1
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Karak M, Cloonan CR, Baker BR, Cochrane RVK, Cochrane SA. Optimizations of lipid II synthesis: an essential glycolipid precursor in bacterial cell wall synthesis and a validated antibiotic target. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:220-227. [PMID: 38352069 PMCID: PMC10862138 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Lipid II is an essential glycolipid found in bacteria. Accessing this valuable cell wall precursor is important both for studying cell wall synthesis and for studying/identifying novel antimicrobial compounds. Herein, we describe optimizations to the modular chemical synthesis of lipid II and unnatural analogues. In particular, the glycosylation step, a critical step in the formation of the central disaccharide unit (GlcNAc-MurNAc), was optimized. This was achieved by employing the use of glycosyl donors with diverse leaving groups. The key advantage of this approach lies in its adaptability, allowing for the generation of a wide array of analogues through the incorporation of alternative building blocks at different stages of synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milandip Karak
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, BT9 5AG, UK
| | - Cian R Cloonan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, BT9 5AG, UK
| | - Brad R Baker
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, BT9 5AG, UK
| | - Rachel V K Cochrane
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, BT9 5AG, UK
| | - Stephen A Cochrane
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, BT9 5AG, UK
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2
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Vacariu CM, Tanner ME. Recent Advances in the Synthesis and Biological Applications of Peptidoglycan Fragments. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200788. [PMID: 35560956 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The biosynthesis, breakdown, and modification of peptidoglycan (PG) play vital roles in both bacterial viability and in the response of human physiology to bacterial infection. Studies on PG biochemistry are hampered by the fact that PG is an inhomogeneous insoluble macromolecule. Chemical synthesis is therefore an important means to obtain PG fragments that may serve as enzyme substrates and elicitors of the human immune response. This review outlines the recent advances in the synthesis and biochemical studies of PG fragments, PG biosynthetic intermediates (such as Park's nucleotides and PG lipids), and PG breakdown products (such as muramyl dipeptides and anhydro-muramic acid-containing fragments). A rich variety of synthetic approaches has been applied to preparing such compounds since carbohydrate, peptide, and phospholipid chemical methodologies must all be applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Condurache M Vacariu
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Martin E Tanner
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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3
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Guo CW, Chen KT, You TY, Lin CC, Cheng WC. Synthesis and Evaluation of Diverse N-Substituted Disaccharide Dipeptides for Human NOD2 Stimulation Activity. Chem Asian J 2021; 17:e202101169. [PMID: 34951523 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202101169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A new strategy for the preparation of distinct N -substituted muropeptides is described. Different orthogonally N -protected disaccharide thioglycosides were designed and synthesized. Among them, compound 4 , qualified as a key intermediate, was utilized for further chemical transformations to develop a series of diverse N -substituted-glucosaminyl N -substituted-muramyl dipeptides (GMDPs). These unique muropeptides were applied for the study of human NOD2 stimulation. Intriguingly, structural modification of the MurNAc residue to N -non-substituted muramic acid (MurNH 2 ) in GMDP dramatically impaired NOD2 stimulatory activity, but GMDPs possessing the glucosamine residue with a free amino group retained NOD2 stimulation activity. This work is the first study to illustrate the impact of both N -substituents of GMDPs on immunostimulatory activities of human NOD2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Wei Guo
- Academia Sinica, Genomics Research Center, 128 Sec. 2, Academia Road, Nankang, 11529, Taipei, TAIWAN
| | - Kuo-Ting Chen
- National Dong Hwa University, Department of Chemistry, 1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Road, Shoufeng, 974301, Hualien, TAIWAN
| | - Ting-Yun You
- Academia Sinica, Genomics Research Center, 128 Sec. 2, Academia Road, Nankang, 11529, Taipei, TAIWAN
| | - Chun-Cheng Lin
- National Tsing Hua University, Department of Chemistry, 101, Sec. 2, Kuang-Fu Road, 300044, Hsinchu, TAIWAN
| | - Wei-Chieh Cheng
- Academia sinica, Genomics research center, 128, Academia road, sec 2,, 115, Taipei, TAIWAN
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4
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Wang X, Krasnova L, Wu KB, Wu WS, Cheng TJ, Wong CH. Towards new antibiotics targeting bacterial transglycosylase: Synthesis of a Lipid II analog as stable transition-state mimic inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:2708-2712. [PMID: 29602680 PMCID: PMC6182773 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Described here is the asymmetric synthesis of iminosugar 2b, a Lipid II analog, designed to mimic the transition state of transglycosylation catalyzed by the bacterial transglycosylase. The high density of functional groups, together with a rich stereochemistry, represents an extraordinary challenge for chemical synthesis. The key 2,6-anti- stereochemistry of the iminosugar ring was established through an iridium-catalyzed asymmetric allylic amination. The developed synthetic route is suitable for the synthesis of focused libraries to enable the structure-activity relationship study and late-stage modification of iminosugar scaffold with variable lipid, peptide and sugar substituents. Compound 2b showed 70% inhibition of transglycosylase from Acinetobacter baumannii, providing a basis for further improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Wang
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92122, USA
| | - Larissa Krasnova
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92122, USA
| | - Kevin Binchia Wu
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92122, USA
| | - Wei-Shen Wu
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec 2 Academia Road, Taipei, Nankang 115, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Jen Cheng
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec 2 Academia Road, Taipei, Nankang 115, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Huey Wong
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92122, USA; Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec 2 Academia Road, Taipei, Nankang 115, Taiwan.
