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García-Lacuna J, Baumann M. Inline purification in continuous flow synthesis – opportunities and challenges. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuous flow technology has become the method of choice for many academic and industrial researchers when developing new routes to chemical compounds of interest. With this technology maturing over the last decades, robust and oftentimes automated processes are now commonly exploited to generate fine chemical building blocks. The integration of effective inline analysis and purification tools is thereby frequently exploited to achieve effective and reliable flow processes. This perspective article summarizes recent applications of different inline purification techniques such as chromatography, extractions, and crystallization from academic and industrial laboratories. A discussion of the advantages and drawbacks of these tools is provided as a guide to aid researchers in selecting the most appropriate approach for future applications. It is hoped that this perspective contributes to new developments in this field in the context of process and cost efficiency, sustainability and industrial uptake of new flow chemistry tools developed in academia.
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2
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3
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Residence time distribution in reactive and non-reactive flow systems in micro and millidevices. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2021.117163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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4
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Fath V, Lau P, Greve C, Weller P, Kockmann N, Röder T. Simultaneous self-optimisation of yield and purity through successive combination of inline FT-IR spectroscopy and online mass spectrometry in flow reactions. J Flow Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-021-00140-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AbstractSelf-optimisation constitutes a very helpful tool for chemical process development, both in lab and in industrial applications. However, research on the application of model-free autonomous optimisation strategies (based on experimental investigation) for complex reactions of high industrial significance, which involve considerable intermediate and by-product formation, is still in an early stage. This article describes the development of an enhanced autonomous microfluidic reactor platform for organolithium and epoxide reactions that incorporates a successive combination of inline FT-IR spectrometer and online mass spectrometer. Experimental data is collected in real-time and used as feedback for the optimisation algorithms (modified Simplex algorithm and Design of Experiments) without time delay. An efficient approach to handle intricate optimisation problems is presented, where the inline FT-IR measurements are used to monitor the reaction’s main components, whereas the mass spectrometer’s high sensitivity permits insights into the formation of by-products. To demonstrate the platform’s flexibility, optimal reaction conditions of two organic syntheses are identified. Both pose several challenges, as complex reaction mechanisms are involved, leading to a large number of variable parameters, and a considerable amount of by-products is generated under non-ideal process conditions. Through multidimensional real-time optimisation, the platform supersedes labor- and cost-intensive work-up procedures, while diminishing waste generation, too. Thus, it renders production processes more efficient and contributes to their overall sustainability.
Graphical abstract
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5
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Collins N, Stout D, Lim JP, Malerich JP, White JD, Madrid PB, Latendresse M, Krieger D, Szeto J, Vu VA, Rucker K, Deleo M, Gorfu Y, Krummenacker M, Hokama LA, Karp P, Mallya S. Fully Automated Chemical Synthesis: Toward the Universal Synthesizer. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Collins
- SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - David Stout
- SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Jin-Ping Lim
- SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Jeremiah P. Malerich
- SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Jason D. White
- SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Peter B. Madrid
- SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Mario Latendresse
- SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - David Krieger
- SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Judy Szeto
- SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Vi-Anh Vu
- SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Kristina Rucker
- SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Michael Deleo
- SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Yonael Gorfu
- SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Markus Krummenacker
- SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Leslie A. Hokama
- SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Peter Karp
- SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Sahana Mallya
- SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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6
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Fath V, Lau P, Greve C, Kockmann N, Röder T. Efficient Kinetic Data Acquisition and Model Prediction: Continuous Flow Microreactors, Inline Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, and Self-Modeling Curve Resolution. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Verena Fath
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Equipment Design, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Strasse 70, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Institute of Chemical Process Engineering, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack-Strasse 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Philipp Lau
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christoph Greve
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Norbert Kockmann
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Equipment Design, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Strasse 70, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Thorsten Röder
- Institute of Chemical Process Engineering, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack-Strasse 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany
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7
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Fülöp Z, Szemesi P, Bana P, Éles J, Greiner I. Evolution of flow-oriented design strategies in the continuous preparation of pharmaceuticals. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00273a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the flow-oriented design (FOD) in the multi-step continuous-flow synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Fülöp
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics
- 1521 Budapest
- Hungary
| | - Péter Szemesi
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics
- 1521 Budapest
- Hungary
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8
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Development of a multistep reaction cascade for the synthesis of a sacubitril precursor in continuous flow. J Flow Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-019-00058-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe active pharmaceutical ingredient sacubitril acts as a neprilysin inhibitor in the body and is administered to patients suffering from high blood pressure and chronic heart failure. In this paper, we report the development of a three-step setup for the synthesis of an advanced sacubitril precursor in continuous flow. The key transformation of our cascade is a Suzuki-Miyaura coupling facilitated by a heterogeneous palladium catalyst. Its implementation in a packed-bed reactor and the application of continuous flow methodologies allow intensification of the cross-coupling reaction compared to batch processing. The subsequent steps for the synthesis of the target molecule involve Boc-deprotection as well as N-succinylation, which have been optimized using the statistical “Design of Experiments” (DoE) approach. In this way, the individual as well as interactive effects of selected parameters on the output of the reactions could be investigated very efficiently. The consecutive performance of the three reaction steps using an integrated setup enabled the synthesis of a late-stage sacubitril precursor in continuous flow with 81% overall yield.
