1
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Citarella A, Vittorio S, Dank C, Ielo L. Syntheses, reactivity, and biological applications of coumarins. Front Chem 2024; 12:1362992. [PMID: 38440776 PMCID: PMC10909861 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1362992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
This comprehensive review, covering 2021-2023, explores the multifaceted chemical and pharmacological potential of coumarins, emphasizing their significance as versatile natural derivatives in medicinal chemistry. The synthesis and functionalization of coumarins have advanced with innovative strategies. This enabled the incorporation of diverse functional fragments or the construction of supplementary cyclic architectures, thereby the biological and physico-chemical properties of the compounds obtained were enhanced. The unique chemical structure of coumarine facilitates binding to various targets through hydrophobic interactions pi-stacking, hydrogen bonding, and dipole-dipole interactions. Therefore, this important scaffold exhibits promising applications in uncountable fields of medicinal chemistry (e.g., neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, inflammation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Citarella
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Serena Vittorio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Christian Dank
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Laura Ielo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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2
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Stagel K, Ielo L, Bica-Schröder K. Continuous Synthesis of Carbamates from CO 2 and Amines. ACS Omega 2023; 8:48444-48450. [PMID: 38144084 PMCID: PMC10734002 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c08248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel approach for the continuous preparation of carbamates. The simple yet fast synthetic route relies on directly utilizing carbon dioxide and, in contrast with the literature-known methods, only employs 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene as an additive. The applicable amines' diversity offers considerable flexibility to the synthetic protocol. Additionally, the continuous method's applicability significantly decreases the reaction time typically required for CO2-based carbamate synthesis and allows for straightforward and precise gas introduction. The mild reaction conditions and omission of the need for column chromatography render the process less time-demanding and environmentally more benign, providing the desired compounds in yields of 45 to 92%. Moreover, the modified procedure can potentially be applied in the selective synthesis of oxazolidinones from aziridines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristof Stagel
- Institute
of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163, Vienna 1060, Austria
| | - Laura Ielo
- Institute
of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163, Vienna 1060, Austria
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 7, Torino 10125, Italy
| | - Katharina Bica-Schröder
- Institute
of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163, Vienna 1060, Austria
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3
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Abstract
Compounds featuring aziridine moieties are widely known and extensively reported in the literature. Due to their great potential from both synthetic and pharmacological points of view, many researchers have focused their efforts on the development of new methodologies for the preparation and transformation of these interesting compounds. Over the years, more and more ways to obtain molecules bearing these three-membered functional groups, which are challenging due to their inherent reactivity, have been described. Among them, several are more sustainable. In this review, we report the recent advances in the biological and chemical evolution of aziridine derivatives, in particular, the variety of methodologies described for the synthesis of aziridines and their chemical transformations leading to the formation of interesting derivatives, such as 4-7 membered heterocycles of pharmaceutical interest due to their promising biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Dank
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Laura Ielo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy.
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4
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Vittorio S, Dank C, Ielo L. Heterocyclic Compounds as Synthetic Tyrosinase Inhibitors: Recent Advances. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24109097. [PMID: 37240442 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24109097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinase is a copper-containing enzyme which is widely distributed in nature (e.g., bacteria, mammals, fungi) and involved in two consecutive steps of melanin biosynthesis. In humans, an excessive production of melanin can determine hyperpigmentation disorders as well as neurodegenerative processes in Parkinson's disease. The development of molecules able to inhibit the high activity of the enzyme remain a current topic in medicinal chemistry, because the inhibitors reported so far present several side effects. Heterocycle-bearing molecules are largely diffuse in this sense. Due to their importance as biologically active compounds, we decided to report a comprehensive review of synthetic tyrosinase inhibitors possessing heterocyclic moieties reported within the last five years. For the reader's convenience, we classified them as inhibitors of mushroom tyrosinase (Agaricus bisporus) and human tyrosinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Vittorio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli, 25, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Christian Dank
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Laura Ielo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
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5
