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Balaraju M, Kommu N, Vangara S, Sahoo AK, Thaltiri V, Sahoo AK. Synthetic manifestation of trinitro-pyrazolo-2 H-1,2,3-triazoles (TNPT) as insensitive energetic materials. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:827-830. [PMID: 38131208 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05116a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
This study showcases the design and development of a facile method for synthesizing trinitro-pyrazolo-triazole (TNPT) and its derivatives. The synthesized compounds are analysed using multinuclear NMR [1H, 13C, and 15N] and HRMS analyses. Furthermore, X-ray diffraction studies confirm the structure of some TNPT derivatives. Notably, compounds 8, 9, 11, and 12 exhibit good thermal stability with a decomposition threshold above 250 °C, and show a high level of insensitivity towards impact and friction [impact sensitivity (IS) is more than 25 J and friction sensitivity (FS) is above 180 N]. Compound 12, in particular, displays excellent performance characteristics [density 1.76 g cc-1 (at 298 K), a high detonation velocity (Dv = 8550 m s-1), and good thermal stability (Td = 280 °C), with high insensitivity towards impact and friction (IS = 35 J; FS = 180 N)]. The Hirshfeld surface analysis study provides further insight into the sensitivity of the TNPT derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muntha Balaraju
- Advanced Center of Research in High Energy Materials, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India.
| | - Nagarjuna Kommu
- Advanced Center of Research in High Energy Materials, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India.
| | - Srinivas Vangara
- Advanced Center of Research in High Energy Materials, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India.
| | - Aswini K Sahoo
- Advanced Center of Research in High Energy Materials, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India.
| | - Vikranth Thaltiri
- Advanced Center of Research in High Energy Materials, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India.
| | - Akhila K Sahoo
- Advanced Center of Research in High Energy Materials, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India.
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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2
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Kuehl V, Cleveland AH, Snyder CJ, Chavez DE. Synthesis and Energetic Properties of N-Substituted 3,4- and 3,5-Dinitropyrazoles. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:18408-18413. [PMID: 37273606 PMCID: PMC10233677 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
3,4- and 3,5-Dinitropyrazoles (DNPs) were substituted with acryl and allyl groups on the N1 nitrogen atom, resulting in three novel energetic materials. These compounds are all liquids at room temperature with melting points ranging from -60.2 to -38.6 °C and were fully characterized by high-resolution mass spectrometry, elemental analysis, proton and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. These materials were also tested for electrostatic discharge, friction, and impact sensitivities and then compared to DNP starting materials and to the explosive nitroglycerin (NG). These results indicate that the synthesized compounds are less sensitive to impact compared to NG and have higher thermal stabilities to decomposition.
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3
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Reaction of Bi(NO3)3 with quinoxaline in the presence of HI. Synthesis of 5,6,7,8-tetranitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoxaline-2,3-diol by serendipity: Crystal Structure, Hirshfeld and optical study of a novel energetic compound. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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4
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Zhang X, Wu Y, Wang P, Lin Q, Chen S, Jin S, Xu Y, Lu M. A Solvent‐free energetic coordination polymer [N, N‐(3,4‐dinitropyrazolate)Ag]: synthesis, structure and energetic performance. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202100395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing Jiangsu 210094 China
| | - Yige Wu
- Research Institute of Gansu Yinguang Chemical Industry Group Baiyin Gansu 730900 China
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing Jiangsu 210094 China
| | - Qiuhan Lin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing Jiangsu 210094 China
| | - Shusen Chen
- School of Materials Science & Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
| | - Shaohua Jin
- School of Materials Science & Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
| | - Yuangang Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing Jiangsu 210094 China
| | - Ming Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing Jiangsu 210094 China
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5
