leninskije Gory , 199991 Moscow , Russia
| | - Andrei K Yudin
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , 80 St. George Street , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3H6 , Canada
| | - Valentine G Nenajdenko
- Department of Chemistry , Moscow State University , Leninskije Gory , 199991 Moscow , Russia
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5
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Concise and stereoselective synthesis of 2,5- and 2,4-disubstituted thiazole amino acid subunits for synthesizing thiazole-containing peptides. Tetrahedron Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2019.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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6
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Akasapu S, Hinds AB, Powell WC, Walczak MA. Total synthesis of micrococcin P1 and thiocillin I enabled by Mo(vi) catalyst. Chem Sci 2019; 10:1971-1975. [PMID: 30881626 PMCID: PMC6383332 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc04885a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Thiopeptides are a class of potent antibiotics with promising therapeutic potential. We developed a novel Mo(vi)-oxide/picolinic acid catalyst for the cyclodehydration of cysteine peptides to form thiazoline heterocycles. With this powerful tool in hand, we completed the total syntheses of two representative thiopeptide antibiotics: micrococcin P1 and thiocillin I. These two concise syntheses (15 steps, longest linear sequence) feature a C-H activation strategy to install the trisubstituted pyridine core and thiazole groups. The synthetic material displays promising antimicrobial properties measured against a series of Gram-positive bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhartha Akasapu
- Department of Chemistry , University of Colorado , Boulder , CO 80309 , USA .
| | - Aaron B Hinds
- Department of Chemistry , University of Colorado , Boulder , CO 80309 , USA .
| | - Wyatt C Powell
- Department of Chemistry , University of Colorado , Boulder , CO 80309 , USA .
| | - Maciej A Walczak
- Department of Chemistry , University of Colorado , Boulder , CO 80309 , USA .
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7
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Liu Y, He P, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Liu J, Du Y. One-Pot Enantiomeric Synthesis of Thiazole-Containing Amino Acids: Total Synthesis of Venturamides A and B. J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Peng He
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yuguo Du
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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8
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Wojtas KP, Riedrich M, Lu JY, Winter P, Winkler T, Walter S, Arndt HD. Totalsynthese von Nosiheptid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201603140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Philip Wojtas
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität; Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie; Humboldtstraße 10 07743 Jena Deutschland
| | - Matthias Riedrich
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität; Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie; Humboldtstraße 10 07743 Jena Deutschland
| | - Jin-Yong Lu
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität; Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie; Humboldtstraße 10 07743 Jena Deutschland
| | - Philipp Winter
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität; Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie; Humboldtstraße 10 07743 Jena Deutschland
| | - Thomas Winkler
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität; Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie; Humboldtstraße 10 07743 Jena Deutschland
| | - Sophia Walter
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität; Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie; Humboldtstraße 10 07743 Jena Deutschland
| | - Hans-Dieter Arndt
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität; Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie; Humboldtstraße 10 07743 Jena Deutschland
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9
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Wojtas KP, Riedrich M, Lu JY, Winter P, Winkler T, Walter S, Arndt HD. Total Synthesis of Nosiheptide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:9772-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201603140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Philip Wojtas
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität; Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie; Humboldtstrasse 10 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Matthias Riedrich
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität; Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie; Humboldtstrasse 10 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Jin-Yong Lu
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität; Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie; Humboldtstrasse 10 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Philipp Winter
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität; Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie; Humboldtstrasse 10 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Thomas Winkler
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität; Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie; Humboldtstrasse 10 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Sophia Walter
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität; Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie; Humboldtstrasse 10 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Hans-Dieter Arndt
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität; Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie; Humboldtstrasse 10 07743 Jena Germany
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10
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Amaike K, Itami K, Yamaguchi J. Synthesis of Triarylpyridines in Thiopeptide Antibiotics by Using a C−H Arylation/Ring-Transformation Strategy. Chemistry 2016; 22:4384-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201600351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuma Amaike
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM); Nagoya University; Chikusa Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Nagoya University; Chikusa Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
| | - Kenichiro Itami
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM); Nagoya University; Chikusa Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Nagoya University; Chikusa Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
- JST, ERATO; Itami Molecular Nanocarbon Project; Chikusa Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
| | - Junichiro Yamaguchi
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM); Nagoya University; Chikusa Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Nagoya University; Chikusa Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
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11
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A stereoselective synthesis of (S)-2-(((3-fluoro-4-methylphenoxy)carbonyl)(1-(4-((5-methyl-2-phenyloxazol-4-yl)methoxy)phenyl)ethyl)amino)acetic acid, a highly potent PPAR α/γ dual agonist. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Börding S, Bach T. An enantioselective synthesis of the C24-C40 fragment of (-)-pulvomycin. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 50:4901-3. [PMID: 24691561 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc01338g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The C24-C40 fragment of (-)-pulvomycin was prepared in enantiomerically pure form using a concise synthesis method (15 linear steps from D-fucose, 6.8% overall yield) featuring a diastereoselective addition to an aldehyde, a β-selective glycosylation and a Stille cross-coupling as the key steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Börding
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie I, Technische Universität München, 85747 Garching, Germany.