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Ielo L, Patamia V, Citarella A, Schirmeister T, Stagno C, Rescifina A, Micale N, Pace V. Selective noncovalent proteasome inhibiting activity of trifluoromethyl-containing gem-quaternary aziridines. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2023:e2300174. [PMID: 37119396 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202300174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (UPP) represents the principal proteolytic apparatus in the cytosol and nucleus of all eukaryotic cells. Nowadays, proteasome inhibitors (PIs) are well-known as anticancer agents. However, although three of them have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treating multiple myeloma and mantel cell lymphoma, they present several side effects and develop resistance. For these reasons, the development of new PIs with better pharmacological characteristics is needed. Recently, noncovalent inhibitors have gained much attention since they are less toxic as compared with covalent ones, providing an alternative mechanism for solid tumors. Herein, we describe a new class of bis-homologated chloromethyl(trifluoromethyl)aziridines as selective noncovalent PIs. In silico and in vitro studies were conducted to elucidate the mechanism of action of such compounds. Human gastrointestinal absorption (HIA) and blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration were also considered together with absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADMET) predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ielo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Patamia
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Tanja Schirmeister
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Claudio Stagno
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonio Rescifina
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Nicola Micale
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Vittorio Pace
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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6
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Mirabile S, Ielo L, Lombardo L, Ricci F, Gitto R, Germanò MP, Pace V, De Luca L. Leveraging the 3-Chloro-4-fluorophenyl Motif to Identify Inhibitors of Tyrosinase from Agaricus bisporus. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097944. [PMID: 37175649 PMCID: PMC10177926 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinase (EC 1.14.18.1) is implicated in melanin production in various organisms. There is a growing body of evidence suggesting that the overproduction of melanin might be related to several skin pigmentation disorders as well as neurodegenerative processes in Parkinson's disease. Based on this consideration, the development of tyrosinase inhibitors represents a new challenge to identify new agents in pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications. With the goal of identifying tyrosinase inhibitors from a synthetic source, we employed a cheap and facile preliminary assay using tyrosinase from Agaricus bisporus (AbTYR). We have previously demonstrated that the 4-fluorobenzyl moiety might be effective in interactions with the catalytic site of AbTYR; moreover, the additional chlorine atom exerted beneficial effects in enhancing inhibitory activity. Therefore, we planned the synthesis of new small compounds in which we incorporated the 3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl fragment into distinct chemotypes that revealed the ability to establish profitable contact with the AbTYR catalytic site. Our results confirmed that the presence of this fragment is an important structural feature to improve the AbTYR inhibition in these new chemotypes as well. Furthermore, docking analysis supported the best activity of the selected studied compounds, possessing higher potency when compared with reference compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Mirabile
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy
- Foundation Prof. Antonio Imbesi, University of Messina, Piazza Pugliatti 1, I-98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Laura Ielo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Lisa Lombardo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Federico Ricci
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Rosaria Gitto
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Paola Germanò
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Vittorio Pace
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Laura De Luca
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy
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7
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Citarella A, Ielo L, Stagno C, Cristani M, Muscarà C, Pace V, Micale N. Synthesis, Computational Investigation and Biological Evaluation of α,α-Difluoromethyl Ketones Embodying Pyrazole and Isoxazole Nuclei as COX Inhibitors. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:8293-8304. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01382g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
α,α-Difluoromethyl ketones (DFMKs) emerged as currently investigated agents benefiting from the merging of chemico-physical features conferred by the constitutive elements (-CHF2 and carbonyl moietites). With vistas to biological applications, the...
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8
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Mirabile S, Vittorio S, Paola Germanò M, Adornato I, Ielo L, Rapisarda A, Gitto R, Pintus F, Fais A, De Luca L. Evaluation of 4-(4-Fluorobenzyl)piperazin-1-yl]-Based Compounds as Competitive Tyrosinase Inhibitors Endowed with Antimelanogenic Effects. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:3083-3093. [PMID: 34223697 PMCID: PMC8518915 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
There is a considerable attention for the development of inhibitors of tyrosinase (TYR) as therapeutic strategy for the treatment of hyperpigmentation disorders in humans. Continuing in our efforts to identify TYR inhibitors, we describe the design, synthesis and pharmacophore exploration of new small molecules structurally characterized by the presence of the 4-fluorobenzylpiperazine moiety as key pharmacophoric feature for the inhibition of TYR from Agaricus bisporus (AbTYR). Our investigations resulted in the discovery of the competitive inhibitor [4-(4-fluorobenzyl)piperazin-1-yl]-(3-chloro-2-nitro-phenyl)methanone 26 (IC50 =0.18 μM) that proved to be ∼100-fold more active than reference compound kojic acid (IC50 =17.76 μM). Notably, compound 26 exerted antimelanogenic effect on B16F10 cells in absence of cytotoxicity. Docking analysis suggested its binding mode into AbTYR and into modelled human TYR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Mirabile
- Department of ChemicalBiological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental SciencesUniversity of MessinaViale Palatucci 1398168MessinaItaly
| | - Serena Vittorio
- Department of ChemicalBiological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental SciencesUniversity of MessinaViale Palatucci 1398168MessinaItaly
| | - Maria Paola Germanò
- Department of ChemicalBiological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental SciencesUniversity of MessinaViale Palatucci 1398168MessinaItaly
| | - Ilenia Adornato
- Department of ChemicalBiological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental SciencesUniversity of MessinaViale Palatucci 1398168MessinaItaly