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9
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Lee HJ, Roberts RC, Im DJ, Yim SJ, Kim H, Kim JT, Kim DP. Enhanced Controllability of Fries Rearrangements Using High-Resolution 3D-Printed Metal Microreactor with Circular Channel. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1905005. [PMID: 31729122 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201905005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution 3D-printed stainless steel metal microreactors (3D-PMRs) with different cross-sectional geometry are fabricated to control ultrafast intramolecular rearrangement reactions in a comparative manner. The 3D-PMR with circular channel demonstrates the improved controllability in rapid Fries-type rearrangement reactions, because of the superior mixing efficiency to rectangular cross-section channels (250 µm × 125 µm) which is confirmed based on the computational flow dynamics simulation. Even in case of very rapid intramolecular rearrangement of sterically small acetyl group occurring in 333 µs of reaction time, the desired intermolecular reaction can outpace to the undesired intramolecular rearrangement using 3D-PMR to result in high conversion and yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyune-Jea Lee
- Centre for Intelligent Microprocess of Pharmaceutical Synthesis, Department of Chemical Engineering, POSTECH (Pohang University of Science and Technology), Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Robert C Roberts
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Do Jin Im
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, South Korea
| | - Se-Jun Yim
- Centre for Intelligent Microprocess of Pharmaceutical Synthesis, Department of Chemical Engineering, POSTECH (Pohang University of Science and Technology), Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Heejin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Ji Tae Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dong-Pyo Kim
- Centre for Intelligent Microprocess of Pharmaceutical Synthesis, Department of Chemical Engineering, POSTECH (Pohang University of Science and Technology), Pohang, 37673, South Korea
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10
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Santana HS, Palma MSA, Lopes MGM, Souza J, Lima GAS, Taranto OP, Silva JL. Microfluidic Devices and 3D Printing for Synthesis and Screening of Drugs and Tissue Engineering. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b03787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Harrson S. Santana
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, 13083-852 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mauri S. A. Palma
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, São Paulo University, 05508-000 São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana G. M. Lopes
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, 13083-852 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Johmar Souza
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, 13083-852 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giovanni A. S. Lima
- Institute of Environmental, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences Federal, University of São Paulo, 09972-270 Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Osvaldir P. Taranto
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, 13083-852 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Lameu Silva
- Federal Institute of Education, Science, and Technology of South of Minas Gerais − IFSULDEMINAS, 37560-260 Pouso Alegre, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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11
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Fath V, Szmais S, Lau P, Kockmann N, Röder T. Model-Based Scale-Up Predictions: From Micro- to Millireactors Using Inline Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. Org Process Res Dev 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Verena Fath
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Equipment Design, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Str. 70, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Institute of Chemical Process Engineering, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack-Str. 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Philipp Lau
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Norbert Kockmann
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Equipment Design, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Str. 70, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Thorsten Röder
- Institute of Chemical Process Engineering, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack-Str. 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany
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12
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Fath V, Kockmann N, Röder T. In Situ Reaction Monitoring of Unstable Lithiated Intermediates through Inline FTIR Spectroscopy. Chem Eng Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201900074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Verena Fath
- TU Dortmund University, st>Emil-Figge-Strasse 70Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Equipment Design 44227 Dortmund Germany
- Mannheim University of Applied SciencesInstitute of Chemical Process Engineering Paul-Wittsack-Strasse 10 68163 Mannheim Germany
| | - Norbert Kockmann
- TU Dortmund University, st>Emil-Figge-Strasse 70Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Equipment Design 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Thorsten Röder
- Mannheim University of Applied SciencesInstitute of Chemical Process Engineering Paul-Wittsack-Strasse 10 68163 Mannheim Germany
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13
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Beillard A, Bantreil X, Métro TX, Martinez J, Lamaty F. Alternative Technologies That Facilitate Access to Discrete Metal Complexes. Chem Rev 2019; 119:7529-7609. [PMID: 31059243 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Organometallic complexes: these two words jump to the mind of the chemist and are directly associated with their utility in catalysis or as a pharmaceutical. Nevertheless, to be able to use them, it is necessary to synthesize them, and it is not always a small matter. Typically, synthesis is via solution chemistry, using a round-bottom flask and a magnetic or mechanical stirrer. This review takes stock of alternative technologies currently available in laboratories that facilitate the synthesis of such complexes. We highlight five such technologies: mechanochemistry, also known as solvent-free chemistry, uses a mortar and pestle or a ball mill; microwave activation can drastically reduce reaction times; ultrasonic activation promotes chemical reactions because of cavitation phenomena; photochemistry, which uses light radiation to initiate reactions; and continuous flow chemistry, which is increasingly used to simplify scale-up. While facilitating the synthesis of organometallic compounds, these enabling technologies also allow access to compounds that cannot be obtained in any other way. This shows how the paradigm is changing and evolving toward new technologies, without necessarily abandoning the round-bottom flask. A bright future is ahead of the organometallic chemist, thanks to these novel technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Beillard
