1
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Mayländer M, Quintes T, Franz M, Allonas X, Vargas Jentzsch A, Richert S. Distance dependence of enhanced intersystem crossing in BODIPY-nitroxide dyads. Chem Sci 2023; 14:5361-5368. [PMID: 37234885 PMCID: PMC10207891 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00589e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Photogenerated organic triplet-doublet systems have attracted an increasing amount of attention in recent years due to their versatility and suitability for a range of technological applications in the emerging field of molecular spintronics. Such systems are typically generated by enhanced intersystem crossing (EISC) preceded by photoexcitation of an organic chromophore covalently linked to a stable radical. After formation of the chromophore triplet state by EISC, triplet state and stable radical may interact, whereby the nature of the interaction depends on the exchange interaction JTR between them. If JTR surpasses all other magnetic interactions in the system, molecular quartet states may be formed by spin mixing. For the design of new spintronic materials based on photogenerated triplet-doublet systems, it is crucial to gain further knowledge about the factors influencing the EISC process and the yield of the subsequent quartet state formation. Here we investigate a series of three BODIPY-nitroxide dyads characterised by different separation distances and different relative orientations of the two spin centres. Our combined results from optical spectroscopy, transient electron paramagnetic resonance, and quantum chemical calculations suggest that the chromophore triplet formation by EISC is mediated by dipolar interactions and depends primarily on the distance between the chromophore and radical electrons, while the yield of the subsequent quartet state formation by triplet-doublet spin mixing is influenced by the absolute magnitude of JTR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Mayländer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Freiburg Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Theresia Quintes
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Freiburg Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Michael Franz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Freiburg Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Xavier Allonas
- Laboratoire de Photochimie et d'Ingénierie Macromoléculaires, Institut Jean Baptiste Donnet 3b rue Alfred Werner 68093 Mulhouse Cedex France
| | - Andreas Vargas Jentzsch
- SAMS Research Group, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR 22 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Sabine Richert
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Freiburg Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
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2
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Grosjean S, Hodapp P, Hassan Z, Wöll C, Nieger M, Bräse S. Synthesis of Functionalized Azobiphenyl- and Azoterphenyl- Ditopic Linkers: Modular Building Blocks for Photoresponsive Smart Materials. ChemistryOpen 2019; 8:743-759. [PMID: 31275796 PMCID: PMC6587395 DOI: 10.1002/open.201900031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Modular synthesis of structurally diverse functionalized azobiphenyls and azoterphenyls for the realization of optically switchable materials has been described. The corresponding synthesis of azobiphenyls and azoterphenyls by stepwise Mills/Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction, proceeds with high yields and provides facile access to a library of functionalized building blocks. The synthetic methods described herein allow combining several distinct functional groups within a single unit, each intended for a specific task, such as 1) the -N=N- azobenzene core as a photoswitchable moiety, 2) aryls and heteroaryls, functionalized with carboxylic acids or pyridine at its peripheries, as coordinating moieties and 3) varying substitution, size and length of the backbone for adaptability to specific applications. These specifically designed azobiphenyls and azoterphenyls provide modular bricks, potentially useful for the assembly of a variety of polymers, molecular containers and coordination networks, offering a high degree of molecular functionality. Once integrated into materials, the azobenzene system, as a side group on the organic linker backbone, can be exploited for remotely controlling the structural, mechanical or physical properties, thus being applicable for a broad variety of 'smart' applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Grosjean
- Soft Matter Synthesis Laboratory, Institute for Biological Interfaces 3 (IBG 3)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Patrick Hodapp
- Institute of Toxicology & Genetics (ITG)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Zahid Hassan
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Fritz-Haber-Weg 676131KarlsruheGermany
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Christof Wöll
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Martin Nieger
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of HelsinkiP.O. Box 55 (A.I. Virtasen aukio 1), 00014 University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Soft Matter Synthesis Laboratory, Institute for Biological Interfaces 3 (IBG 3)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
- Institute of Toxicology & Genetics (ITG)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Fritz-Haber-Weg 676131KarlsruheGermany
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3
