1
|
Chen S, Imran S, Zhao Y, Zhu J. Probing the Limit of the Number of Saturated Atoms for Achieving Hyperconjugative Aromaticity. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:14162-14170. [PMID: 39014904 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c02050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Aromaticity is a fundamental concept in organic chemistry. Hyperconjugative aromaticity, also known as hyperconjugation-induced aromaticity, has evolved from its origin from main group substituents to transition metal analogues, establishing itself as an important category of aromaticity. Additionally, aromatic compounds comprising two sp3-carbon atoms have recently been reported both experimentally and computationally. However, what is the maximum number of sp3-hybridized atoms needed to maintain hyperconjugative aromaticity? Here, we report that hyperconjugative aromaticity can be achieved in hexa-substituted indoliums and octa-substituted pyrroliums, possessing three-five sp3-hybridized carbon/nitrogen atoms by means of density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The aromaticity was confirmed by using various aromaticity indices, i.e., NICS, MCI, and EDDB. Notably, the strong electron-donating ability and aurophilicity of Au(I) substituents play a pivotal role in maintaining the aromaticity and structural integrity. In addition, increasing the number of hyperconjugative centers will decrease the aromaticity in these five-membered rings. Our findings highlight the significance of transition metal substituents in hyperconjugative aromaticity and offer a novel approach for designing aromatic organometallics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Sajid Imran
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Laconsay CJ, Tantillo DJ. Modulating Escape Channels of Cycloheptatrienyl Rhodium Carbenes To Form Semibullvalene. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37335974 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
We describe the various escape channels available to dirhodium carbene intermediates from cycloheptatrienyl diazo compounds located with density functional theory. An intramolecular cyclopropanation would, in principle, provide a new route to semibullvalenes (SBVs). A detailed exploration of the potential energy surface reveals that methylating carbon-7 suppresses a competing β-hydride migration pathway to heptafulvene products, giving SBV formation a reasonable chance. During our explorations, we additionally discovered unusual spirononatriene, spironorcaradiene, and metal-stabilized 9-barbaralyl cation structures as local minima.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Croix J Laconsay
- Department of Chemistry, University of California─Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Dean J Tantillo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California─Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tran Ngoc T, Grabicki N, Irran E, Dumele O, Teichert JF. Photoswitching neutral homoaromatic hydrocarbons. Nat Chem 2023; 15:377-385. [PMID: 36702883 PMCID: PMC9986110 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-01121-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Homoaromatic compounds possess an interrupted π system but display aromatic properties due to through-space or through-bond interactions. Stable neutral homoaromatic hydrocarbons have remained rare and are typically unstable. Here we present the preparation of a class of stable neutral homoaromatic molecules, supported by experimental evidence (ring current observed by NMR spectroscopy and equalization of bond lengths by X-ray structure analysis) and computational analysis via nucleus-independent chemical shifts (NICS) and anisotropy of the induced current density (ACID). We also show that one homoaromatic hydrocarbon is a photoswitch through a reversible photochemical [1, 11] sigmatropic rearrangement. Our computational analysis suggests that, upon photoswitching, the nature of the homoaromatic state changes in its perimeter from a more pronounced local 6π homoaromatic state to a global 10π homoaromatic state. These demonstrations of stable and accessible homoaromatic neutral hydrocarbons and their photoswitching behaviour provide new understanding and insights into the study of homoconjugative interactions in organic molecules, and for the design of new responsive molecular materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trung Tran Ngoc
- Technische Universität Chemnitz, Institut für Chemie, Fakultät für Naturwissenschaften, Chemnitz, Germany
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Niklas Grabicki
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin and IRIS Adlershof, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Irran
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Dumele
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin and IRIS Adlershof, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Johannes F Teichert
- Technische Universität Chemnitz, Institut für Chemie, Fakultät für Naturwissenschaften, Chemnitz, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Shapeshifting radicals. Chem Phys 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2021.111373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
5
|