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Campus Triolet, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Xavier Bantreil
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Campus Triolet, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Thomas-Xavier Métro
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Campus Triolet, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Jean Martinez
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Campus Triolet, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Frédéric Lamaty
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Campus Triolet, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
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14
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Baumann M. Integrating continuous flow synthesis with in-line analysis and data generation. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 16:5946-5954. [PMID: 30062354 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob01437j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Continuous flow synthesis of fine chemicals has successfully advanced from an academic niche area to a rapidly growing field of its own that directly impacts developments and applications in industrial settings. Whilst the numerous advantages of flow over batch processing are widely recognised and have led to a wider uptake of continuous flow synthesis within the community, we have reached a point where continuous flow synthesis has to transition from a stand-alone enabling technology to a readily integrated synthesis concept. Thus it is paramount to embrace a multitude of in-line analysis and purification techniques to not only allow for efficiently telescoped multi-step sequences but ultimately generate bioactivity data concomitantly on newly synthesised entities. This short review summarises the state of the art in this field and presents both challenges and opportunities that arise from this ambitious endeavour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Baumann
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Science Centre South, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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15
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Sagmeister P, Williams JD, Hone CA, Kappe CO. Laboratory of the future: a modular flow platform with multiple integrated PAT tools for multistep reactions. REACT CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9re00087a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The coupling of a modular microreactor platform, real-time inline analysis by IR and NMR, and online UPLC, leads to efficient optimization of a multistep organolithium transformation to a given product without the need for human intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Sagmeister
- Center for Continuous Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE)
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
- Institute of Chemistry
| | - Jason D. Williams
- Center for Continuous Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE)
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
- Institute of Chemistry
| | - Christopher A. Hone
- Center for Continuous Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE)
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
- Institute of Chemistry
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE)
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
- Institute of Chemistry
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16
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Fabry DC, Heddrich S, Sugiono E, Liauw MA, Rueping M. Adaptive and automated system-optimization for heterogeneous flow-hydrogenation reactions. REACT CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9re00032a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The autonomous hydrogenation of carbonyl compounds and N-heterocycles over solid catalysts with H2 is achieved in 3D parameter space by integrating analytics, control and hardware.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C. Fabry
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
- Aachen D-52074
- Germany
| | - Steffen Heddrich
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52074 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Erli Sugiono
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
- Aachen D-52074
- Germany
| | - Marcel A. Liauw
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52074 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Magnus Rueping
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
- Aachen D-52074
- Germany
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC)
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17
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Abstract
Organic chemistry is continually evolving to improve the syntheses of value added and bioactive compounds. Through this progression, a concomitant advancement in laboratory technology has occurred. Many researchers now choose to mediate transformations in continuous-flow systems given the many benefits over round bottom flasks. Furthermore, reaction scale up is often less problematic as this is addressed at the inception of the science. Although single-step transformations in continuous-flow systems are common, multi-step transformations are more valuable. In these systems, molecular complexity is accrued through sequential transformations to a mobile scaffold, much like an in vitro version of Nature's polyketide synthases. Utilizing this methodology, multi-step continuous-flow systems have improved the syntheses of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), natural products, and commodity chemicals. This Review details these advancements while highlighting the rapid progress, benefits, and diversification of this expanding field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Britton
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia.
| | - Colin L Raston
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia.