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Nazarchuk EV, Ikhalaynen YA, Charkin DO, Siidra OI, Petrov VG, Kalmykov SN, Borisov AS. Effect of solution acidity on the structure of amino acid-bearing uranyl compounds. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2018-3050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A series of uranyl sulfates and selenates templated by protonated forms of amino acids (glycine, α- and β-alanine, threonine, nicotinic, and isonicotinic acid) has been prepared via isothermal evaporation of strongly acidic solutions. Their structures have been refined by the direct methods and can be classified as inorganic [(UO2)m(TO4)n (H2O)k] (T=S6+, Se6+) moieties combined with the protonated amino acid cations, water molecules and hydronium ions. Their overall motifs demonstrate common features with related structures templated by organic amines. The role of carboxylic acid groups depends on the nature of the corresponding amino acid. They can either link two protonated organic moieties into dimers, or contribute to hydrogen bonding between organic and inorganic parts of the structure. The ammonium ends of the amino acid cations form strong directional bonds to the oxygens of the uranyl and TO4 anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny V. Nazarchuk
- Department of Crystallography , Saint-Petersburg State University , St. Petersburg 199034 , Russia
| | - Yuri A. Ikhalaynen
- Department of Chemistry , Moscow State University , GSP-1 , Moscow 119991 , Russia
| | - Dmitri O. Charkin
- Department of Chemistry , Moscow State University , GSP-1 , Moscow 119991 , Russia , Tel.: +7(495)9393504
| | - Oleg I. Siidra
- Department of Crystallography , Saint-Petersburg State University , St. Petersburg 199034 , Russia
- Nanomaterials Research Center, Kola Science Center, Russian Academy of Sciences , Apatity, Murmansk Region 184200 , Russia
| | - Vladimir G. Petrov
- Department of Chemistry , Moscow State University , GSP-1 , Moscow 119991 , Russia
| | - Stepan N. Kalmykov
- Department of Chemistry , Moscow State University , GSP-1 , Moscow 119991 , Russia
| | - Artem S. Borisov
- Department of Crystallography , Saint-Petersburg State University , St. Petersburg 199034 , Russia
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4
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Ho D, Ozdemir R, Kim H, Earmme T, Usta H, Kim C. BODIPY-Based Semiconducting Materials for Organic Bulk Heterojunction Photovoltaics and Thin-Film Transistors. Chempluschem 2018; 84:18-37. [PMID: 31950740 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201800543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The rapid emergence of organic (opto)electronics as a promising alternative to conventional (opto)electronics has been achieved through the design and development of novel π-conjugated systems. Among various semiconducting structural platforms, 4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene (BODIPY) π-systems have recently attracted attention for use in organic thin-films transistors (OTFTs) and organic photovoltaics (OPVs). This Review article provides an overview of the developments in the past 10 years on the structural design and synthesis of BODIPY-based organic semiconductors and their application in OTFT/OPV devices. The findings summarized and discussed here include the most recent breakthroughs in BODIPYs with record-high charge carrier mobilities and power conversion efficiencies (PCEs). The most up-to-date design rationales and discussions providing a strong understanding of structure-property-function relationships in BODIPY-based semiconductors are presented. Thus, this review is expected to inspire new research for future materials developments/applications in this family of molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongil Ho
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University Mapo-gu, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Resul Ozdemir
- Department of Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering, Abdullah Gul University, Kayseri, 38080, Turkey
| | - Hyungsug Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University Mapo-gu, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeshik Earmme
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hongik University Mapo-gu, Seoul, 04066, Republic of Korea
| | - Hakan Usta
- Department of Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering, Abdullah Gul University, Kayseri, 38080, Turkey
| | - Choongik Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University Mapo-gu, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
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5
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Grosjean S, Hassan Z, Wöll C, Bräse S. Diverse Multi-Functionalized Oligoarenes and Heteroarenes for Porous Crystalline Materials. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201801232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Grosjean
- Soft Matter Synthesis Laboratory; Institute for Biological Interfaces 3 (IBG 3); Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Zahid Hassan
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC); Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG); Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Christof Wöll
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG); Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Soft Matter Synthesis Laboratory; Institute for Biological Interfaces 3 (IBG 3); Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC); Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institute of Toxicology & Genetics (ITG); Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
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6
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Wright IA, Al-Attar HA, Batsanov AS, Monkman AP, Bryce MR. Conformationally-restricted bicarbazoles with phenylene bridges displaying deep-blue emission and high triplet energies: systematic structure–property relationships. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:11867-11875. [PMID: 29662993 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp01636d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Twelve bicarbazole derivatives with emission ranging from blue-green to deep-blue, and ET 2.6–3.0 eV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain A. Wright
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University
- Durham
- UK
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University
- Loughborough
| | - Hameed A. Al-Attar
- Department of Physics, Durham University
- Durham
- UK
- Department of Physics, Basrah University
- Basrah
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7