Kozuch S, Schleif T, Karton A. Quantum mechanical tunnelling: the missing term to achieve sub-kJ mol -1 barrier heights. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:10888-10898. [PMID: 33908522 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01275d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
To predict barrier heights at low temperatures, it is not enough to employ highly accurate electronic structure methods. We discuss the influence of quantum tunnelling on the comparison of experimental and theoretical activation parameters (Ea, ΔH‡, ΔG‡, or ΔS‡), since the slope-based experimental techniques to obtain them completely neglect the tunnelling component. The intramolecular degenerate rearrangement of four fluxional molecules (bullvalene, barbaralane, semibullvalene, and norbornadienylidene) were considered, systems that cover the range between fast deep tunneling and small but significant shallow tunnelling correction. The barriers were computed with the composite W3lite-F12 method at the CCSDT(Q)/CBS level, and the tunnelling contribution with small curvature tunnelling. While at room temperature the effect is small (∼1 kJ mol-1), at low temperatures it can be considerable (in the order of tens of kJ mol-1 at ∼80 K).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Kozuch
- Chemistry Department, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 841051, Israel.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
|
7
|
Laconsay CJ, Mallick D, Shaik S. External Electric Fields Interrupt the Concerted Cope Rearrangement of Semibullvalene. J Org Chem 2020; 86:731-738. [PMID: 33280381 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The topic of this paper is whether the mechanism of the degenerate Cope rearrangement of semibullvalene can be affected by the presence of electrostatic fields. Herein, we report that the shape of the energy surface, as demonstrated by an "interrupted" (stepwise) mechanism, is altered in the presence of a copper cation, Cu+. Natural bond-orbital and block-localized wave-function energy decomposition analyses suggest that orbital and electrostatic interactions play a major role in altering the shape of the energy surface. Applying additional external electric fields (EEFs) induces a significant change to the energy surface with Cu+ present but negligible effects in the absence of Cu+. These findings are consistent with recent studies that demonstrate that EEFs more readily stabilize/destabilize systems with larger, more polarizable, dipole moments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Croix J Laconsay
- Institute of Chemistry and The Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel.,Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Dibyendu Mallick
- Institute of Chemistry and The Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel.,Department of Chemistry, Presidency University, Kolkata 700073, India
| | - Sason Shaik
- Institute of Chemistry and The Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Schleif T, Tatchen J, Rowen JF, Beyer F, Sanchez‐Garcia E, Sander W. Heavy-Atom Tunneling in Semibullvalenes: How Driving Force, Substituents, and Environment Influence the Tunneling Rates. Chemistry 2020; 26:10452-10458. [PMID: 32293763 PMCID: PMC7496793 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The Cope rearrangement of selectively deuterated isotopomers of 1,5-dimethylsemibullvalene 2 a and 3,7-dicyano-1,5-dimethylsemibullvalene 2 b were studied in cryogenic matrices. In both semibullvalenes the Cope rearrangement is governed by heavy-atom tunneling. The driving force for the rearrangements is the small difference in the zero-point vibrational energies of the isotopomers. To evaluate the effect of the driving force on the tunneling probability in 2 a and 2 b, two different pairs of isotopomers were studied for each of the semibullvalenes. The reaction rates for the rearrangement of 2 b in cryogenic matrices were found to be smaller than the ones of 2 a under similar conditions, whereas differences in the driving force do not influence the rates. Small curvature tunneling (SCT) calculations suggest that the reduced tunneling rate of 2 b compared to that of 2 a results from a change in the shape of the potential energy barrier. The tunneling probability of the semibullvalenes strongly depends on the matrix environment; however, for 2 a in a qualitatively different way than for 2 b.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Schleif
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie IIRuhr-Universität Bochum47780BochumGermany
| | - Jörg Tatchen
- Computational BiochemistryUniversität Duisburg-Essen45117EssenGermany
| | - Julien F. Rowen
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie IIRuhr-Universität Bochum47780BochumGermany
| | - Frederike Beyer
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie IIRuhr-Universität Bochum47780BochumGermany
| | | | - Wolfram Sander
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie IIRuhr-Universität Bochum47780BochumGermany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Jorner K, Jahn BO, Bultinck P, Ottosson H. Triplet state homoaromaticity: concept, computational validation and experimental relevance. Chem Sci 2018; 9:3165-3176. [PMID: 29732099 PMCID: PMC5916107 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc05009g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Conjugation through space can give rise to aromaticity in the lowest excited triplet state, with impact for photochemistry.