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18
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Lee HJ, Kim H, Yoshida JI, Kim DP. Control of tandem isomerizations: flow-assisted reactions of o-lithiated aryl benzyl ethers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:547-550. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc08460a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report a flow microreactor platform for controlling tandem isomerizations of o-lithiated aryl benzyl ethers based on precise residence time control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyune-Jea Lee
- Centre for Intelligent Microprocess of Pharmaceutical Synthesis
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- POSTECH (Pohang University of Science and Technology)
- Pohang
- South Korea
| | - Heejin Kim
- Department of Synthetic and Biological Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto
- Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Yoshida
- Department of Synthetic and Biological Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto
- Japan
| | - Dong-Pyo Kim
- Centre for Intelligent Microprocess of Pharmaceutical Synthesis
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- POSTECH (Pohang University of Science and Technology)
- Pohang
- South Korea
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19
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Giraudeau P, Felpin FX. Flow reactors integrated with in-line monitoring using benchtop NMR spectroscopy. REACT CHEM ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8re00083b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The state-of-the-art flow reactors integrated with in-line benchtop NMR are thoroughly discussed with highlights on the strengths and weaknesses of this emerging technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Giraudeau
- UFR des Sciences et des Techniques
- CNRS UMR 6230
- CEISAM
- Université de Nantes
- 44322 Nantes Cedex 3
| | - François-Xavier Felpin
- UFR des Sciences et des Techniques
- CNRS UMR 6230
- CEISAM
- Université de Nantes
- 44322 Nantes Cedex 3
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20
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Korwar S, Amir S, Tosso PN, Desai BK, Kong CJ, Fadnis S, Telang NS, Ahmad S, Roper TD, Gupton BF. The Application of a Continuous Grignard Reaction in the Preparation of Fluconazole. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201701002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sudha Korwar
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Life Science, Engineering Virginia Commonwealth University 601 W. Main St. 23220 Richmond VA USA
| | - Somi Amir
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Life Science, Engineering Virginia Commonwealth University 601 W. Main St. 23220 Richmond VA USA
| | - Perrer N. Tosso
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Life Science, Engineering Virginia Commonwealth University 601 W. Main St. 23220 Richmond VA USA
| | - Bimbisar K. Desai
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Life Science, Engineering Virginia Commonwealth University 601 W. Main St. 23220 Richmond VA USA
| | - Caleb J. Kong
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Life Science, Engineering Virginia Commonwealth University 601 W. Main St. 23220 Richmond VA USA
| | - Swara Fadnis
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Life Science, Engineering Virginia Commonwealth University 601 W. Main St. 23220 Richmond VA USA
| | - Nakul S. Telang
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Life Science, Engineering Virginia Commonwealth University 601 W. Main St. 23220 Richmond VA USA
| | - Saeed Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Life Science, Engineering Virginia Commonwealth University 601 W. Main St. 23220 Richmond VA USA
| | - Thomas D. Roper
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Life Science, Engineering Virginia Commonwealth University 601 W. Main St. 23220 Richmond VA USA
| | - B. Frank Gupton
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Life Science, Engineering Virginia Commonwealth University 601 W. Main St. 23220 Richmond VA USA
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21
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Bana P, Örkényi R, Lövei K, Lakó Á, Túrós GI, Éles J, Faigl F, Greiner I. The route from problem to solution in multistep continuous flow synthesis of pharmaceutical compounds. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 25:6180-6189. [PMID: 28087127 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in the field of continuous flow chemistry allow the multistep preparation of complex molecules such as APIs (Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients) in a telescoped manner. Numerous examples of laboratory-scale applications are described, which are pointing towards novel manufacturing processes of pharmaceutical compounds, in accordance with recent regulatory, economical and quality guidances. The chemical and technical knowledge gained during these studies is considerable; nevertheless, connecting several individual chemical transformations and the attached analytics and purification holds hidden traps. In this review, we summarize innovative solutions for these challenges, in order to benefit chemists aiming to exploit flow chemistry systems for the synthesis of biologically active molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Bana
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1521 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Róbert Örkényi
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1521 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Klára Lövei
- Gedeon Richter Plc., Gyömrői út 19-21, H-1103 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Lakó
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1521 Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - János Éles
- Gedeon Richter Plc., Gyömrői út 19-21, H-1103 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Faigl
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1521 Budapest, Hungary; MTA-BME Organic Chemical Technology Research Group, Budafoki út 8, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Greiner
- Gedeon Richter Plc., Gyömrői út 19-21, H-1103 Budapest, Hungary.