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Balestri D, Bacchi A, Scilabra P, Pelagatti P. Extension of the Pd-catalyzed C N bond forming reaction to the synthesis of large polydentate ligands containing N H functions. Inorganica Chim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2017.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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8
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Wuttke A, Geyer A. Self-assembly of peptide boroxoles on cis
-dihydroxylated oligoamide templates in water. J Pept Sci 2017; 23:549-555. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.3007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- André Wuttke
- Institute of Chemistry; Philipps-University Marburg; Hans-Meerwein-Straße 35032 Marburg Germany
| | - Armin Geyer
- Institute of Chemistry; Philipps-University Marburg; Hans-Meerwein-Straße 35032 Marburg Germany
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9
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Marmier M, Wise MD, Holstein JJ, Pattison P, Schenk K, Solari E, Scopelliti R, Severin K. Carboxylic Acid Functionalized Clathrochelate Complexes: Large, Robust, and Easy-to-Access Metalloligands. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:4006-15. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Julian J. Holstein
- GZG, Department
of Crystallography, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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10
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Yan Y, Juríček M, Coudert FX, Vermeulen NA, Grunder S, Dailly A, Lewis W, Blake AJ, Stoddart JF, Schröder M. Non-Interpenetrated Metal–Organic Frameworks Based on Copper(II) Paddlewheel and Oligoparaxylene-Isophthalate Linkers: Synthesis, Structure, and Gas Adsorption. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:3371-81. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b12312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yan
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
- School
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Michal Juríček
- Center
for the Chemistry of Integrated Systems, Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - François-Xavier Coudert
- Chimie
ParisTech, PSL Research University, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Nicolaas A. Vermeulen
- Center
for the Chemistry of Integrated Systems, Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Sergio Grunder
- Center
for the Chemistry of Integrated Systems, Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Anne Dailly
- Chemical
and Environmental Sciences Laboratory, General Motors Corporation, Warren, Michigan 48090, United States
| | - William Lewis
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Alexander. J. Blake
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Center
for the Chemistry of Integrated Systems, Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Martin Schröder
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
- School
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
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11
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Shinohara H, Sonoda M, Hayagane N, Kita S, Tanimori S, Ogawa A. Silica gel-promoted convenient synthesis of 2-bromo-3-hydroxybenzoate derivatives. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.07.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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12
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Babu SS, Praveen VK, Ajayaghosh A. Functional π-gelators and their applications. Chem Rev 2014; 114:1973-2129. [PMID: 24400783 DOI: 10.1021/cr400195e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1220] [Impact Index Per Article: 122.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sukumaran Santhosh Babu
- Photosciences and Photonics Group, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST) , Trivandrum 695019, India
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13
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Wang YN, Li GH, Bai FQ, Yu JH, Xu JQ. New Zn2+ coordination polymers constructed from acylhydrazidate molecules: synthesis and structural characterization. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:15617-27. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt01877j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Two types of hydrothermal in situ ligand reactions were employed to obtain three new acylhydrazidate-extended Zn2+ coordination polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ning Wang
- College of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Guang-Hua Li
- College of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Fu-Quan Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun, China
| | - Jie-Hui Yu
- College of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Ji-Qing Xu
- College of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun, P.R. China
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14
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Usta H, Yilmaz MD, Avestro AJ, Boudinet D, Denti M, Zhao W, Stoddart JF, Facchetti A. BODIPY-thiophene copolymers as p-channel semiconductors for organic thin-film transistors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:4327-4334. [PMID: 23723092 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201300318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and physicochemical properties of a new class of BODIPY-based donor-acceptor π-conjugated polymers are presented. Solution-processed top-gate/bottom-contact (TG-BC) thin-film transistors on flexible plastic substrates exhibit air-stable p-channel activities with charge carrier mobilities as high as 0.17 cm(2) /V·s and current on/off ratios of 10(5) -10(6) , the highest reported to date for a BODIPY-based semiconductor. The results shown here indicate a significant charge-transport improvement (>10000×) in BODIPY-based polymeric semiconductors, demonstrating its potential in future organic optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Usta
- Polyera Corporation, 8045 Lamon Avenue #140, Skokie, IL 60077, USA.
