1
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Grebenovsky N, Luma L, Müller P, Heckel A. Introducing LNAzo: More Rigidity for Improved Photocontrol of Oligonucleotide Hybridization. Chemistry 2019; 25:12298-12302. [PMID: 31386225 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Oligonucleotide-based therapeutics have made rapid progress in clinical treatment of a variety of disease indications. Since most therapeutic oligonucleotides serve more than just one function and tend to have a prolonged lifetime, spatio-temporal control of these functions would be desirable. Photoswitches like azobenzene have proven themselves as useful tools in this matter. Upon irradiation, the photoisomerization of the azobenzene moiety causes destabilization in adjacent base pairs, leading to a decreased hybridization affinity. Since the way the azobenzene is incorporated in the oligonucleotide is of utmost importance, we synthesized locked azobenzene C-nucleosides and compared their photocontrol capabilities to established azobenzene C-nucleosides in oligonucleotide test-sequences by means of fluorescence-, UV/Vis-, and CD-spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai Grebenovsky
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Larita Luma
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Patricia Müller
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Alexander Heckel
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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2
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Pianowski ZL. Recent Implementations of Molecular Photoswitches into Smart Materials and Biological Systems. Chemistry 2019; 25:5128-5144. [PMID: 30614091 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Light is a nearly ideal stimulus for molecular systems. It delivers information encoded in the form of wavelengths and their intensities with high precision in space and time. Light is a mild trigger that does not permanently contaminate targeted samples. Its energy can be reversibly transformed into molecular motion, polarity, or flexibility changes. This leads to sophisticated functions at the supramolecular and macroscopic levels, from light-triggered nanomaterials to photocontrol over biological systems. New methods and molecular adapters of light are reported almost daily. Recently reported applications of photoresponsive systems, particularly azobenzenes, spiropyrans, diarylethenes, and indigoids, for smart materials and photocontrol of biological setups are described herein with the aim to demonstrate that the 21st century has become the Age of Enlightenment-"Le siècle des Lumières"-in molecular sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew L Pianowski
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institut für Toxikologie und Genetik, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Campus Nord, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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3
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Lubbe AS, Szymanski W, Feringa BL. Recent developments in reversible photoregulation of oligonucleotide structure and function. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 46:1052-1079. [PMID: 28128377 DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00461j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing interest in the photoregulation of biological functions, due to the high level of spatiotemporal precision achievable with light. Additionally, light is non-invasive and waste-free. In particular, the photoregulation of oligonucleotide structure and function is a rapidly developing study field with relevance to biological, physical and material sciences. Molecular photoswitches have been incorporated in oligonucleotides for 20 years, and the field has currently grown beyond fundamental studies on photochemistry of the switches and DNA duplex stability, and is moving towards applications in chemical biology, nanotechnology and material science. Moreover, the currently emerging field of photopharmacology indicates the relevance of photocontrol in future medicine. In recent years, a large number of publications has appeared on photoregulation of DNA and RNA structure and function. New strategies are evaluated and novel, exciting applications are shown. In this comprehensive review, the key strategies for photoswitch inclusion in oligonucleotides are presented and illustrated with recent examples. Additionally the applications that have emerged in recent years are discussed, including gene regulation, drug delivery and materials design. Finally, we identify the challenges that the field currently faces and look forward to future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk S Lubbe
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Wiktor Szymanski
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands. and Department of Radiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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4
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Lubbe AS, Liu Q, Smith SJ, de Vries JW, Kistemaker JCM, de Vries AH, Faustino I, Meng Z, Szymanski W, Herrmann A, Feringa BL. Photoswitching of DNA Hybridization Using a Molecular Motor. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:5069-5076. [PMID: 29551069 PMCID: PMC5909178 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b09476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Reversible control
over the functionality of biological systems
via external triggers may be used in future medicine to reduce the
need for invasive procedures. Additionally, externally regulated biomacromolecules
are now considered as particularly attractive tools in nanoscience
and the design of smart materials, due to their highly programmable
nature and complex functionality. Incorporation of photoswitches into
biomolecules, such as peptides, antibiotics, and nucleic acids, has
generated exciting results in the past few years. Molecular motors
offer the potential for new and more precise methods of photoregulation,
due to their multistate switching cycle, unidirectionality of rotation,
and helicity inversion during the rotational steps. Aided by computational
studies, we designed and synthesized a photoswitchable DNA hairpin,
in which a molecular motor serves as the bridgehead unit. After it
was determined that motor function was not affected by the rigid arms