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22
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Kobayashi S. Flow "Fine" Synthesis: High Yielding and Selective Organic Synthesis by Flow Methods. Chem Asian J 2016; 11:425-36. [PMID: 26337828 PMCID: PMC4770433 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201500916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The concept of flow "fine" synthesis, that is, high yielding and selective organic synthesis by flow methods, is described. Some examples of flow "fine" synthesis of natural products and APIs are discussed. Flow methods have several advantages over batch methods in terms of environmental compatibility, efficiency, and safety. However, synthesis by flow methods is more difficult than synthesis by batch methods. Indeed, it has been considered that synthesis by flow methods can be applicable for the production of simple gasses but that it is difficult to apply to the synthesis of complex molecules such as natural products and APIs. Therefore, organic synthesis of such complex molecules has been conducted by batch methods. On the other hand, syntheses and reactions that attain high yields and high selectivities by flow methods are increasingly reported. Flow methods are leading candidates for the next generation of manufacturing methods that can mitigate environmental concerns toward sustainable society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shū Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
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23
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Lücke D, Dalton T, Ley SV, Wilson ZE. Synthesis of Natural and Unnatural Cyclooligomeric Depsipeptides Enabled by Flow Chemistry. Chemistry 2016; 22:4206-17. [PMID: 26844421 PMCID: PMC4797712 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201504457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Flow chemistry has been successfully integrated into the synthesis of a series of cyclooligomeric depsipeptides of three different ring sizes including the natural products beauvericin (1 a), bassianolide (2 b) and enniatin C (1 b). A reliable flow chemistry protocol was established for the coupling and macrocyclisation to form challenging N‐methylated amides. This flexible approach has allowed the rapid synthesis of both natural and unnatural depsipeptides in high yields, enabling further exploration of their promising biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lücke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Toryn Dalton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Steven V Ley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Zoe E Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
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24
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Goldbach M, Danieli E, Perlo J, Kaptein B, Litvinov VM, Blümich B, Casanova F, Duchateau AL. Preparation of Grignard reagents from magnesium metal under continuous flow conditions and on-line monitoring by NMR spectroscopy. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.11.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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25
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Perro A, Lebourdon G, Henry S, Lecomte S, Servant L, Marre S. Combining microfluidics and FT-IR spectroscopy: towards spatially resolved information on chemical processes. REACT CHEM ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6re00127k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This review outlines the combination of infrared spectroscopy and continuous microfluidic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Perro
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires
- Université de Bordeaux—CNRS
- 33405 Talence
- France
| | - Gwenaelle Lebourdon
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires
- Université de Bordeaux—CNRS
- 33405 Talence
- France
| | - Sarah Henry
- Chimie et Biologie des Membranes et des Nanoobjets
- Université de Bordeaux —CNRS
- 33607 Pessac
- France
| | - Sophie Lecomte
- Chimie et Biologie des Membranes et des Nanoobjets
- Université de Bordeaux —CNRS
- 33607 Pessac
- France
| | - Laurent Servant
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires
- Université de Bordeaux—CNRS
- 33405 Talence
- France
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26
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Porta R, Benaglia M, Puglisi A. Flow Chemistry: Recent Developments in the Synthesis of Pharmaceutical Products. Org Process Res Dev 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.5b00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 543] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Porta
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano Via Golgi 19, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Maurizio Benaglia
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano Via Golgi 19, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandra Puglisi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano Via Golgi 19, I-20133 Milano, Italy
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27
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Lau SH, Bourne SL, Martin B, Schenkel B, Penn G, Ley SV. Synthesis of a Precursor to Sacubitril Using Enabling Technologies. Org Lett 2015; 17:5436-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b02806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shing-Hing Lau
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Samuel L. Bourne
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, U.K
| | | | | | - Gerhard Penn
- Novartis
Pharma
AG, Postfach, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Steven V. Ley
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, U.K
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28