| | - Laura Ielo
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of TurinVia P. Giuria 710125TurinItaly
| | - Antonio Rapisarda
- Department of ChemicalBiological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental SciencesUniversity of MessinaViale Palatucci 1398168MessinaItaly
| | - Rosaria Gitto
- Department of ChemicalBiological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental SciencesUniversity of MessinaViale Palatucci 1398168MessinaItaly
| | - Francesca Pintus
- Department of Life and Environment SciencesUniversity of Cagliari09042MonserratoCagliariItaly
| | - Antonella Fais
- Department of Life and Environment SciencesUniversity of Cagliari09042MonserratoCagliariItaly
| | - Laura De Luca
- Department of ChemicalBiological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental SciencesUniversity of MessinaViale Palatucci 1398168MessinaItaly
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9
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Touqeer S, Ielo L, Miele M, Urban E, Holzer W, Pace V. Direct and straightforward transfer of C1 functionalized synthons to phosphorous electrophiles for accessing gem-P-containing methanes. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:2425-2429. [PMID: 33666635 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00273b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The direct transfer of different α-substituted methyllithium reagents to chlorinated phosphorous electrophiles of diverse oxidation state (phosphates, phosphine oxides and phosphines) is proposed as an effective strategy to synthesize geminal P-containing methanes. The methodology relies on the efficient nucleophilic substitution conducted on the P-chlorine linkage. Uniformly high yields are observed regardless the specific nature of the carbanion employed: once established the conditions for generating the competent nucleophile (LiCH2Hal, LiCHHal2, LiCH2CN, LiCH2SeR etc.) the homologated compounds are obtained via a single operation. Some P-containing formal carbanions have been evaluated in transferring processes, including the carbonyl-difluoromethylation of the opioid agent Hydrocodone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad Touqeer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, Vienna, Austria
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10
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Ielo L, Miele M, Pillari V, Senatore R, Mirabile S, Gitto R, Holzer W, Alcántara AR, Pace V. Taking advantage of lithium monohalocarbenoid intrinsic α-elimination in 2-MeTHF: controlled epoxide ring-opening en route to halohydrins. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:2038-2043. [PMID: 33599644 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02407d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The intrinsic degradative α-elimination of Li carbenoids somehow complicates their use in synthesis as C1-synthons. Nevertheless, we herein report how boosting such an α-elimination is a straightforward strategy for accomplishing controlled ring-opening of epoxides to furnish the corresponding β-halohydrins. Crucial for the development of the method is the use of the eco-friendly solvent 2-MeTHF, which forces the degradation of the incipient monohalolithium, due to the very limited stabilizing effect of this solvent on the chemical integrity of the carbenoid. With this approach, high yields of the targeted compounds are consistently obtained under very high regiocontrol and, despite the basic nature of the reagents, no racemization of enantiopure materials is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ielo
- University of Vienna - Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse, 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria. and University of Turin - Department of Chemistry, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Margherita Miele
- University of Vienna - Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse, 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Veronica Pillari
- University of Vienna - Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse, 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Raffaele Senatore
- University of Vienna - Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse, 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Salvatore Mirabile
- University of Messina - Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Viale Palatucci, 13, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Rosaria Gitto
- University of Messina - Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Viale Palatucci, 13, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Wolfgang Holzer
- University of Vienna - Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse, 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Andrés R Alcántara
- Complutense University of Madrid - Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal, s/n, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Vittorio Pace
- University of Vienna - Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse, 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria. and University of Turin - Department of Chemistry, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125, Turin, Italy
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11
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Ielo L, Pillari V, Miele M, Holzer W, Pace V. Consecutive C1‐Homologation / Displacement Strategy for Converting Thiosulfonates into
O,S‐
Oxothioacetals. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ielo
- University of Vienna Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Althanstrasse 14 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Veronica Pillari
- University of Vienna Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Althanstrasse 14 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Margherita Miele
- University of Vienna Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Althanstrasse 14 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Wolfgang Holzer
- University of Vienna Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Althanstrasse 14 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Vittorio Pace
- University of Vienna Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Althanstrasse 14 1090 Vienna Austria
- University of Turin Department of Chemistry Via P. Giuria 7 10125 Turin Italy
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12