Cyclic conjugation that occurs through-space and leads to aromatic properties is called homoaromaticity. Here we formulate the homoaromaticity concept for the triplet excited state (T1) based on Baird's 4n rule and validate it through extensive quantum-chemical calculations on a range of different species (neutral, cationic and anionic). By comparison to well-known ground state homoaromatic molecules we reveal that five of the investigated compounds show strong T1 homoaromaticity, four show weak homoaromaticity and two are non-aromatic. Two of the compounds have previously been identified as excited state intermediates in photochemical reactions and our calculations indicate that they are also homoaromatic in the first singlet excited state. Homoaromaticity should therefore have broad implications in photochemistry. We further demonstrate this by computational design of a photomechanical “lever” that is powered by relief of homoantiaromatic destabilization in the first singlet excited state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kjell Jorner
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory , Uppsala University , Box 523 , 751 20 Uppsala , Sweden .
| | - Burkhard O Jahn
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory , Uppsala University , Box 523 , 751 20 Uppsala , Sweden . .,SciClus GmbH & Co. KG , Moritz-von-Rohr-Str. 1a , 07745 Jena , Germany
| | - Patrick Bultinck
- Department of Chemistry , Ghent University , Krijgslaan 281 (S3) , 9000 Gent , Belgium .
| | - Henrik Ottosson
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory , Uppsala University , Box 523 , 751 20 Uppsala , Sweden .
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Williams RV, Al-Sehemi AG, Meier AK, Brown ZZ, Armantrout JR. The Role of Strain in the Homoaromatization of Semibullvalenes. J Org Chem 2017; 82:4136-4147. [PMID: 28345342 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The low activation barrier to the Cope rearrangement of semibullvalenes has been attributed to the inherent ring-strain of this nucleus. Appropriate, Dewar-Hoffmann, substitution of semibullvalene results in the stabilization of the transition state and a further lowering of the Cope barrier. An alternative proposal for lowering/eliminating this barrier is the use of strain to destabilize the localized semibullvalene. Using density functional and Hartree-Fock calculations, we predict that additionally straining the semibullvalene nucleus, by small ring annelations, will lead to a lowering of the Cope barrier and ultimately to ground state neutral homoaromatics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Vaughan Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho , 875 Perimeter Drive, Mail Stop 2343, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
| | - Abdullah G Al-Sehemi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho , 875 Perimeter Drive, Mail Stop 2343, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
| | - Amanda K Meier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho , 875 Perimeter Drive, Mail Stop 2343, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
| | - Zachary Z Brown
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho , 875 Perimeter Drive, Mail Stop 2343, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
| | - John R Armantrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho , 875 Perimeter Drive, Mail Stop 2343, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Williams RV, Aring AJ, Bonifacio MC, Blumenfeld A. 4,6-Barbaralanedicarboxy-2,8-dicarboxylic anhydride and 1,5-dimethyl-4,6-semibullvalenedicarboxy-2,8-dicarboxylic anhydride: examples of unusual barbaralanes and semibullvalenes that do not undergo the Cope rearrangement. They are locked as the closed tau. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Vaughan Williams
- Department of Chemistry; University of Idaho; 875 Perimeter Drive MS 2343 Moscow ID 83844-2343 USA
| | - Andrew J. Aring
- Department of Chemistry; University of Idaho; 875 Perimeter Drive MS 2343 Moscow ID 83844-2343 USA
| | - Margel C. Bonifacio
- Department of Chemistry; University of Idaho; 875 Perimeter Drive MS 2343 Moscow ID 83844-2343 USA
| | - Alexander Blumenfeld
- Department of Chemistry; University of Idaho; 875 Perimeter Drive MS 2343 Moscow ID 83844-2343 USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Huang Z, Zhan M, Zhang S, Luo Q, Zhang WX, Xi Z. Synthesis of dibromo- and tetrabromo-bipyrrolines and their corresponding 2,6-diazasemibullvalene derivatives. Org Chem Front 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7qo00287d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of Δ1-dipyrrolines with NBS afforded α,α′-dibromo-Δ1-bipyrrolines and α,α,α′,α′-tetrabromo-Δ1-bipyrrolines, which were efficiently transformed into 2,6-diazasemibullvalene derivatives via reduction with lithium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
| | - Ming Zhan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
| | - Shaoguang Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
| | - Qian Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
| | - Wen-Xiong Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
| | - Zhenfeng Xi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Petraglia R, Nicolaï A, Wodrich MD, Ceriotti M, Corminboeuf C. Beyond static structures: Putting forth REMD as a tool to solve problems in computational organic chemistry. J Comput Chem 2016; 37:83-92. [PMID: 26228927 PMCID: PMC5324590 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.24025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Computational studies of organic systems are frequently limited to static pictures that closely align with textbook style presentations of reaction mechanisms and isomerization processes. Of course, in reality chemical systems are dynamic entities where a multitude of molecular conformations exists on incredibly complex potential energy surfaces (PES). Here, we borrow a computational technique originally conceived to be used in the context of biological simulations, together with empirical force fields, and apply it to organic chemical problems. Replica-exchange molecular dynamics (REMD) permits thorough exploration of the PES. We combined REMD with density functional tight binding (DFTB), thereby establishing the level of accuracy necessary to analyze small molecular systems. Through the study of four prototypical problems: isomer identification, reaction mechanisms, temperature-dependent rotational processes, and catalysis, we reveal new insights and chemistry that likely would be missed using static electronic structure computations. The REMD-DFTB methodology at the heart of this study is powered by i-PI, which efficiently handles the interface between the DFTB and REMD codes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Petraglia