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Baumann M, Baxendale IR. The synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) using continuous flow chemistry. Beilstein J Org Chem 2015; 11:1194-219. [PMID: 26425178 PMCID: PMC4578405 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.11.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The implementation of continuous flow processing as a key enabling technology has transformed the way we conduct chemistry and has expanded our synthetic capabilities. As a result many new preparative routes have been designed towards commercially relevant drug compounds achieving more efficient and reproducible manufacture. This review article aims to illustrate the holistic systems approach and diverse applications of flow chemistry to the preparation of pharmaceutically active molecules, demonstrating the value of this strategy towards every aspect ranging from synthesis, in-line analysis and purification to final formulation and tableting. Although this review will primarily concentrate on large scale continuous processing, additional selected syntheses using micro or meso-scaled flow reactors will be exemplified for key transformations and process control. It is hoped that the reader will gain an appreciation of the innovative technology and transformational nature that flow chemistry can leverage to an overall process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Baumann
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, DH1 3LE Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R Baxendale
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, DH1 3LE Durham, United Kingdom
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29
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Mándity IM, Ötvös SB, Fülöp F. Strategic Application of Residence-Time Control in Continuous-Flow Reactors. ChemistryOpen 2015; 4:212-23. [PMID: 26246983 PMCID: PMC4522171 DOI: 10.1002/open.201500018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
As a sustainable alternative for conventional batch-based synthetic techniques, the concept of continuous-flow processing has emerged in the synthesis of fine chemicals. Systematic tuning of the residence time, a key parameter of continuous-reaction technology, can govern the outcome of a chemical reaction by determining the reaction rate and the conversion and by influencing the product selectivity. This review furnishes a brief insight into flow reactions in which high chemo- and/or stereoselectivity can be attained by strategic residence-time control and illustrates the importance of the residence time as a crucial parameter in sustainable method development. Such a fine reaction control cannot be performed in conventional batch reaction set-ups.
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Affiliation(s)
- István M Mándity
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of SzegedEötvös u. 6, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Sándor B Ötvös
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of SzegedEötvös u. 6, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary
- MTA-SZTE Stereochemistry Research Group, Hungarian Academy of SciencesEötvös u. 6, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Fülöp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of SzegedEötvös u. 6, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary
- MTA-SZTE Stereochemistry Research Group, Hungarian Academy of SciencesEötvös u. 6, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary
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30
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Jolliffe HG, Gerogiorgis DI. Process modelling and simulation for continuous pharmaceutical manufacturing of ibuprofen. Chem Eng Res Des 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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31
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Sans V, Porwol L, Dragone V, Cronin L. A self optimizing synthetic organic reactor system using real-time in-line NMR spectroscopy. Chem Sci 2015; 6:1258-1264. [PMID: 29560211 PMCID: PMC5811122 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc03075c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A configurable platform for synthetic chemistry incorporating an in-line benchtop NMR that is capable of monitoring and controlling organic reactions in real-time is presented. The platform is controlled via a modular LabView software control system for the hardware, NMR, data analysis and feedback optimization. Using this platform we report the real-time advanced structural characterization of reaction mixtures, including 19F, 13C, DEPT, 2D NMR spectroscopy (COSY, HSQC and 19F-COSY) for the first time. Finally, the potential of this technique is demonstrated through the optimization of a catalytic organic reaction in real-time, showing its applicability to self-optimizing systems using criteria such as stereoselectivity, multi-nuclear measurements or 2D correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Sans
- WestCHEM , School of Chemistry , The University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8QQ , UK . ; http://www.croninlab.com
| | - Luzian Porwol
- WestCHEM , School of Chemistry , The University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8QQ , UK . ; http://www.croninlab.com
| | - Vincenza Dragone
- WestCHEM , School of Chemistry , The University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8QQ , UK . ; http://www.croninlab.com
| | - Leroy Cronin
- WestCHEM , School of Chemistry , The University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8QQ , UK . ; http://www.croninlab.com
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32
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Ley SV, Fitzpatrick DE, Ingham RJ, Myers RM. Organic synthesis: march of the machines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:3449-64. [PMID: 25586940 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201410744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Organic synthesis is changing; in a world where budgets are constrained and the environmental impacts of practice are scrutinized, it is increasingly recognized that the efficient use of human resource is just as important as material use. New technologies and machines have found use as methods for transforming the way we work, addressing these issues encountered in research laboratories by enabling chemists to adopt a more holistic systems approach in their work. Modern developments in this area promote a multi-disciplinary approach and work is more efficient as a result. This Review focuses on the concepts, procedures and methods that have far-reaching implications in the chemistry world. Technologies have been grouped as topics of opportunity and their recent applications in innovative research laboratories are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven V Ley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW (UK).
