1
|
Alazet S, West MS, Patel P, Rousseaux SAL. Synthesis of Nitrile‐Bearing Quaternary Centers by an Equilibrium‐Driven Transnitrilation and Anion‐Relay Strategy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:10300-10304. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201903215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Alazet
- Davenport Research LaboratoriesDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Toronto 80 St George Street Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Michael S. West
- Davenport Research LaboratoriesDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Toronto 80 St George Street Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Purvish Patel
- Davenport Research LaboratoriesDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Toronto 80 St George Street Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Sophie A. L. Rousseaux
- Davenport Research LaboratoriesDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Toronto 80 St George Street Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Alazet S, West MS, Patel P, Rousseaux SAL. Synthesis of Nitrile‐Bearing Quaternary Centers by an Equilibrium‐Driven Transnitrilation and Anion‐Relay Strategy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201903215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Alazet
- Davenport Research LaboratoriesDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Toronto 80 St George Street Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Michael S. West
- Davenport Research LaboratoriesDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Toronto 80 St George Street Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Purvish Patel
- Davenport Research LaboratoriesDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Toronto 80 St George Street Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Sophie A. L. Rousseaux
- Davenport Research LaboratoriesDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Toronto 80 St George Street Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ziegler DS, Wei B, Knochel P. Improving the Halogen–Magnesium Exchange by using New Turbo‐Grignard Reagents. Chemistry 2018; 25:2695-2703. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201803904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dorothée S. Ziegler
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
| | - Baosheng Wei
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Castoldi L, Monticelli S, Senatore R, Ielo L, Pace V. Homologation chemistry with nucleophilic α-substituted organometallic reagents: chemocontrol, new concepts and (solved) challenges. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:6692-6704. [PMID: 29850663 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc02499e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The transfer of a reactive nucleophilic CH2X unit into a preformed bond enables the introduction of a fragment featuring the exact and desired degree of functionalization through a single synthetic operation. The instability of metallated α-organometallic species often poses serious questions regarding the practicability of using this conceptually intuitive and simple approach for forming C-C or C-heteroatom bonds. A deep understanding of processes regulating the formation of these nucleophiles is a precious source of inspiration not only for successfully applying theoretically feasible transformations (i.e. determining how to employ a given reagent), but also for designing new reactions which ultimately lead to the introduction of molecular complexity via short experimental sequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Castoldi
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse, 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Serena Monticelli
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse, 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Raffaele Senatore
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse, 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Laura Ielo
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse, 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Vittorio Pace
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse, 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ruppenthal S, Brückner R. Asymmetric Sulfinylations of N-Methylephedrine-Modified Tri- or Tetraalkyl Zincates by Symmetric Diaryl Sulfoxides. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201701603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Ruppenthal
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg; Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Reinhard Brückner
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg; Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zheng C, Lu F, Lu H, Xin J, Deng Y, Yang D, Wang S, Huang Z, Gao M, Lei A. Copper-catalyzed selective radical–radical cross-coupling for C–S bond formation: an access to α-alkylthionitriles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:5574-5577. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc02371a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative radical–radical cross-coupling: a new protocol for C–S bond formation was developed by selective cross-coupling between a thiyl radical and an isobutyronitrile radical.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caihong Zheng
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis
- Jiangxi Normal University
- Nanchang 330022
- P. R. China
| | - Fangling Lu
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis
- Jiangxi Normal University
- Nanchang 330022
- P. R. China
| | - Hanwei Lu
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis
- Jiangxi Normal University
- Nanchang 330022
- P. R. China
| | - Jie Xin
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- P. R. China
| | - Yi Deng
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- P. R. China
| | - Dali Yang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- P. R. China
| | - Shengchun Wang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- P. R. China
| | - Zhiliang Huang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- P. R. China
| | - Meng Gao
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis
- Jiangxi Normal University
- Nanchang 330022
- P. R. China
| | - Aiwen Lei
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis
- Jiangxi Normal University
- Nanchang 330022
- P. R. China