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Adrien Nicolaï
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthew D Wodrich
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michele Ceriotti
- Laboratory of Computational Science and Modelling, Institut des Materiaux, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Clemence Corminboeuf
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhang S, Zhang WX, Xi Z. Semibullvalene and diazasemibullvalene: recent advances in the synthesis, reaction chemistry, and synthetic applications. Acc Chem Res 2015; 48:1823-31. [PMID: 26061608 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Semibullvalene (SBV) and its aza analogue 2,6-diazasemibullvalene (NSBV) are theoretically interesting and experimentally challenging organic molecules because of four unique features: highly strained ring systems, intramolecular skeletal rearrangement, extremely rapid degenerate (aza-)Cope rearrangement, and the predicted existence of neutral homoaromatic delocalized structures. SBV has received much attention in the past 50 years. In contrast, after NSBV was predicted in 1971 and the first in situ synthesis was realized in 1982, no progress on NSBV chemistry was made until our results in 2012. We have been interested in the reaction chemistry of 1,4-dilithio-1,3-butadienes (dilithio reagents for short), especially for their applications in the synthesis of SBV and NSBV, because (i) the cyclodimerization of dilithio reagents could provide the potential eight-carbon skeleton of SBV from four-carbon butadiene units and (ii) the insertion reaction of dilithio reagents with C≡N bonds of two nitriles could provide a 6C + 2N skeleton that might be a good precursor for the synthesis of NSBV. Therefore, we initiated a journey into the synthesis and reaction chemistry of SBV and NSBV starting from dilithio reagents that has been ongoing since 2006. In this Account, we outline mainly our recent achievements in the synthesis, structural characterization, reaction chemistry, synthetic application, and theoretical/computational analysis of NSBV. Two efficient strategies for the synthesis of NSBV from dilithio reagents and nitriles via oxidant-induced C-N bond formation are described. Structural investigations of NSBV, including X-ray crystal structure analysis, determination of the activation barrier for the aza-Cope rearrangement, and theoretical analysis, show that the localized structure of NSBV is the predominant form and that the homoaromatic delocalized structure exists as a minor component in the equilibrium. We also discuss the reaction chemistry and synthetic applications of NSBV. Several novel reaction patterns have been explored, including thermolysis, C-N bond insertion, rearrangement-cycloaddition, oxidation, and nucleophilic ring-opening reactions. Diverse and interesting N-containing polycyclic skeletons can be constructed, such as nickelaazetidine, 1,5-diazatriquinacenes, and triazabrexadienes, which are not available by other means. Our results show that NSBV not only features a rapid aza-Cope rearrangement with a low activation barrier but also acts as unique synthetic reagent that is significantly different from aziridine. The strained rigid ring systems as a whole can be involved in the reactions. Our achievements highlight two significant advances: (i) the well-established efficient synthesis and isolation of NSBV has greatly accelerated the development of NSBV chemistry, and (ii) the previously unattainable molecules have become "normal" and routine starting materials for the synthesis of otherwise unavailable but interesting structures. We expect that our pursuits will inspire and help direct future chemical and physical research on NSBV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaoguang Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wen-Xiong Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhenfeng Xi
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ruzziconi R, Lepri S, Buonerba F, Schlosser M, Mancinelli M, Ranieri S, Prati L, Mazzanti A. Long-Range Bonding/Nonbonding Interactions: A Donor–Acceptor Resonance Studied by Dynamic NMR. Org Lett 2015; 17:2740-3. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b01152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Renzo Ruzziconi
- Department
of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 10, I-06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - Susan Lepri
- Department
of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 10, I-06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - Federica Buonerba
- Department
of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 10, I-06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - Manfred Schlosser
- Institute
of Chemical Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michele Mancinelli
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Ranieri
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Prati
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Mazzanti
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhan M, Zhang S, Huang Z, Xi Z. Synthesis of α,α,α′,α′-Tetrachloro-Δ1-bipyrrolines and 4,8-Dichloro-2,6-diazasemibuvallenes. Org Lett 2015; 17:1026-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhan
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory
of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shaoguang Zhang
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory
of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhe Huang
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory
of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhenfeng Xi
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory
of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, CAS, Shanghai 200032, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Salvatella L. Theoretical design of tetra(arenediyl)bis(allyl) derivatives as model compounds for Cope rearrangement transition states. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra16381h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Delocated structures bearing 2.3–2.5 Å C⋯C bonds are preferred for some tetra(arenediyl)bis(allyl) systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L. Salvatella
- Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea – ISQCH
- CSIC – Universidad de Zaragoza
- 50009-Zaragoza
- Spain
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhang S, Zhan M, Zhang WX, Xi Z. Diastereoselective Nucleophilic Ring-Opening Reactions of 2,6-Diazasemibullvalenes for the Synthesis of Diverse Functionalized Δ1-Bipyrroline Derivatives. Chemistry 2014; 20:9744-52. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201402911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
19
|
Zhang S, Zhan M, Wang Q, Wang C, Zhang WX, Xi Z. Synthesis of semibullvalene derivatives via Co2(CO)8-mediated cyclodimerization of 1,4-dilithio-1,3-butadienes. Org Chem Front 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3qo00019b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
20
|
Tuvi-Arad I, Rozgonyi T, Stirling A. Effect of Temperature and Substitution on Cope Rearrangement: A Symmetry Perspective. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:12726-33. [DOI: 10.1021/jp411044m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Inbal Tuvi-Arad
- Department of Natural Sciences, The Open University of Israel, 1 University Rd., Raanana 43107, Israel
| | - Tamás Rozgonyi
- Institute
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Center for Natural Sciences of the HAS, Pusztaszeri ut 59-67, Budapest 1025, Hungary
| | - András Stirling
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Research Center for Natural Sciences of the HAS, Pusztaszeri ut 59-67, Budapest 1025, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Bredtmann T, Paulus B. Electron–Nuclear Motion in the Cope Rearrangement of Semibullvalene: Ever Synchronous? J Chem Theory Comput 2013; 9:3026-34. [DOI: 10.1021/ct400318z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timm Bredtmann
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195
Berlin, Germany
| | - Beate Paulus
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195
Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Williams RV, Edwards WD, Zhang P, Berg DJ, Mitchell RH. Experimental Verification of the Homoaromaticity of 1,3,5-Cycloheptatriene and Evaluation of the Aromaticity of Tropone and the Tropylium Cation by Use of the Dimethyldihydropyrene Probe. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:16742-52. [DOI: 10.1021/ja306868r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Vaughan Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Post Office Box 442343, Moscow,
Idaho 83844-2343, United States
| | - W. Daniel Edwards
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Post Office Box 442343, Moscow,
Idaho 83844-2343, United States
| | - Pengrong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Post Office Box 3065, Victoria,
British Columbia V8W 3V6, Canada
| | - David J. Berg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Post Office Box 3065, Victoria,
British Columbia V8W 3V6, Canada
| | - Reginald H. Mitchell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Post Office Box 3065, Victoria,
British Columbia V8W 3V6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhang S, Wei J, Zhan M, Luo Q, Wang C, Zhang WX, Xi Z. 2,6-Diazasemibullvalenes: Synthesis, Structural Characterization, Reaction Chemistry, and Theoretical Analysis. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:11964-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja305581f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaoguang Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of
Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871,
China
| | - Junnian Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of
Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871,
China
| | - Ming Zhan
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of
Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871,
China
| | - Qian Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of
Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871,
China
| | - Chao Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of
Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871,
China
| | - Wen-Xiong Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of
Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871,
China
| | - Zhenfeng Xi
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of
Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871,
China
- State Key Laboratory
of Organometallic
Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Jana DF, Wodrich MD, Corminboeuf C. Structure–Correlation Principles Connecting Ground State Properties and Reaction Barrier Heights for the Cope Rearrangement of Semibullvalenes. J Org Chem 2012; 77:2548-52. [DOI: 10.1021/jo202606v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F. Jana
- Laboratory for Computational
Molecular Design, Institut
des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne,
Switzerland
| | - Matthew D. Wodrich
- Laboratory for Computational
Molecular Design, Institut
des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne,
Switzerland
| | - Clémence Corminboeuf
- Laboratory for Computational
Molecular Design, Institut
des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne,
Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Bredtmann T, Manz J. Elektronenflüsse zwischen benachbarten Bindungen bei pericyclischen Reaktionen: synchron oder asynchron? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201104465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
26
|
Bredtmann T, Manz J. Electronic Bond-to-Bond Fluxes in Pericyclic Reactions: Synchronous or Asynchronous? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:12652-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201104465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timm Bredtmann
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|