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33
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Ley SV, Fitzpatrick DE, Ingham RJ, Myers RM. Organische Synthese: Vormarsch der Maschinen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201410744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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34
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Li-Yuan Bao R, Zhao R, Shi L. Progress and developments in the turbo Grignard reagent i-PrMgCl·LiCl: a ten-year journey. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:6884-900. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc10194d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The structural and kinetic perspectives of i-PrMgCl·LiCl help to rationalize the trends of its unique reactivity and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Li-Yuan Bao
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- The Academy of Fundamental and Interdisciplinary Science
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150080
- P. R. China
| | - Rong Zhao
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- The Academy of Fundamental and Interdisciplinary Science
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150080
- P. R. China
| | - Lei Shi
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- The Academy of Fundamental and Interdisciplinary Science
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150080
- P. R. China
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35
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Tu NP, Sarris K, Djuric SW. Tandem Click-Suzuki reactions in a novel flow reactor incorporating immobilized and exchangeable reagents. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra13931c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A custom-built modular flow reactor featuring immobilized reagents in exchangeable cartridges has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah P. Tu
- Discovery Chemistry & Technology
- AbbVie Inc
- North Chicago
- USA
| | - Kathy Sarris
- Discovery Chemistry & Technology
- AbbVie Inc
- North Chicago
- USA
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36
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Ingham RJ, Battilocchio C, Fitzpatrick DE, Sliwinski E, Hawkins JM, Ley SV. A Systems Approach towards an Intelligent and Self‐Controlling Platform for Integrated Continuous Reaction Sequences. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201409356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard J. Ingham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW (UK)
| | - Claudio Battilocchio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW (UK)
| | - Daniel E. Fitzpatrick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW (UK)
| | - Eric Sliwinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW (UK)
| | - Joel M. Hawkins
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340 (USA)
| | - Steven V. Ley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW (UK)
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37
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Ingham RJ, Battilocchio C, Fitzpatrick DE, Sliwinski E, Hawkins JM, Ley SV. A systems approach towards an intelligent and self-controlling platform for integrated continuous reaction sequences. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 54:144-8. [PMID: 25377747 PMCID: PMC4502965 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201409356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Performing reactions in flow can offer major advantages over batch methods. However, laboratory flow chemistry processes are currently often limited to single steps or short sequences due to the complexity involved with operating a multi-step process. Using new modular components for downstream processing, coupled with control technologies, more advanced multi-step flow sequences can be realized. These tools are applied to the synthesis of 2-aminoadamantane-2-carboxylic acid. A system comprising three chemistry steps and three workup steps was developed, having sufficient autonomy and self-regulation to be managed by a single operator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Ingham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW (UK)
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38
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Newby JA, Blaylock DW, Witt PM, Pastre JC, Zacharova MK, Ley SV, Browne DL. Design and Application of a Low-Temperature Continuous Flow Chemistry Platform. Org Process Res Dev 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/op500213j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- James A. Newby
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | | | - Paul M. Witt
- Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48674, United States
| | - Julio C. Pastre
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Marija K. Zacharova
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Steven V. Ley
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Duncan L. Browne
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
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39
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Synthesis of riboflavines, quinoxalinones and benzodiazepines through chemoselective flow based hydrogenations. Molecules 2014; 19:9736-59. [PMID: 25006783 PMCID: PMC6271593 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19079736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Robust chemical routes towards valuable bioactive entities such as riboflavines, quinoxalinones and benzodiazepines are described. These make use of modern flow hydrogenation protocols enabling the chemoselective reduction of nitro group containing building blocks in order to rapidly generate the desired amine intermediates in situ. In order to exploit the benefits of continuous processing the individual steps were transformed into a telescoped flow process delivering selected benzodiazepine products on scales of 50 mmol and 120 mmol respectively.