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Vangara S, Kommu N, Thaltiri V, Balaraju M, Sahoo AK. Polynitro- N-aryl-C-nitro-pyrazole/imidazole Derivatives: Thermally Stable-Insensitive Energetic Materials. J Org Chem 2022; 87:7202-7212. [PMID: 35549270 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A wide array of methoxy-substituted-polynitro-aryl-pyrazole/imidazoles with readily oxidizable -NH2/NO2/NHNO2/diazo functional groups is synthesized. Single crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirms the molecular structure of the compounds. Energetic properties of the synthesized compounds are determined by theoretical and experimental studies. Most of the compounds are thermally stable and insensitive to impact and friction. Some of the molecules possess better detonation velocity and detonation pressure over TNT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Vangara
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India.,Advanced Centre of Research in High Energy Materials, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Nagarjuna Kommu
- Advanced Centre of Research in High Energy Materials, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Vikranth Thaltiri
- Advanced Centre of Research in High Energy Materials, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - M Balaraju
- Advanced Centre of Research in High Energy Materials, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Akhila K Sahoo
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India.,Advanced Centre of Research in High Energy Materials, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
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6
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Yang X, Bian C, Duan H, Wang J. Further study on energetic salts of TNATT anion. Polyhedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2022.115733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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7
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Luo Y, Zheng W, Wang X, Shen F. Nitrification Progress of Nitrogen-Rich Heterocyclic Energetic Compounds: A Review. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27051465. [PMID: 35268569 PMCID: PMC8911595 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
As a momentous energetic group, a nitro group widely exists in high-energy-density materials (HEDMs), such as trinitrotoluene (TNT), 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB), cyclo-1,3,5-trimethylene-2,4,6-trinitramine (RDX), etc. The nitro group has a significant effect on improving the oxygen balance and detonation performances of energetic materials (EMs). Moreover, the nitro group is a strong electron-withdrawing group, and it can increase the acidity of the acidic hydrogen-containing nitrogen-rich energetic compounds to facilitate the construction of energetic ionic salts. Thus, it is possible to design nitro-nitrogen-rich energetic compounds with adjustable properties. In this paper, the nitration methods of azoles, including imidazole, pyrazole, triazole, tetrazole, and oxadiazole, as well as azines, including pyrazine, pyridazine, triazine, and tetrazine, have been concluded. Furthermore, the prospect of the future development of nitrogen-rich heterocyclic energetic compounds has been stated, so as to provide references for researchers who are engaged in the synthesis of EMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Luo
- High-Tech Institute of Xi’an, Xi’an 710025, China; (Y.L.); (F.S.)
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China
| | - Wanwan Zheng
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China;
| | - Xuanjun Wang
- High-Tech Institute of Xi’an, Xi’an 710025, China; (Y.L.); (F.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Fei Shen
- High-Tech Institute of Xi’an, Xi’an 710025, China; (Y.L.); (F.S.)
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China
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8
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9
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Facile synthesis of 4-amino-3,5-dinitropyrazolated energetic derivatives via 4-bromopyrazole and their performances. FIREPHYSCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpc.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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10
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Li G, Huang H, Yang J, Yan C, Li W, Duan H. Synthesis and properties of three guanidinium salts based on high-oxygen-balanced 1,4-dinitramino-3,5-dinitropyrazolate anion. Polyhedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2021.115098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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11
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Ueda M, Yasui M, Hasegawa M, Konishi K, Takeda N. Dihalogenative Cyclization for the Synthesis of 4-Bromo-1-bromoalkyl-5-aryl/alkyl/alkenyl-pyrazoles. HETEROCYCLES 2021. [DOI: 10.3987/com-20-s(k)43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Zhang X, Zou F, Yang P, Gao C, Zhang C, Zou M, Cao X, Hu W, Zhou Q. Synthesis and Investigation of 2,4,6‐Trinitropyridin‐3‐ol and its Salts. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.202000177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xingcheng Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/ Green Catalysis & Synthesis Key Laboratory of Xinyang City Xinyang Normal University Xinyang, Nanhu 237 Xinyang Henan Province P.R. China 464000