of the linker, solid-phase synthesis was employed to incorporate the
motor into an 8-base-pair self-complementary DNA strand. With the
photoswitchable bridgehead in place, hairpin formation was unimpaired,
while the motor part of this advanced biohybrid system retains excellent
photochemical properties. Rotation of the motor generates large changes
in structure, and as a consequence the duplex stability of the oligonucleotide
could be regulated by UV light irradiation. Additionally, Molecular
Dynamics computations were employed to rationalize the observed behavior
of the motor–DNA hybrid. The results presented herein establish
molecular motors as powerful multistate switches for application in
biological environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk S Lubbe
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Qing Liu
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747AG Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Sanne J Smith
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747AG Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Jan Willem de Vries
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747AG Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Jos C M Kistemaker
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Alex H de Vries
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747AG Groningen , The Netherlands.,Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology (GBB) Institute , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 7 , 9747AG Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Ignacio Faustino
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology (GBB) Institute , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 7 , 9747AG Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Zhuojun Meng
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology (GBB) Institute , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 7 , 9747AG Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Wiktor Szymanski
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands.,Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Groningen , University of Groningen , Hanzeplein 1 , 9713GZ Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747AG Groningen , The Netherlands.,DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials , Forckenbeckstr. 50 , 52056 Aachen , Germany.,Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University , Worringerweg 2 , 52074 Aachen , Germany
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands
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5
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Zhao P, Bu Y. Azobenzene-bridged diradical janus nucleobases with photo-converted magnetic properties between antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic couplings. J Comput Chem 2018; 39:1398-1405. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.25207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peiwen Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shandong University; Jinan 250100 People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxiang Bu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shandong University; Jinan 250100 People's Republic of China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Qufu Normal University; Qufu 273165 People's Republic of China
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6
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Adam V, Prusty DK, Centola M, Škugor M, Hannam JS, Valero J, Klöckner B, Famulok M. Expanding the Toolbox of Photoswitches for DNA Nanotechnology Using Arylazopyrazoles. Chemistry 2018; 24:1062-1066. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Volker Adam
- LIMES Chemical Biology Unit; Universität Bonn; Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1 53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Deepak K. Prusty
- Max-Planck-Fellowship Group Chemical Biology; Center of Advanced European Studies and Research; Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 2 53175 Bonn Germany
| | - Mathias Centola
- LIMES Chemical Biology Unit; Universität Bonn; Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1 53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Marko Škugor
- LIMES Chemical Biology Unit; Universität Bonn; Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1 53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Jeffrey S. Hannam
- LIMES Chemical Biology Unit; Universität Bonn; Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1 53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Julián Valero
- Max-Planck-Fellowship Group Chemical Biology; Center of Advanced European Studies and Research; Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 2 53175 Bonn Germany
| | - Bernhard Klöckner
- Kekulé Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie; Gerhard-Domagk-Str.1 53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Michael Famulok
- LIMES Chemical Biology Unit; Universität Bonn; Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1 53121 Bonn Germany
- Max-Planck-Fellowship Group Chemical Biology; Center of Advanced European Studies and Research; Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 2 53175 Bonn Germany
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7
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Sui Z, Li T, An R, Wu W, Komiyama M, Liang X. Tandem blocking of PCR extension to form a single-stranded overhang for facile, visual, and ultrasensitive gene detection. RSC Adv 2018; 8:15652-15658. [PMID: 35539451 PMCID: PMC9080086 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra01471j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to detect a predetermined gene in a field test, a facile, visual, and ultrasensitive approach without the need of special and expensive machines is required. In this study, a gene in the Ebola virus was targeted as an example for diagnosis. The key strategy is to incorporate molecular blockers (azobenzene-bearing moieties or thymine dimers) in tandem in one of the PCR primers and stop the polymerase extension there to form a single-stranded overhang. The PCR product was added to the dispersion of gold nanoparticles which were labelled with a probe oligonucleotide. When the Ebola virus-specific gene existed in the specimen, the oligonucleotide on the gold particles formed a double-helix with the single-stranded overhang, and thus the dispersion remained red in color. In the absence of the gene, however, the dispersion rapidly turned to blue because of nanoparticle aggregation. The difference was explicit even when the initial specimen involved only 1 copy of the gene. Accordingly, “whether the patient is infected by the virus or not” can be easily and visually judged by the naked eye. Here we present a simple but practically useful assay for gene detection. This strategy employs the advantages of both PCR and Au colloidal science, and thus satisfactorily fulfills the factors required for Point-of-Care detection.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Sui