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15
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Kim HN, Puhl L, Nolde F, Li C, Chen L, Basché T, Müllen K. Energy transfer at the single-molecule level: synthesis of a donor-acceptor dyad from perylene and terrylene diimides. Chemistry 2013; 19:9160-6. [PMID: 23780819 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201300439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In 2004, we reported single-pair fluorescence resonance energy transfer (spFRET), based on a perylene diimide (PDI) and terrylene diimide (TDI) dyad (1) that was bridged by a rigid substituted para-terphenyl spacer. Since then, several further single-molecule-level investigations on this specific compound have been performed. Herein, we focus on the synthesis of this dyad and the different approaches that can be employed. An optimized reaction pathway was chosen, considering the solubilities, reactivities, and accessibilities of the building blocks for each individual reaction whilst still using established synthetic techniques, including imidization, Suzuki coupling, and cyclization reactions. The key differentiating consideration in this approach to the synthesis of dyad 1 is the introduction of functional groups in a nonsymmetrical manner onto either the perylene diimide or the terrylene diimide by using imidization reactions. Combined with well-defined purification conditions, this modified approach allows dyad 1 to be obtained in reasonable quantities in good yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Na Kim
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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16
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Cao D, Juríček M, Brown ZJ, Sue ACH, Liu Z, Lei J, Blackburn AK, Grunder S, Sarjeant AA, Coskun A, Wang C, Farha OK, Hupp JT, Stoddart JF. Three-dimensional architectures incorporating stereoregular donor-acceptor stacks. Chemistry 2013; 19:8457-65. [PMID: 23649830 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201300762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of two [2]catenane-containing struts that are composed of a tetracationic cyclophane (TC(4+)) encircling a 1,5-dioxynaphthalene (DNP)-based crown ether, which bears two terphenylene arms. The TC(4+) rings comprise either 1) two bipyridinium (BIPY(2+)) units or 2) a BIPY(2+) and a diazapyrenium (DAP(2+)) unit. These degenerate and nondegenerate catenanes were reacted in the presence of Cu(NO3)2⋅2.5 H2O to yield Cu-paddlewheel-based MOF-1050 and MOF-1051. The solid-state structures of these MOFs reveal that the metal clusters serve to join the heptaphenylene struts into grid-like 2D networks. These 2D sheets are then held together by infinite donor-acceptor stacks involving the [2]catenanes to produce interpenetrated 3D architectures. As a consequence of the planar chirality associated with both the DNP and hydroquinone (HQ) units present in the crown ether, each catenane can exist as four stereoisomers. In the case of the nondegenerate (bistable) catenane, the situation is further complicated by the presence of translational isomers. Upon crystallization, however, only two of the four possible stereoisomers--namely, the enantiomeric RR and SS forms--are observed in the crystals. An additional element of co-conformational selectivity is present in MOF-1051 as a consequence of the substitution of one of the BIPY(2+) units by a DAP(2+) unit: only the translational isomer in which the DAP(2+) unit is encircled by the crown ether is observed. The overall topologies of MOF-1050 and MOF-1051, and the selective formation of stereoisomers and translational isomers during the kinetically driven crystallization, provide evidence that weak noncovalent bonding interactions play a significant role in the assembly of these extended (super)structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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