| | - Fangfang Zou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/ Green Catalysis & Synthesis Key Laboratory of Xinyang City Xinyang Normal University Xinyang, Nanhu 237 Xinyang Henan Province P.R. China 464000
- School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmaceutical Institution Wuhan Institute of Technology Guanggu 206, Donghu New Technology Development Zone Hubei China
| | - Pei Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/ Green Catalysis & Synthesis Key Laboratory of Xinyang City Xinyang Normal University Xinyang, Nanhu 237 Xinyang Henan Province P.R. China 464000
| | - Chang Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/ Green Catalysis & Synthesis Key Laboratory of Xinyang City Xinyang Normal University Xinyang, Nanhu 237 Xinyang Henan Province P.R. China 464000
| | - Chunxiao Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/ Green Catalysis & Synthesis Key Laboratory of Xinyang City Xinyang Normal University Xinyang, Nanhu 237 Xinyang Henan Province P.R. China 464000
| | - Mingxin Zou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/ Green Catalysis & Synthesis Key Laboratory of Xinyang City Xinyang Normal University Xinyang, Nanhu 237 Xinyang Henan Province P.R. China 464000
| | - Xinhua Cao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/ Green Catalysis & Synthesis Key Laboratory of Xinyang City Xinyang Normal University Xinyang, Nanhu 237 Xinyang Henan Province P.R. China 464000
| | - Wenxian Hu
- School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmaceutical Institution Wuhan Institute of Technology Guanggu 206, Donghu New Technology Development Zone Hubei China
| | - Qiuju Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/ Green Catalysis & Synthesis Key Laboratory of Xinyang City Xinyang Normal University Xinyang, Nanhu 237 Xinyang Henan Province P.R. China 464000
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13
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Pentacycloundecane (PCUD)‐Based Cage Frameworks as Potential Energetic Materials: Syntheses and Characterization. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202000494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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14
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Zhang S, Gao Z, Lan D, Jia Q, Liu N, Zhang J, Kou K. Recent Advances in Synthesis and Properties of Nitrated-Pyrazoles Based Energetic Compounds. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25153475. [PMID: 32751631 PMCID: PMC7435826 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrated-pyrazole-based energetic compounds have attracted wide publicity in the field of energetic materials (EMs) due to their high heat of formation, high density, tailored thermal stability, and detonation performance. Many nitrated-pyrazole-based energetic compounds have been developed to meet the increasing demands of high power, low sensitivity, and eco-friendly environment, and they have good applications in explosives, propellants, and pyrotechnics. Continuous and growing efforts have been committed to promote the rapid development of nitrated-pyrazole-based EMs in the last decade, especially through large amounts of Chinese research. Some of the ultimate aims of nitrated-pyrazole-based materials are to develop potential candidates of castable explosives, explore novel insensitive high energy materials, search for low cost synthesis strategies, high efficiency, and green environmental protection, and further widen the applications of EMs. This review article aims to present the recent processes in the synthesis and physical and explosive performances of the nitrated-pyrazole-based Ems, including monopyrazoles with nitro, bispyrazoles with nitro, nitropyrazolo[4,3-c]pyrazoles, and their derivatives, and to comb the development trend of these compounds. This review intends to prompt fresh concepts for designing prominent high-performance nitropyrazole-based EMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (S.Z.); (Z.G.); (D.L.); (Q.J.)
| | - Zhenguo Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (S.Z.); (Z.G.); (D.L.); (Q.J.)
| | - Di Lan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (S.Z.); (Z.G.); (D.L.); (Q.J.)
| | - Qian Jia
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (S.Z.); (Z.G.); (D.L.); (Q.J.)
| | - Ning Liu
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Institute, Xi’an 710065, China;
| | - Jiaoqiang Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (S.Z.); (Z.G.); (D.L.); (Q.J.)
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (K.K.)
| | - Kaichang Kou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (S.Z.); (Z.G.); (D.L.); (Q.J.)
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (K.K.)