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40
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Grabow K, Bentrup U. Homogeneous Catalytic Processes Monitored by Combined in Situ ATR-IR, UV–Vis, and Raman Spectroscopy. ACS Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/cs500363n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Grabow
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock (LIKAT), Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Ursula Bentrup
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock (LIKAT), Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
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41
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Rodrigues T, Schneider P, Schneider G. Accessing New Chemical Entities through Microfluidic Systems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:5750-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201400988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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42
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Rodrigues T, Schneider P, Schneider G. Neue chemische Strukturen durch Mikrofluidiksysteme. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201400988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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43
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Yoshida JI, Takahashi Y, Nagaki A. Flash chemistry: flow chemistry that cannot be done in batch. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 49:9896-904. [PMID: 24042967 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc44709j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Flash chemistry based on high-resolution reaction time control using flow microreactors enables chemical reactions that cannot be done in batch and serves as a powerful tool for laboratory synthesis of organic compounds and for production in chemical and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-ichi Yoshida
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
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44
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Investigation of a Lithium-Halogen Exchange Flow Process for the Preparation of Boronates by Using a Cryo-Flow Reactor. Chemistry 2013; 20:263-71. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201303736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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45
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Abstract
The development and application of continuous flow chemistry methods for synthesis is a rapidly growing area of research. In particular, natural products provide demanding challenges to this developing technology. This review highlights successes in the area with an emphasis on new opportunities and technological advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio C Pastre
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
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46
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Pastre JC, Browne DL, O’Brien M, Ley SV. Scaling Up of Continuous Flow Processes with Gases Using a Tube-in-Tube Reactor: Inline Titrations and Fanetizole Synthesis with Ammonia. Org Process Res Dev 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/op400152r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julio C. Pastre
- Whiffen
Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
- Instituto
de Química, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, CP 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Duncan L. Browne
- Whiffen
Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Matthew O’Brien
- School
of Physical and Geographical Sciences, Keele University, Lennard-Jones
Building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, U.K
| | - Steven V. Ley
- Whiffen
Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
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47
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Chen J, Przyuski K, Roemmele R, Bakale RP. Improved Continuous Flow Processing: Benzimidazole Ring Formation via Catalytic Hydrogenation of an Aromatic Nitro Compound. Org Process Res Dev 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/op400179f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- Chemical Process Research and Development, Teva Pharmaceuticals, 383 Phoenixville Pike, Malvern,
Pennsylvania 19355, United States
| | - Katrin Przyuski
- Chemical Process Research and Development, Teva Pharmaceuticals, 383 Phoenixville Pike, Malvern,
Pennsylvania 19355, United States
| | - Renee Roemmele
- Chemical Process Research and Development, Teva Pharmaceuticals, 383 Phoenixville Pike, Malvern,
Pennsylvania 19355, United States
| | - Roger P. Bakale
- Chemical Process Research and Development, Teva Pharmaceuticals, 383 Phoenixville Pike, Malvern,
Pennsylvania 19355, United States
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48
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Petersen TP, Mirsharghi S, Rummel PC, Thiele S, Rosenkilde MM, Ritzén A, Ulven T. Multistep Continuous-Flow Synthesis in Medicinal Chemistry: Discovery and Preliminary Structure-Activity Relationships of CCR8 Ligands. Chemistry 2013; 19:9343-50. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201204350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Dragone V, Sans V, Rosnes MH, Kitson PJ, Cronin L. 3D-printed devices for continuous-flow organic chemistry. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:951-9. [PMID: 23766811 PMCID: PMC3678713 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a study in which the versatility of 3D-printing is combined with the processing advantages of flow chemistry for the synthesis of organic compounds. Robust and inexpensive 3D-printed reactionware devices are easily connected using standard fittings resulting in complex, custom-made flow systems, including multiple reactors in a series with in-line, real-time analysis using an ATR-IR flow cell. As a proof of concept, we utilized two types of organic reactions, imine syntheses and imine reductions, to show how different reactor configurations and substrates give different products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenza Dragone
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK. Web: http://www.croninlab.com
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van Gool JJF, van den Broek SAMW, Ripken RM, Nieuwland PJ, Koch K, Rutjes FPJT. Highly Controlled Gas/Liquid Processes in a Continuous Lab-Scale Device. Chem Eng Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201200553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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