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Ielo L, Pace V, Holzer W, Rahman MM, Meng G, Szostak R, Szostak M. Electrophilicity Scale of Activated Amides: 17 O NMR and 15 N NMR Chemical Shifts of Acyclic Twisted Amides in N-C(O) Cross-Coupling. Chemistry 2020; 26:16246-16250. [PMID: 32668046 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The structure and properties of amides are of tremendous interest in organic synthesis and biochemistry. Traditional amides are planar and the carbonyl group non-electrophilic due to nN →π*C=O conjugation. In this study, we report electrophilicity scale by exploiting 17 O NMR and 15 N NMR chemical shifts of acyclic twisted and destabilized acyclic amides that have recently received major attention as precursors in N-C(O) cross-coupling by selective oxidative addition as well as precursors in electrophilic activation of N-C(O) bonds. Most crucially, we demonstrate that acyclic twisted amides feature electrophilicity of the carbonyl group that ranges between that of acid anhydrides and acid chlorides. Furthermore, a wide range of electrophilic amides is possible with gradually varying carbonyl electrophilicity by steric and electronic tuning of amide bond properties. Overall, the study quantifies for the first time that steric and electronic destabilization of the amide bond in common acyclic amides renders the amide bond as electrophilic as acid anhydrides and chlorides. These findings should have major implications on the fundamental properties of amide bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ielo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Vittorio Pace
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, Vienna, 1090, Austria.,Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, Torino, 10125, Italy
| | - Wolfgang Holzer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Md Mahbubur Rahman
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, NJ, 07102, United States
| | - Guangrong Meng
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, NJ, 07102, United States
| | - Roman Szostak
- Department of Chemistry, Wroclaw University, F. Joliot-Curie 14, Wroclaw, 50383, Poland
| | - Michal Szostak
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, NJ, 07102, United States
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13
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Miele M, Citarella A, Langer T, Urban E, Zehl M, Holzer W, Ielo L, Pace V. Chemoselective Homologation-Deoxygenation Strategy Enabling the Direct Conversion of Carbonyls into ( n+1)-Halomethyl-Alkanes. Org Lett 2020; 22:7629-7634. [PMID: 32910659 PMCID: PMC8011987 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The sequential installation
of a carbenoid and a hydride into a
carbonyl, furnishing halomethyl alkyl derivatives, is reported. Despite
the employment of carbenoids as nucleophiles in reactions with carbon-centered
electrophiles, sp3-type alkyl halides remain elusive materials
for selective one-carbon homologations. Our tactic levers on using
carbonyls as starting materials and enables uniformly high yields
and chemocontrol. The tactic is flexible and is not limited to carbenoids.
Also, diverse carbanion-like species can act as nucleophiles, thus
making it of general applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Miele
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse, 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Citarella
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse, 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.,Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Thierry Langer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse, 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ernst Urban
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse, 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Zehl
- Faculty of Chemistry - Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Holzer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse, 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Laura Ielo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse, 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Vittorio Pace
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse, 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.,Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy
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14
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Ielo L, Castoldi L, Touqeer S, Lombino J, Roller A, Prandi C, Holzer W, Pace V. Halogen‐Imparted Reactivity in Lithium Carbenoid Mediated Homologations of Imine Surrogates: Direct Assembly of bis‐Trifluoromethyl‐β‐Diketiminates and the Dual Role of LiCH
2
I. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202007954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ielo
- University of Vienna Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Althanstrasse 14 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Laura Castoldi
- University of Vienna Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Althanstrasse 14 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Saad Touqeer
- University of Vienna Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Althanstrasse 14 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Jessica Lombino
- Fondazione Ri.MED Via Bandiera 11 90133 Palermo Italy
- University of Palermo Department STEBICEF Via Archirafi 32 90123 Palermo Italy
| | - Alexander Roller
- University of Vienna X-Ray Structure Analysis Center Waehringerstrasse 42 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Cristina Prandi
- University of Turin Department of Chemistry Via P. Giuria 7 10125 Turin Italy
| | - Wolfgang Holzer
- University of Vienna Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Althanstrasse 14 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Vittorio Pace
- University of Vienna Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Althanstrasse 14 1090 Vienna Austria
- University of Turin Department of Chemistry Via P. Giuria 7 10125 Turin Italy
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15
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Ielo L, Castoldi L, Touqeer S, Lombino J, Roller A, Prandi C, Holzer W, Pace V. Halogen‐Imparted Reactivity in Lithium Carbenoid Mediated Homologations of Imine Surrogates: Direct Assembly of bis‐Trifluoromethyl‐β‐Diketiminates and the Dual Role of LiCH
2
I. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:20852-20857. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202007954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ielo
- University of Vienna Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Althanstrasse 14 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Laura Castoldi
- University of Vienna Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Althanstrasse 14 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Saad Touqeer
- University of Vienna Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Althanstrasse 14 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Jessica Lombino
- Fondazione Ri.MED Via Bandiera 11 90133 Palermo Italy
- University of Palermo Department STEBICEF Via Archirafi 32 90123 Palermo Italy