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15
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Yu Q, Yang H, Imler GH, Parrish DA, Cheng G, Shreeve JM. Derivatives of 3,6-Bis(3-aminofurazan-4-ylamino)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine: Excellent Energetic Properties with Lower Sensitivities. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:31522-31531. [PMID: 32545963 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c08526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To find a balance between energy and safety, a series of compounds based on azo-, azoxy-, 1,4,2,5-dioxadiazene-, and 3,6-diamino-1,2,4,5-tetrazine-bridged bis(aminofurazan) were designed and synthesized. These compounds were analyzed by nitro group charges (Qnitro) and bond dissociation energy (BDE) calculations, which are related to sensitivity and stability. Based on the calculated results, derivatives of 3,6-bis(3-aminofurazan-4-ylamino)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine have the largest values for -Qnitro and BDE of all of the bis(aminofurazan) compounds. This shows that compounds based on 3,6-bis(3-aminofurazan-4-ylamino)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine have the lowest sensitivities and best stabilities, which has been substantiated by experiments. Additionally, their explosive properties remain essentially competitive with compounds based on azo-, azoxy-, and 1,4,2,5-dioxadiazene-bridged bis(aminofurazan). Hirshfeld surface calculations were also performed to better understand the relationship between the molecular structure and stability/sensitivity. This work highlights the value of 3,6-diamino-1,2,4,5-tetrazine as a linker to achieve good balance between safety and energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
| | - Hongwei Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Gregory H Imler
- Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, United States
| | - Damon A Parrish
- Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, United States
| | - Guangbin Cheng
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Jean'ne M Shreeve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
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16
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17
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Lei C, Yang H, Cheng G. New pyrazole energetic materials and their energetic salts: combining the dinitromethyl group with nitropyrazole. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:1660-1667. [PMID: 31950953 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt04235k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a series of pyrazole-derived energetic compounds were successfully synthesized. These energetic compounds were fully characterized by NMR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. The structures of compounds 5, 6, 7 and 7a were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The physicochemical and energetic properties of all synthesized energetic compounds, including density, thermal stability and energetic performance, were investigated. The structure-property relationship was illustrated using two-dimensional fingerprint plots based on Hirshfeld surfaces, NCI plots and ESP of 7 and 7a. Among these energetic compounds, the hydroxylammonium salt 7b exhibited satisfactory calculated detonation performance (8700 m s-1), which was comparable to the commonly used highly explosive RDX (8748 m s-1). The potassium salt 5 was tested for its detonation ability by detonating RDX. The result indicates that compound 5 could be used as a potential green primary explosive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caijin Lei
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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18
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Mathpati RS, Dharavath S, Kumar N, Ghule VD, Paul AK, Tittal RK. Design, synthesis and investigations of a series of energetic salts through the variation of amines and concentration of picrate anions. CrystEngComm 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ce00772b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Eight energetic salts combining N-bases with picrate ion were synthesized in high yields. The structures and energetic properties were regulated by the variation of N-base molecules and the concentration of the picric acid in the reaction mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramling S. Mathpati
- Department of Chemistry
- National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra
- Kurukshetra-136119
- India
| | - Srinivas Dharavath
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
- Kanpur-208016
- India
| | - Nikhil Kumar
- Department of Chemistry
- National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra
- Kurukshetra-136119
- India
| | - Vikas D. Ghule
- Department of Chemistry
- National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra
- Kurukshetra-136119
- India
| | - Avijit Kumar Paul
- Department of Chemistry
- National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra
- Kurukshetra-136119
- India
| | - Ram Kumar Tittal
- Department of Chemistry
- National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra
- Kurukshetra-136119
- India
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19
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Tang Y, Ma J, Imler GH, Parrish DA, Shreeve JM. Versatile functionalization of 3,5-diamino-4-nitropyrazole for promising insensitive energetic compounds. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:14490-14496. [PMID: 31528967 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt03138c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Variation of functional groups offers an efficient approach for tuning properties of materials such as thermal stability, and detonation performance while improving sensitivities to mechanical stimuli. Now versatile functionalization of 3,5-diamino-4-nitropyrazole involving the introduction of a tetrazole ring, or a guanyl group, or ring expansion is described. All of the compounds were fully characterized and some of them (2, 9 and 13) were verified by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Based on their good thermal stabilities and high detonation performance as well as insensitive properties, they are potentially insensitive energetic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxing Tang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, 83844-2343 USA. and Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210094 China
| | - Jinchao Ma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, 83844-2343 USA. and Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210094 China
| | - Gregory H Imler
- Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue, Washington, D.C. 20375, USA
| | - Damon A Parrish
- Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue, Washington, D.C. 20375, USA
| | - Jean'ne M Shreeve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, 83844-2343 USA.