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13
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Ronson TO, Taylor RJ, Fairlamb IJ. Palladium-catalysed macrocyclisations in the total synthesis of natural products. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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14
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Negishi coupling: an easy progress for C–C bond construction in total synthesis. Mol Divers 2014; 18:441-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s11030-014-9510-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Thiopeptide antibiotics: retrospective and recent advances. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:317-51. [PMID: 24445304 PMCID: PMC3917276 DOI: 10.3390/md12010317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Thiopeptides, or thiazolyl peptides, are a relatively new family of antibiotics that already counts with more than one hundred different entities. Although they are mainly isolated from soil bacteria, during the last decade, new members have been isolated from marine samples. Far from being limited to their innate antibacterial activity, thiopeptides have been found to possess a wide range of biological properties, including anticancer, antiplasmodial, immunosuppressive, etc. In spite of their ribosomal origin, these highly posttranslationally processed peptides have posed a fascinating synthetic challenge, prompting the development of various methodologies and strategies. Regardless of their limited solubility, intensive investigations are bringing thiopeptide derivatives closer to the clinic, where they are likely to show their veritable therapeutic potential.
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Gross S, Nguyen F, Bierschenk M, Sohmen D, Menzel T, Antes I, Wilson DN, Bach T. Amythiamicin D and related thiopeptides as inhibitors of the bacterial elongation factor EF-Tu: modification of the amino acid at carbon atom C2 of ring C dramatically influences activity. ChemMedChem 2013; 8:1954-62. [PMID: 24106106 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Three analogues of amythiamicin D, which differ in the substitution pattern at the methine group adjacent to C2 of the thiazole ring C, were prepared by de novo total synthesis. In amythiamicin D, this carbon atom is (S)-isopropyl substituted. Two of the new analogues carry a hydroxymethyl in place of the isopropyl group, one at an S- (compound 3 a) and the other at an R-configured stereogenic center (3 b). The third analogue, 3 c, contains a benzyloxymethyl group at an S-configured stereogenic center. Compounds 3 b and 3 c showed no inhibitory effect toward various bacterial strains, nor did they influence the translation of firefly luciferase. In stark contrast, compound 3 a inhibited the growth of Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (strains NCTC and Mu50) and Listeria monocytogenes EGD. In the firefly luciferase assay it proved more potent than amythiamicin D, and rescue experiments provided evidence that translation inhibition is due to binding to the bacterial elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu). The results were rationalized by structural investigations and by molecular dynamics simulations of the free compounds in solution and bound to the EF-Tu binding site. The low affinity of compound 3 b was attributed to the absence of a critical hydrogen bond, which stabilizes the conformation required for binding to EF-Tu. Compound 3 c was shown not to comply with the binding properties of the binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Gross
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie I, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747 Garching (Germany)
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18
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Abstract
Thiostrepton, a powerful antibiotic belonging to the thiopeptide class, was synthesized in the laboratory for the first time in 2004 through an arduous campaign involving novel strategies and tactics, scenic detours, and unexpected roadblocks. In this Review the author narrates the long journey to success, not so dissimilar to Odysseus' return voyage to Ithaca, full of adventure, knowledge, and wisdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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20
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Enck S, Tremmel P, Eckhardt S, Marsch M, Geyer A. Stereoselective synthesis of highly functionalized thiopeptide thiazole fragments from uronic acid/cysteine condensation products: access to the core dipeptide of the thiazomycins and nocathiacins. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Nicolaou KC, Hale CRH, Nilewski C, Ioannidou HA. Constructing molecular complexity and diversity: total synthesis of natural products of biological and medicinal importance. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:5185-238. [PMID: 22743704 PMCID: PMC3426871 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35116a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The advent of organic synthesis and the understanding of the molecule as they occurred in the nineteenth century and were refined in the twentieth century constitute two of the most profound scientific developments of all time. These discoveries set in motion a revolution that shaped the landscape of the molecular sciences and changed the world. Organic synthesis played a major role in this revolution through its ability to construct the molecules of the living world and others like them whose primary element is carbon. Although the early beginnings of organic synthesis came about serendipitously, organic chemists quickly recognized its potential and moved decisively to advance and exploit it in myriad ways for the benefit of mankind. Indeed, from the early days of the synthesis of urea and the construction of the first carbon-carbon bond, the art of organic synthesis improved to impressively high levels of sophistication. Through its practice, today chemists can synthesize organic molecules--natural and designed--of all types of structural motifs and for all intents and purposes. The endeavor of constructing natural products--the organic molecules of nature--is justly called both a creative art and an exact science. Often called simply total synthesis, the replication of nature's molecules in the laboratory reflects and symbolizes the state of the art of synthesis in general. In the last few decades a surge in total synthesis endeavors around the world led to a remarkable collection of achievements that covers a wide ranging landscape of molecular complexity and diversity. In this article, we present highlights of some of our contributions in the field of total synthesis of natural products of biological and medicinal importance. For perspective, we also provide a listing of selected examples of additional natural products synthesized in other laboratories around the world over the last few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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23
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Stefani HA, Pena JM, Manarin F, Ando RA, Leal DM, Petragnani N. Negishi cross-coupling of organotellurium compounds: synthesis of biaryls, aryl-, and diaryl acetylenes. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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