| | - Alexander Roller
- University of Vienna X-Ray Structure Analysis Center Waehringerstrasse 42 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Cristina Prandi
- University of Turin Department of Chemistry Via P. Giuria 7 10125 Turin Italy
| | - Wolfgang Holzer
- University of Vienna Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Althanstrasse 14 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Vittorio Pace
- University of Vienna Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Althanstrasse 14 1090 Vienna Austria
- University of Turin Department of Chemistry Via P. Giuria 7 10125 Turin Italy
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16
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Abstract
Homologation strategies provide highly versatile tools in organic synthesis for the introduction of a CH2 group into a given carbon skeleton. The operation can result in diverse structural motifs by tuning of the reaction conditions and the nature of the homologating agent. In this Account, concisely contextualizing our work with lithium carbenoids (LiCH2X, LiCHXY etc) for homologating carbon-centered electrophiles, we focus on the assembly of three-membered cycles featuring fluorinated substituents. Two illustrative case studies are considered: (1) the development and employment of fluorinated carbenoids en route to rare α-fluoroepoxides and aziridines, and (2) the installation of up to halomethylenic groups on trifluoroimidoylacetyl chlorides (TFAICs) for preparing CF3-containing halo- and halomethylaziridines. Collectively, we demonstrate that the initial homologation event generated by the installation of the carbenoid, upon modulation of the conditions, serves as a tool for creating fluorinated building blocks in a single operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ielo
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
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17
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Vittorio S, Ielo L, Mirabile S, Gitto R, Fais A, Floris S, Rapisarda A, Germanò MP, De Luca L. 4‐Fluorobenzylpiperazine‐Containing Derivatives as Efficient Inhibitors of Mushroom Tyrosinase. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:1757-1764. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Serena Vittorio
- Department of Chemical Biological Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences University of Messina Viale Palatucci 13 98168 Messina Italy
| | - Laura Ielo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry University of Vienna Althanstrasse 14 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Salvatore Mirabile
- Department of Chemical Biological Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences University of Messina Viale Palatucci 13 98168 Messina Italy
| | - Rosaria Gitto
- Department of Chemical Biological Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences University of Messina Viale Palatucci 13 98168 Messina Italy
| | - Antonella Fais
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Cagliari 09042 Monserrato Cagliari Italy
| | - Sonia Floris
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Cagliari 09042 Monserrato Cagliari Italy
| | - Antonio Rapisarda
- Department of Chemical Biological Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences University of Messina Viale Palatucci 13 98168 Messina Italy
| | - Maria Paola Germanò
- Department of Chemical Biological Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences University of Messina Viale Palatucci 13 98168 Messina Italy
| | - Laura De Luca
- Department of Chemical Biological Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences University of Messina Viale Palatucci 13 98168 Messina Italy
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18
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Buemi MR, Gitto R, Ielo L, Pannecouque C, De Luca L. Inhibition of HIV-1 RT activity by a new series of 3-(1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)thiazolidin-4-one derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115431. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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19
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Ielo L, Pillari V, Gajic N, Holzer W, Pace V. Straightforward chemoselective access to unsymmetrical dithioacetals through a thiosulfonate homologation-nucleophilic substitution sequence. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:12395-12398. [PMID: 32935694 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04896h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A two-step electrophilic sulfur homologation strategy for building up unsymmetrical dithioacetals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ielo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- University of Vienna
- Vienna
- Austria
| | - Veronica Pillari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- University of Vienna
- Vienna
- Austria
| | - Natalie Gajic
- X-Ray Structure Analysis Center
- University of Vienna
- Vienna
- Austria
| | - Wolfgang Holzer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- University of Vienna
- Vienna
- Austria
| | - Vittorio Pace
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- University of Vienna
- Vienna
- Austria
- Department of Chemistry
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20
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Kohlbacher SM, Ionasz VS, Ielo L, Pace V. The synthetic versatility of the Tiffeneau–Demjanov chemistry in homologation tactics. Monatsh Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-019-02514-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The Tiffeneau–Demjanov rearrangement can be regarded as an interesting alternative to the more common semi-pinacol transposition. It is usually employed for ring extension but, under specific conditions, it can also be used for ring contraction. Compared to other techniques, such as the Demjanov rearrangement or homologations with diazo compounds, the Tiffeneau–Demjanov pathway presents attractive features including high yielding and selective processes. Ring enlargements follow very strict and simple rules, such as the movement of the less substituted carbon and retention of the configuration. The rearrangement process is mainly affected by steric factors, due to presence of neighbouring groups, rather than electronic ones. The ring contraction may be achieved positioning the amine within the ring, thus achieving a high level of control. Unfortunately, applications of the reaction in modern homologation chemistry are rare; therefore, the aim of the review is re-proposing to the synthetic community the versatility of this venerable reaction and thus, spurring its employment for tackling challenging homologations processes.