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20
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Tang Y, Liu Y, Imler GH, Parrish DA, Shreeve JM. Green Synthetic Approach for High-Performance Energetic Nitramino Azoles. Org Lett 2019; 21:2610-2614. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b00589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongxing Tang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
| | - Yingle Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
- Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Zigong, Sichuan 643000, China
| | - Gregory H. Imler
- Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Damon A. Parrish
- Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Jean’ne M. Shreeve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
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21
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Domasevitch KV, Gospodinov I, Krautscheid H, Klapötke TM, Stierstorfer J. Facile and selective polynitrations at the 4-pyrazolyl dual backbone: straightforward access to a series of high-density energetic materials. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj05266b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Progressive nitro functionalization of 4,4′-bipyrazole yields insensitive and stable high explosives with excellent densities and detonation properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivan Gospodinov
- Ludwig-Maximilian University Munich
- Department of Chemistry
- 81377 München
- Germany
| | - Harald Krautscheid
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie
- Universität Leipzig
- D-04103 Leipzig
- Germany
| | - Thomas M. Klapötke
- Ludwig-Maximilian University Munich
- Department of Chemistry
- 81377 München
- Germany
| | - Jörg Stierstorfer
- Ludwig-Maximilian University Munich
- Department of Chemistry
- 81377 München
- Germany
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22
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Xiong H, Cheng G, Zhang Z, Yang H. C8N12O10: a promising energetic compound with excellent detonation performance and desirable sensitivity. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj00955h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A promising energetic molecule bis(4-nitro-1,2,5-oxadiazole-2-oxid-3-yl)-azo-1,2,4-oxadiazole was synthesized and characterized. It has high density, acceptable thermal stability, high heat of formation, outstanding detonation properties and desirable mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualin Xiong
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Guangbin Cheng
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Zaichao Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Normal University
- Huai'an 223300
- P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing
- China
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23
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Estimation of heats of formation for nitrogen-rich cations using G3, G4, and G4 (MP2) theoretical methods. Theor Chem Acc 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-018-2300-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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24
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Zeng X, Li N, Jiao Q. Carbon-free energetic materials: computational study on nitro-substituted BN-cage molecules with high heat of detonation and stability. RSC Adv 2018; 8:14654-14662. [PMID: 35540731 PMCID: PMC9079922 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra13476b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A new series of high-energy density materials (HEDMs) B6N6H6−n(NO2)n (n = 1–6) are studied at the M06-2X/6-311++G**, ωB97XD/6-311++G** and B3LYP/6-311++G** levels. Analysis of the structural changes caused by substituting the NO2 and the electronic structures, such as electron localization function (ELF), Wiberg bond index (WBI), charge transfer and bond dissociation energies (BDE), provide important insights into the essence of the chemical characteristics and stability. Moreover, the Born–Oppenheimer molecular dynamic (BOMD) simulation is performed to verify their stability, which suggests that only the BN-cage derivatives with one and two nitro groups bonding with boron atoms (NO2-1-1 and NO2-2-1) can remain stable under ambient conditions. To predict the detonation performance and sensitivity of these two stable BN-cage energetic molecules accurately, the density, gas phase enthalpy of formation, enthalpy of sublimation, detonation performance, impact sensitivity and BDE are calculated systematically. The calculation results show that both NO2-1-1 and NO2-2-1 have a higher heat of detonation, higher value of h50, and larger BDE of trigger bonds than CL-20. A new series of high-energy density materials were created by replacing the H atoms in the BN-cage with nitro groups.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology
- School of Mechatronical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Nan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology
- School of Mechatronical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Qingjie Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology
- School of Mechatronical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
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25
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Yin P, Shreeve JM. Nitrogen-Rich Azoles as High Density Energy Materials. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aihch.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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26
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Yan C, Wang K, Liu T, Yang H, Cheng G, Zhang Q. Exploiting the energetic potential of 1,2,4-oxadiazole derivatives: combining the benefits of a 1,2,4-oxadiazole framework with various energetic functionalities. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:14210-14218. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt03320f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of 1,2,4-oxadiazole derived energetic compounds were synthesized and structurally characterized, some of which have the potential as melt-cast explosives or secondary explosives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yan