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao 266003
- China
| | - Tong Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao 266003
- China
| | - Ran An
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao 266003
- China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology
| | - Wei Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao 266003
- China
| | - Makoto Komiyama
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao 266003
- China
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
| | - Xingguo Liang
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao 266003
- China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology
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8
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Lubbe AS, van Leeuwen T, Wezenberg SJ, Feringa BL. Designing dynamic functional molecular systems. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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9
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Kingsland A, Samai S, Yan Y, Ginger DS, Maibaum L. Local Density Fluctuations Predict Photoisomerization Quantum Yield of Azobenzene-Modified DNA. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:3027-3031. [PMID: 27428569 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b00956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Azobenzene incorporated into DNA has a photoisomerization quantum yield that depends on the DNA sequence near the azobenzene attachment site. We use Molecular Dynamics computer simulations to elucidate which physical properties of the modified DNA determine the quantum yield. We show for a wide range of DNA sequences that the photoisomerization quantum yield is strongly correlated with the variance of the number of atoms in close proximity to the outer phenyl ring of the azobenzene group. We infer that quantum yield is controlled by the availability of fluctuations that enable the conformational change. We demonstrate that these simulations can be used as a qualitative predictive tool by calculating the quantum yield for several novel DNA sequences, and confirming these predictions using UV-vis spectroscopy. Our results will be useful for the development of a wide range of applications of photoresponsive DNA nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Addie Kingsland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Soumyadyuti Samai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Yunqi Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - David S Ginger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Lutz Maibaum
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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10
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Wang X, Liang X. Azobenzene-modified antisense oligonucleotides for site-specific cleavage of RNA with photocontrollable property. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra20954h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Photoresponsive azobenzene-modified antisense oligonucleotides for site-specific RNA cleavage by RNase H.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao
- China
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science
| | - Xingguo Liang
- School of Food Science and Engineering
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao
- China
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11
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Goldau T, Murayama K, Brieke C, Asanuma H, Heckel A. Azobenzene C-Nucleosides for Photocontrolled Hybridization of DNA at Room Temperature. Chemistry 2015; 21:17870-6. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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12
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Kamiya Y, Takagi T, Ooi H, Ito H, Liang X, Asanuma H. Synthetic gene involving azobenzene-tethered T7 promoter for the photocontrol of gene expression by visible light. ACS Synth Biol 2015; 4:365-70. [PMID: 25144622 DOI: 10.1021/sb5001092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we demonstrate photoregulation of gene expression in a cell-free translation system from a T7 promoter containing two azobenzene derivatives at specific positions. As photoswitches, we prepared azobenzene-4'-carboxlyic acid (Azo) and 2,6-dimethylazobenzene-4'-carboxylic acid (DM-Azo), which were isomerized from trans to cis upon irradiation with UV light (λ < 370 nm), and 4-methylthioazobenzene-4'-carboxylic acid (S-Azo) and 2,6-dimethyl-4-(methylthio)azobenzene-4'-carobxylic acid (S-DM-Azo), which were cis-isomerized by irradiation with 400 nm visible light. Expression of green fluorescent protein from a promoter modified with S-Azo or S-DM-Azo could be induced by harmless visible light whereas that from a promoter modified with Azo or DM-Azo was induced only by UV light (340-360 nm). Thus, efficient photoregulation of green fluorescent protein production was achieved in a cell-free translation system with visible light without photodamage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Xingguo Liang
- School
of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Yushan-lu 5, Shinanqu, Qingdao 266003, China
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13
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Li J, Wang X, Liang X. Modification of Nucleic Acids by Azobenzene Derivatives and Their Applications in Biotechnology and Nanotechnology. Chem Asian J 2014; 9:3344-58. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201402758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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14
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Goulet-Hanssens A, Barrett CJ. Photo-control of biological systems with azobenzene polymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Goulet-Hanssens