Graphic abstract
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21
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Vittorio S, Seidel T, Germanò MP, Gitto R, Ielo L, Garon A, Rapisarda A, Pace V, Langer T, De Luca L. A Combination of Pharmacophore and Docking-based Virtual Screening to Discover new Tyrosinase Inhibitors. Mol Inform 2019; 39:e1900054. [PMID: 31508903 DOI: 10.1002/minf.201900054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Melanogenesis controls the formation of melanin pigment whose overproduction is related to various hyperpigmentary disorders in humans. Tyrosinase is a type-3 copper enzyme involved in the rate limiting step of melanin synthesis, therefore its inhibition could represent an efficient way for the development of depigmenting agents. In this work, a combination of pharmacophore and docking-based studies has been employed to screen two in-house 3D compound databases containing about 2,000 molecules from natural and synthetic sources. As result we selected two "hit compounds" which proved to inhibit tyrosinase activity showing IC50 values in the micromolar range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Vittorio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci, 98168, Messina, Italy.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Seidel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Paola Germanò
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Rosaria Gitto
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Laura Ielo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci, 98168, Messina, Italy.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Arthur Garon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Antonio Rapisarda
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Vittorio Pace
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thierry Langer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Laura De Luca
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci, 98168, Messina, Italy
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22
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Karuppasamy M, Vachan BS, Vinoth P, Muthukrishnan I, Nagarajan S, Ielo L, Pace V, Banik S, Maheswari CU, Sridharan V. Direct Access to 9-Chloro-1H-benzo[b]furo[3,4-e]azepin-1-ones via Palladium(II)-Catalyzed Intramolecular syn-Oxypalladation/Olefin Insertion/sp2-C–H Bond Activation Cascade. Org Lett 2019; 21:5784-5788. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b01482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muthu Karuppasamy
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - B. S. Vachan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Perumal Vinoth
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Isravel Muthukrishnan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Subbiah Nagarajan
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Warangal, Warangal 506004, Telangana, India
| | - Laura Ielo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Vittorio Pace
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Subrata Banik
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Sciences, Central University of Jammu, Rahya-Suchani
(Bagla), District-Samba, Jammu 181143, India
| | - C. Uma Maheswari
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vellaisamy Sridharan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Sciences, Central University of Jammu, Rahya-Suchani
(Bagla), District-Samba, Jammu 181143, India
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23
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Ielo L, Deri B, Germanò MP, Vittorio S, Mirabile S, Gitto R, Rapisarda A, Ronsisvalle S, Floris S, Pazy Y, Fais A, Fishman A, De Luca L. Exploiting the 1-(4-fluorobenzyl)piperazine fragment for the development of novel tyrosinase inhibitors as anti-melanogenic agents: Design, synthesis, structural insights and biological profile. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 178:380-389. [PMID: 31202126 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The development of Tyrosinase inhibitors (TYRIs) could represent an efficacious strategy for pharmacological intervention on skin pathologies related to aberrant production of melanin. Based on in silico studies we designed and tested a library of twenty-four compounds bearing the 4-(4-fluorobenzyl)piperazin-1-yl]-fragment. As result, we identified several compounds with excellent inhibit effects at low micromolar concentration against TYR from Agaricus bisporus (TyM). Among them, compound 25 (IC50 = 0.96 μM) proved to be ∼20-fold more potent than the reference compound kojic acid (IC50 = 17.76 μM) having wide applications in the cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries. The mode of interaction of active inhibitor 25 was deciphered by means of crystallography as well as molecular docking and these results were consistent with kinetic experiments. Moreover, the identified compound 25 exhibited no considerable cytotoxicity and showed anti-melanogenic effects on B16F10 melanoma cells. Therefore, a combination of computational and biochemical approaches could represent a rational guidelines for further structural modification of this class of compounds as future anti-melanogenic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ielo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, Polo Universitario SS. Annunziata, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci 13, I-98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Batel Deri
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Maria Paola Germanò
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, Polo Universitario SS. Annunziata, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci 13, I-98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Serena Vittorio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, Polo Universitario SS. Annunziata, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci 13, I-98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Mirabile
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, Polo Universitario SS. Annunziata, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci 13, I-98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Rosaria Gitto
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, Polo Universitario SS. Annunziata, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci 13, I-98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonio Rapisarda
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, Polo Universitario SS. Annunziata, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci 13, I-98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Simone Ronsisvalle
- Department of Drug Science, Medicinal Chemistry Section University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Sonia Floris
- Department of Life and Environment Sciences, University of Cagliari, I-09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Yael Pazy
- Technion Center for Structural Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Antonella Fais
- Department of Life and Environment Sciences, University of Cagliari, I-09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Ayelet Fishman
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Laura De Luca
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, Polo Universitario SS. Annunziata, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci 13, I-98168, Messina, Italy.