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yang X, Fleming FF. C- and N-Metalated Nitriles: The Relationship between Structure and Selectivity. Acc Chem Res 2017; 50:2556-2568. [PMID: 28930437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Metalated nitriles are exceptional nucleophiles capable of forging highly hindered stereocenters in cases where enolates are unreactive. The excellent nucleophilicity emanates from the powerful inductive stabilization of adjacent negative charge by the nitrile, which has a miniscule steric demand. Inductive stabilization is the key to understanding the reactivity of metalated nitriles because this permits a continuum of structures that range from N-metalated ketenimines to nitrile anions. Solution and solid-state analyses reveal two different metal coordination sites, the formally anionic carbon and the nitrile nitrogen, with the site of metalation depending intimately on the solvent, counterion, temperature, and ligands. The most commonly encountered structures, C- and N-metalated nitriles, have either sp3 or sp2 hybridization at the nucleophilic carbon, which essentially translates into two distinct organometallic species with similar but nonidentical stereoselectivity, regioselectivity, and reactivity preferences. The hybridization differences are particularly important in SNi displacements of cyclic nitriles because the orbital orientations create very precise trajectories that control the cyclization selectivity. Harnessing the orbital differences between C- and N-metalated nitriles allows selective cyclization to afford nitrile-containing cis- or trans-hydrindanes, decalins, or bicyclo[5.4.0]undecanes. Similar orbital constraints favor preferential SNi displacements with allylic electrophiles on sp3 centers over sp2 centers. The strategy permits stereoselective displacements on secondary centers to set contiguous tertiary and quaternary stereocenters or even contiguous vicinal quaternary centers. Stereoselective alkylations of acyclic nitriles are inherently more challenging because of the difficulty in creating steric differentiation in a dynamic system with rotatable bonds. However, judicious substituent placement of vicinal dimethyl groups and a trisubstituted alkene sufficiently constrains C- and N-metalated nitriles to install quaternary stereocenters with excellent 1,2-induction. The structural differences between C- and N-metalated nitriles permit a rare series of chemoselective alkylations with bifunctional electrophiles. C-Magnesiated nitriles preferentially react with carbonyl electrophiles, whereas N-lithiated nitriles favor SN2 displacement of alkyl halides. The chemoselective alkylations potentially provide a strategy for late-stage alkylations of polyfunctional electrophiles en route to bioactive targets. In this Account, the bonding of metalated nitriles is summarized as a prelude to the different strategies for selectively preparing C- and N-metalated nitriles. With this background, the Account then transitions to applications in which C- or N-metalated nitriles allow complementary diastereoselectivity in alkylations and arylations, and regioselective alkylations and arylations, with acyclic and cyclic nitriles. In the latter sections, a series of regiodivergent cyclizations are described that provide access to cis- and trans-hydrindanes and decalins, structural motifs embedded within a plethora of natural products. The last section describes chemoselective alkylations and acylations of C- and N-metalated nitriles that offer the tantalizing possibility of selectively manipulating functional groups in bioactive medicinal leads without recourse to protecting groups. Collectively, the unusual reactivity profiles of C- and N-metalated nitriles provide new strategies for rapidly and selectively accessing valuable synthetic precursors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xun Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Fraser F. Fleming
- Department of Chemistry, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yang X, Nath D, Gau MR, Steward OW, Fleming FF. Sulfone–Metal Exchange and Alkylation of Sulfonylnitriles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:7257-7260. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201704028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xun Yang
- Department of Chemistry Drexel University 32 South 32nd St. Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Dinesh Nath
- Department of Chemistry University of Oklahoma Norman OK 73019 USA
| | - Michael R. Gau
- Department of Chemistry Temple University 420 Beury Hall, 1901 N. 13th St. Philadelphia PA 19122 USA
| | - Omar W. Steward
- Department of Chemistry Duquesne University Pittsburgh PA 15282 USA
| | - Fraser F. Fleming
- Department of Chemistry Drexel University 32 South 32nd St. Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
|
10
|
Sadhukhan A, Hobbs MC, Meijer AJHM, Coldham I. Highly enantioselective metallation-substitution alpha to a chiral nitrile. Chem Sci 2017; 8:1436-1441. [PMID: 28616143 PMCID: PMC5460602 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc03712g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the deprotonation of a chiral nitrile and reaction of the resulting chiral organometallic species with a variety of electrophiles to give highly enantiomerically enriched 2-substituted nitrile products. The nitrile was treated with TMPMgCl and the resulting anion, an asymmetric alpha cyano Grignard species, was found to be configurationally stable at low temperature for a short time (half-life several minutes at -104 °C).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arghya Sadhukhan
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Brook Hill , Sheffield , S3 7HF , UK .
| | - Melanie C Hobbs
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Brook Hill , Sheffield , S3 7HF , UK .
| | - Anthony J H M Meijer
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Brook Hill , Sheffield , S3 7HF , UK .
| | - Iain Coldham
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Brook Hill , Sheffield , S3 7HF , UK .
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Affiliation(s)
- Xun Yang
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282-1530, United States
| | - Dinesh Nath
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282-1530, United States
| | - Fraser F. Fleming
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282-1530, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ruppenthal S, Brückner R. Symmetric diarylsulfoxides as asymmetric sulfinylating reagents for dialkylmagnesium compounds. J Org Chem 2015; 80:897-910. [PMID: 25553340 DOI: 10.1021/jo502417j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
At −78 °C, primary dialkylmagnesium compounds reacted with diarylsulfoxides when 1.5 equiv of the dilithium salt of (S)-BINOL was added as a promotor. Alkyl aryl sulfoxides resulted in up to quantitative yield and with up to 97% ee. This demonstrates the feasibility of asymmetric sulfinylations by achiral sulfinylating agents (from the perspective of Alkyl2Mg) as well as the feasibility of asymmetric sulfoxide–magnesium exchanges (from the perspective of Ar2SO).
Collapse
|
13
|
Nath D, Skilbeck MC, Coldham I, Fleming FF. Arylthio-Metal Exchange of α-Arylthioalkanenitriles. Org Lett 2013; 16:62-5. [PMID: 24328754 DOI: 10.1021/ol403020s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Nath
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282-1530, United States
| | | | - Iain Coldham
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K
| | - Fraser F. Fleming
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282-1530, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Gao M, Patwardhan NN, Carlier PR. Stereochemical Inversion of a Cyano-Stabilized Grignard Reagent: Remarkable Effects of the Ethereal Solvent Structure and Concentration. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:14390-400. [DOI: 10.1021/ja407348s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Neeraj N. Patwardhan
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Paul R. Carlier
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Long S, Panunzio M, Qin W, Bongini A, Monari M. Efficient Aldol-Type Reaction ofO-Protected α-Hydroxy Aldehydes andN-Trimethylsilyl Ketene Imines: Synthesis of β,γ-Dihydroxy-Nitriles. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201300430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|