- Department of Chemistry; McGill University; 801 Sherbrooke Street West Montreal Quebec Canada H3A 0B8
| | - Christopher J. Barrett
- Department of Chemistry; McGill University; 801 Sherbrooke Street West Montreal Quebec Canada H3A 0B8
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15
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Hili R, Niu J, Liu DR. DNA ligase-mediated translation of DNA into densely functionalized nucleic acid polymers. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:98-101. [PMID: 23256841 PMCID: PMC3544274 DOI: 10.1021/ja311331m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We developed a method to translate DNA sequences into densely functionalized nucleic acids by using T4 DNA ligase to mediate the DNA-templated polymerization of 5'-phosphorylated trinucleotides containing a wide variety of appended functional groups. This polymerization proceeds sequence specifically along a DNA template and can generate polymers of at least 50 building blocks (150 nucleotides) in length with remarkable efficiency. The resulting single-stranded highly modified nucleic acid is a suitable template for primer extension using deep vent (exo-) DNA polymerase, thereby enabling the regeneration of template DNA. We integrated these capabilities to perform iterated cycles of in vitro translation, selection, and template regeneration on libraries of modified nucleic acid polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Hili
- Howard Hughes
Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry
and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, United States
| | - Jia Niu
- Howard Hughes
Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry
and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, United States
| | - David R. Liu
- Howard Hughes
Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry
and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, United States
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16
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Brieke C, Rohrbach F, Gottschalk A, Mayer G, Heckel A. Light-controlled tools. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:8446-76. [PMID: 22829531 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201202134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 734] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Spatial and temporal control over chemical and biological processes plays a key role in life, where the whole is often much more than the sum of its parts. Quite trivially, the molecules of a cell do not form a living system if they are only arranged in a random fashion. If we want to understand these relationships and especially the problems arising from malfunction, tools are necessary that allow us to design sophisticated experiments that address these questions. Highly valuable in this respect are external triggers that enable us to precisely determine where, when, and to what extent a process is started or stopped. Light is an ideal external trigger: It is highly selective and if applied correctly also harmless. It can be generated and manipulated with well-established techniques, and many ways exist to apply light to living systems--from cells to higher organisms. This Review will focus on developments over the last six years and includes discussions on the underlying technologies as well as their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Brieke
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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17
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Brieke C, Rohrbach F, Gottschalk A, Mayer G, Heckel A. Lichtgesteuerte Werkzeuge. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201202134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clara Brieke
- Goethe‐Universität Frankfurt, Institut für Organische Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Buchmann‐Institut für Molekulare Lebenswissenschaften, Max‐von‐Laue‐Straße 9, 60438 Frankfurt/Main (Deutschland)
| | - Falk Rohrbach
- Universität Bonn, LIMES‐Institut, Gerhard‐Domagk‐Straße 1, 53121 Bonn (Deutschland)
| | - Alexander Gottschalk
- Buchmann‐Institut für Molekulare Lebenswissenschaften, Institut für Biochemie, Max‐von‐Laue‐Straße 15, 60438 Frankfurt/Main (Deutschland)
| | - Günter Mayer
- Universität Bonn, LIMES‐Institut, Gerhard‐Domagk‐Straße 1, 53121 Bonn (Deutschland)
| | - Alexander Heckel
- Goethe‐Universität Frankfurt, Institut für Organische Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Buchmann‐Institut für Molekulare Lebenswissenschaften, Max‐von‐Laue‐Straße 9, 60438 Frankfurt/Main (Deutschland)
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18
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Nakamura S, Ogasawara S, Matuda S, Saito I, Fujimoto K. Template directed reversible photochemical ligation of oligodeoxynucleotides. Molecules 2011; 17:163-78. [PMID: 22202805 PMCID: PMC6268978 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17010163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrated that 5-vinyldeoxyuridine ((V)U) and 5-carboxyvinyldeoxyuridine ((CV)U) can be used to photoligate a longer oligonucleotide (ODN) from smaller ODNs on a template. By performing irradiation at 366 nm, these artificial nucleotides make photoligated ODNs with high efficiency without any side reactions. Moreover, by performing irradiation at 312 nm, these photoligated ODNs were reversed to the original ODN. (V)U needs to be irradiated 366 nm for 6 h, but (CV)U needs to be irradiated at 366 nm for 15 min. Finally, we made a self-assembled structure with an ODN containing (CV)U and observed the photoligated ODN by photoirradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigetaka Nakamura
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Shinzi Ogasawara
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Shigeo Matuda
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Factly of Enginnering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Isao Saito
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Factly of Enginnering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kenzo Fujimoto
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
- Research Center for Bio-Architecture, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
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