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24
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Abstract
The acylation of α-substituted carbanion-type reagents (MCR1R2X; X = halogen, OR, SR, NR3R4, SeR, etc.) with Weinreb amides constitutes a highly versatile and flexible approach for accessing α-functionalized ketones. In this short review we will present a series of transformations—from our own and the work of others—documenting the general applicability of the methodology. Chemoselectivity is uniformly manifested including for critical substrates featuring additional electrophilic functionalities or sterically demanding elements. Importantly, the stereochemical information contained in the Weinreb amides can be fully transferred to the targeted ketones without affecting the optical purity. The protocol is also applicable to chiral carbanions generated through sparteine-mediated asymmetric deprotonation: the careful design of the experimental procedure allows recycling of the sparteine and the Weinreb ‘amine’ (N,O-dimethylhydroxylamine), thus improving the sustainability perspective of the processes.1 Introduction1.1 The Problem of the Synthesis of α-Substituted Ketones1.2 Weinreb Amides: General Features and Preparation2 Synthesis of α-Substituted Ketones2.1 α-Haloketones2.2 Synthesis of α-Cyanoketones2.3 Synthesis of α-Oxyketones2.4 Synthesis of β-Oxo Thioethers (α-Thioketones)2.5 Synthesis of Chiral α-Oxy and α-Nitrogen Ketones via the Sparteine-Mediated Generation of Optically Active Organolithiums2.6 Synthesis of α-Selenomethyl Ketones2.7 Reactivity of α-Phosphorus Carbanions with Weinreb Amides2.8 Modification of the Weinreb Amide Core: The CLAmP Reagent3 Competing Attack of Nucleophiles at More Reactive Electrophilic Sites than Weinreb Amides4 Conclusions
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Vittorio Pace
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
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25
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Pace V, Holzer W, Ielo L, Shi S, Meng G, Hanna M, Szostak R, Szostak M. 17O NMR and 15N NMR chemical shifts of sterically-hindered amides: ground-state destabilization in amide electrophilicity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:4423-4426. [PMID: 30916689 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc01402k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The structure and spectroscopic properties of the amide bond are a topic of fundamental interest in chemistry and biology. Herein, we report 17O NMR and 15N NMR spectroscopic data for four series of sterically-hindered acyclic amides. Despite the utility of 17O NMR and 15N NMR spectroscopy, these methods are severely underutilized in the experimental determination of electronic properties of the amide bond. The data demonstrate that a combined use of 17O NMR and 15N NMR serves as a powerful tool in assessing electronic effects of the amide bond substitution as a measure of electrophilicity of the amide bond. Notably, we demonstrate that steric destabilization of the amide bond results in electronically-activated amides that are comparable in terms of electrophilicity to acyl fluorides and carboxylic acid anhydrides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Pace
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, Vienna A-1090, Austria.
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26
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Ferro S, Deri B, Germanò MP, Gitto R, Ielo L, Buemi MR, Certo G, Vittorio S, Rapisarda A, Pazy Y, Fishman A, De Luca L. Correction to Targeting Tyrosinase: Development and Structural Insights of Novel Inhibitors Bearing Arylpiperidine and Arylpiperazine Fragments. J Med Chem 2019; 62:1697. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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27
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Ielo L, Touqeer S, Roller A, Langer T, Holzer W, Pace V. Telescoped, Divergent, Chemoselective C1 and C1-C1 Homologation of Imine Surrogates: Access to Quaternary Chloro- and Halomethyl-Trifluoromethyl Aziridines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:2479-2484. [PMID: 30548145 PMCID: PMC6582437 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201812525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A conceptually novel, high‐yielding, mono‐ or bis‐homologation was realized with lithium halocarbenoids and enables the one‐step, fully chemocontrolled assembly of a new class of quaternary trifluoromethyl aziridines. Trifluoroacetimidoyl chlorides (TFAICs) act as convenient electrophilic platforms, enabling the addition of either one or two homologating elements by simply controlling the stoichiometry of the process. Mechanistic studies highlighted that the homologation event, carried out with two different carbenoids (LiCH2Cl and LiCH2F), leads to fluoromethyl analogues in which the first nucleophile is employed for constructing the cycle and the second for decorating the resulting molecular architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ielo
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse, 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Saad Touqeer
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse, 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Roller
- University of Vienna, X-Ray Structure Analysis Center, Waehringerstrasse 42, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thierry Langer
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse, 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Holzer
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse, 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vittorio Pace
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse, 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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28
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Ielo L, Touqeer S, Roller A, Langer T, Holzer W, Pace V. Telescoped, Divergent, Chemoselective C1 and C1‐C1 Homologation of Imines Surrogates: A Straightforward Access to Quaternary Chloro‐ and Halomethyl‐trifluoromethyl‐aziridines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201812525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ielo
- University of Vienna Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry AUSTRIA
| | - Saad Touqeer
- University of Vienna Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry AUSTRIA
| | | | - Thierry Langer
- University of Vienna Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry AUSTRIA
| | - Wolfgang Holzer
- University of Vienna Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry AUSTRIA
| | - Vittorio Pace
- University of ViennaDepartment of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Althanstrasse, 14 1090 Vienna AUSTRIA
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29
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Castoldi L, Monticelli S, Senatore R, Ielo L, Pace V. Homologation chemistry with nucleophilic α-substituted organometallic reagents: chemocontrol, new concepts and (solved) challenges. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:6692-6704. [PMID: 29850663 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc02499e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The transfer of a reactive nucleophilic CH2X unit into a preformed bond enables the introduction of a fragment featuring the exact and desired degree of functionalization through a single synthetic operation. The instability of metallated α-organometallic species often poses serious questions regarding the practicability of using this conceptually intuitive and simple approach for forming C-C or C-heteroatom bonds. A deep understanding of processes regulating the formation of these nucleophiles is a precious source of inspiration not only for successfully applying theoretically feasible transformations (i.e. determining how to employ a given reagent), but also for designing new reactions which ultimately lead to the introduction of molecular complexity via short experimental sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Castoldi
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse, 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Serena Monticelli
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse, 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Raffaele Senatore
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse, 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Laura Ielo
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse, 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Vittorio Pace
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse, 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria.