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Kangcai Wang
- Research Center of Energetic Material Genome Science
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP)
- Mianyang
- P. R. China
| | - Tianlin Liu
- Research Center of Energetic Material Genome Science
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP)
- Mianyang
- P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Guangbin Cheng
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Research Center of Energetic Material Genome Science
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP)
- Mianyang
- P. R. China
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27
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Afyouni MR, Farrokhpour H, Chermahini AN. Intermolecular interaction of guanidine and 2H-tetrazole: Enthalpy formation of guanidinium tetrazolate in the gas phase. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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28
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29
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Chand D, He C, Mitchell LA, Parrish DA, Shreeve JM. Electrophilic iodination: a gateway to high iodine compounds and energetic materials. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:13827-33. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt02438f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Preparation of polyiodopyrazoles and subsequent highly oxygenated nitro compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Chand
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Idaho
- Moscow
- USA
| | - Chunlin He
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Idaho
- Moscow
- USA
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30
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Molecular design of prismane-based potential energetic materials with high detonation performance and low impact sensitivity. CR CHIM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2015.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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31
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Yin P, Shreeve JM. From
N
‐Nitro to
N
‐Nitroamino: Preparation of High‐Performance Energetic Materials by Introducing Nitrogen‐Containing Ions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:14513-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201507456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844‐2343 (USA)
| | - Jean'ne M. Shreeve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844‐2343 (USA)
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32
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Yin P, Shreeve JM. FromN-Nitro toN-Nitroamino: Preparation of High-Performance Energetic Materials by Introducing Nitrogen-Containing Ions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201507456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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33
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Dalinger IL, Vatsadze IA, Shkineva TK, Kormanov AV, Kozeev AM, Averkiev BB, Dalinger AI, Beklemishev MK, Sheremetev AB. Synthesis and investigation of isomeric mono- and dinitro derivatives of 3-methyl-4-(pyrazol-3-yl)furazan. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-015-1739-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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34
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Tang Y, Gao H, Parrish DA, Shreeve JM. 1,2,4‐Triazole Links and
N
‐Azo Bridges Yield Energetic Compounds. Chemistry 2015; 21:11401-7. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201501612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongxing Tang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, 83844‐2343 (USA), Fax: (+1) 208‐885‐9146
| | - Haixiang Gao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193 (P.R. China)
| | - Damon A. Parrish
- Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue, Washington, D.C. 20375 (USA)
| | - Jean'ne M. Shreeve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, 83844‐2343 (USA), Fax: (+1) 208‐885‐9146
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35
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Wei H, He C, Zhang J, Shreeve JM. Combination of 1,2,4-Oxadiazole and 1,2,5-Oxadiazole Moieties for the Generation of High-Performance Energetic Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:9367-71. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201503532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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36
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Wei H, He C, Zhang J, Shreeve JM. Combination of 1,2,4-Oxadiazole and 1,2,5-Oxadiazole Moieties for the Generation of High-Performance Energetic Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201503532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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37
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Zhang J, Parrish DA, Shreeve JM. Curious cases of 3,6-dinitropyrazolo[4,3-c]pyrazole-based energetic cocrystals with high nitrogen content: an alternative to salt formation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:7337-40. [PMID: 25820478 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc01745a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two structurally interesting 3,6-dinitropyrazolo[4,3-c]pyrazole-based energetic cocrystals were prepared and confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction. As novel energetic materials, these two unusual neutral acid-base complexes possess high nitrogen content, good detonation properties, and improved impact and friction sensitivities which highlight their potential energetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaheng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, USA.
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38
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Wei H, Zhang J, He C, Shreeve JM. Energetic Salts Based on Furazan-Functionalized Tetrazoles: Routes to Boost Energy. Chemistry 2015; 21:8607-12. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201500513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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39
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Yin P, Parrish DA, Shreeve JM. Energetic Multifunctionalized Nitraminopyrazoles and Their Ionic Derivatives: Ternary Hydrogen-Bond Induced High Energy Density Materials. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:4778-86. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b00714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
| | - Damon A. Parrish
- Naval Research
Laboratory, Code 6030, Washington, D.C. 20375-5001, United States
| | - Jean’ne M. Shreeve
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
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40
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He C, Shreeve JM. Energetic Materials with Promising Properties: Synthesis and Characterization of 4,4′-Bis(5-nitro-1,2,3-2H-triazole) Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:6260-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201412303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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41
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He C, Shreeve JM. Energetic Materials with Promising Properties: Synthesis and Characterization of 4,4′-Bis(5-nitro-1,2,3-2H-triazole) Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201412303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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42
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43
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Ting Wu J, Guo Zhang J, Yin X, Lai Zhang T. Preparation, Structural Characterization, and Thermal Analysis of Nitrogen-rich Energetic Ionic Salts based on 4-Amino-3-hydrazino-5-mercapto-1, 2,4-triazole. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201400304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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44
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Zhang J, Parrish DA, Shreeve JM. Thermally Stable 3,6-Dinitropyrazolo[4,3-c]pyrazole-based Energetic Materials. Chem Asian J 2014; 9:2953-60. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201402538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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45
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Synthesis, crystal structure and thermal behavior of 4-amino-3,5-dinitropyrazole copper salt. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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46
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Kletskii MЕ, Burov ОN, Dalinger IL, Shevelev SА. The mechanisms of nucleophilic substitution in 1-methyl-3,4,5-trinitropyrazole. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2014.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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47
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Zhang J, Shreeve JM. 3,3′-Dinitroamino-4,4′-azoxyfurazan and Its Derivatives: An Assembly of Diverse N–O Building Blocks for High-Performance Energetic Materials. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:4437-45. [DOI: 10.1021/ja501176q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaheng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
| | - Jean’ne M. Shreeve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
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48
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Amination of nitroazoles--a comparative study of structural and energetic properties. Molecules 2014; 19:896-910. [PMID: 24424403 PMCID: PMC6272014 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19010896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, 3-nitro-1H-1,2,4-triazole (1) and 3,5-dinitro-1H-pyrazole (2) were C-aminated and N-aminated using different amination agents, yielding their respective C-amino and N-amino products. All compounds were fully characterized by NMR (1H, 13C, 15N), IR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). X-ray crystallographic measurements were performed and delivered insight into structural characteristics as well as inter- and intramolecular interactions of the products. Their impact sensitivities were measured by using standard BAM fallhammer techniques and their explosive performances were computed using the EXPLO 5.05 program. A comparative study on the influence of those different amino substituents on the structural and energetic properties (such as density, stability, heat of formation, detonation performance) is presented. The results showed that the incorporation of an N-amino group into a nitroazole ring can improve nitrogen content, heat of formation and impact sensitivity, while the introduction of a C-amino group can enhance density, detonation velocity and pressure. The potential of N-amino and C-amino moieties for the design of next generation energetic materials is explored.
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49
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Gao H, Shreeve JM. Trinitroethyl – a functionality leading to energetic compounds with high nitro content. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra03885a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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50
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Wu B, Wang Z, Yang H, Lin Q, Ju X, Lu C, Cheng G. Synthesis and characterization of a new family of energetic salts based on guanidinium cation containing furoxanyl functionality. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra11732h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A new family of energetic salts based on a guanidinium cation containing furoxanyl functionality was synthesized and well characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wu
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Zhixin Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Qiuhan Lin
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science & Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
| | - Xuehai Ju
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Chunxu Lu
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Guangbin Cheng
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing, P. R. China
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