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Senatore R, Ielo L, Urban E, Holzer W, Pace V. Substituted α-Sulfur Methyl Carbanions: Effective Homologating Agents for the Chemoselective Preparation of β-Oxo Thioethers from Weinreb Amides. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Senatore
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; University of Vienna; Althanstrasse 14 - 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Laura Ielo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; University of Vienna; Althanstrasse 14 - 1090 Vienna Austria
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences; University of Messina; Viale Annunziata 98168 Messina Italy
| | - Ernst Urban
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; University of Vienna; Althanstrasse 14 - 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Wolfgang Holzer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; University of Vienna; Althanstrasse 14 - 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Vittorio Pace
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; University of Vienna; Althanstrasse 14 - 1090 Vienna Austria
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31
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Senatore R, Castoldi L, Ielo L, Holzer W, Pace V. Expeditious and Chemoselective Synthesis of α-Aryl and α-Alkyl Selenomethylketones via Homologation Chemistry. Org Lett 2018; 20:2685-2688. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b00896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Senatore
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse, 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Laura Castoldi
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse, 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Laura Ielo
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse, 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
- University of Messina, Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Wolfgang Holzer
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse, 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vittorio Pace
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse, 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
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Ferro S, Deri B, Germanò MP, Gitto R, Ielo L, Buemi MR, Certo G, Vittorio S, Rapisarda A, Pazy Y, Fishman A, De Luca L. Targeting Tyrosinase: Development and Structural Insights of Novel Inhibitors Bearing Arylpiperidine and Arylpiperazine Fragments. J Med Chem 2018; 61:3908-3917. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Ferro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche e Ambientali (CHIBIOFARAM), Polo Universitario SS. Annunziata, Università di Messina, Viale Annunziata, I-98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Batel Deri
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Maria Paola Germanò
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche e Ambientali (CHIBIOFARAM), Polo Universitario SS. Annunziata, Università di Messina, Viale Annunziata, I-98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Rosaria Gitto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche e Ambientali (CHIBIOFARAM), Polo Universitario SS. Annunziata, Università di Messina, Viale Annunziata, I-98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Laura Ielo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche e Ambientali (CHIBIOFARAM), Polo Universitario SS. Annunziata, Università di Messina, Viale Annunziata, I-98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Buemi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche e Ambientali (CHIBIOFARAM), Polo Universitario SS. Annunziata, Università di Messina, Viale Annunziata, I-98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanna Certo
- Fondazione Prof. Antonio Imbesi, Piazza Pugliatti 1, 98100 Messina, Italy
| | - Serena Vittorio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche e Ambientali (CHIBIOFARAM), Polo Universitario SS. Annunziata, Università di Messina, Viale Annunziata, I-98168 Messina, Italy
- Fondazione Prof. Antonio Imbesi, Piazza Pugliatti 1, 98100 Messina, Italy
| | - Antonio Rapisarda
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche e Ambientali (CHIBIOFARAM), Polo Universitario SS. Annunziata, Università di Messina, Viale Annunziata, I-98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Yael Pazy
- Technion Center for Structural Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3200003 Haifa, Israel
| | - Ayelet Fishman
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Laura De Luca
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche e Ambientali (CHIBIOFARAM), Polo Universitario SS. Annunziata, Università di Messina, Viale Annunziata, I-98168 Messina, Italy
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Castoldi L, Ielo L, Holzer W, Giester G, Roller A, Pace V. α-Arylamino Diazoketones: Diazomethane-Loading Controlled Synthesis, Spectroscopic Investigations, and Structural X-ray Analysis. J Org Chem 2018; 83:4336-4347. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b03134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Ielo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | | | | | - Alexander Roller
- X-Ray Structure Analysis Center, University of Vienna, Waehringerstrasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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Ferro S, De Luca L, Germanò MP, Buemi MR, Ielo L, Certo G, Kanteev M, Fishman A, Rapisarda A, Gitto R. Chemical exploration of 4-(4-fluorobenzyl)piperidine fragment for the development of new tyrosinase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 125:992-1001. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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