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5
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Chen KT, Lin CK, Guo CW, Chang YF, Hu CM, Lin HH, Lai Y, Cheng TJR, Cheng WC. Effect of the lipid II sugar moiety on bacterial transglycosylase: the 4-hydroxy epimer of lipid II is a TGase inhibitor. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:771-774. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc07871k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Flipping of this hydroxyl group dramatically changes the molecular character from a TG substrate to inhibitor!
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Ting Chen
- Genomics Research Center
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei
- Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Cheng-Kun Lin
- Genomics Research Center
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei
- Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Chih-Wei Guo
- Genomics Research Center
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei
- Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Yi-Fan Chang
- Genomics Research Center
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei
- Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Chia-Ming Hu
- Genomics Research Center
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei
- Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Hsiao-Han Lin
- Genomics Research Center
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei
- Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Yuting Lai
- Genomics Research Center
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei
- Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Ting-Jen R. Cheng
- Genomics Research Center
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei
- Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Wei-Chieh Cheng
- Genomics Research Center
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei
- Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry
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6
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Wohnig S, Spork AP, Koppermann S, Mieskes G, Gisch N, Jahn R, Ducho C. Total Synthesis of Dansylated Park's Nucleotide for High-Throughput MraY Assays. Chemistry 2016; 22:17813-17819. [PMID: 27791327 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201604279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The membrane protein translocase I (MraY) is a key enzyme in bacterial peptidoglycan biosynthesis. It is therefore frequently discussed as a target for the development of novel antibiotics. The screening of compound libraries for the identification of MraY inhibitors is enabled by an established fluorescence-based MraY assay. However, this assay requires a dansylated derivative of the bacterial biosynthetic intermediate Park's nucleotide as the MraY substrate. Isolation of Park's nucleotide from bacteria and subsequent dansylation only furnishes limited amounts of this substrate, thus hampering the high-throughput screening for MraY inhibitors. Accordingly, the efficient provision of dansylated Park's nucleotide is a major bottleneck in the exploration of this promising drug target. In this work, we present the first total synthesis of dansylated Park's nucleotide, affording an unprecedented amount of the target compound for high-throughput MraY assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Wohnig
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C2 3, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Tammannstr. 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anatol P Spork
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C2 3, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Tammannstr. 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Koppermann
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C2 3, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Tammannstr. 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gottfried Mieskes
- Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nicolas Gisch
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Parkallee 1-40, 23845, Borstel, Germany
| | - Reinhard Jahn
- Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christian Ducho
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C2 3, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Tammannstr. 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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7
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Lin CK, Hou CC, Guo YY, Cheng WC. Design and Synthesis of Orthogonally Protected d- and l-β-Hydroxyenduracididines from d-lyxono-1,4-Lactone. Org Lett 2016; 18:5216-5219. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b02444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Kun Lin
- Genomics
Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Chien Hou
- Genomics
Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Yong Guo
- Genomics
Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chieh Cheng
- Genomics
Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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8
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Structural Investigation of Park's Nucleotide on Bacterial Translocase MraY: Discovery of Unexpected MraY Inhibitors. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31579. [PMID: 27531195 PMCID: PMC4987650 DOI: 10.1038/srep31579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Systematic structural modifications of the muramic acid, peptide, and nucleotide moieties of Park’s nucleotide were performed to investigate the substrate specificity of B. subtilis MraY (MraYBS). It was found that the simplest analogue of Park’s nucleotide only bearing the first two amino acids, l-alanine-iso-d-glutamic acid, could function as a MraYBS substrate. Also, the acid group attached to the Cα of iso-d-glutamic acid was found to play an important role for substrate activity. Epimerization of the C4-hydroxyl group of muramic acid and modification at the 5-position of the uracil in Park’s nucleotide were both found to dramatically impair their substrate activity. Unexpectedly, structural modifications on the uracil moiety changed the parent molecule from a substrate to an inhibitor, blocking the MraYBS translocation. One unoptimized inhibitor was found to have a Ki value of 4 ± 1 μM against MraYBS, more potent than tunicamycins.
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9
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Lin CK, Yun WY, Lin LT, Cheng WC. A concise approach to the synthesis of the uniqueN-mannosyld-β-hydroxyenduracididine moiety in the mannopeptimycin series of natural products. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:4054-60. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00644b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The asymmetric synthesis of the orthogonally protectedN-mannosyld-β-hydroxyenduracididine (N-Man-d-βhEnd) is described, starting from enantiopure silylated (S)-serinol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wen-Yi Yun
- Genomics Research Center
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei
- Taiwan
| | - Lin-Ting Lin
- Department of Chemistry
- National Cheng Kung University
- Tainan City
- Taiwan
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10
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Chen KT, Huang DY, Chiu CH, Lin WW, Liang PH, Cheng WC. Synthesis of Diverse N-Substituted Muramyl Dipeptide Derivatives and Their Use in a Study of Human NOD2 Stimulation Activity. Chemistry 2015; 21:11984-8. [PMID: 26226896 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201501557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A flexible synthetic strategy toward the preparation of diverse N-substituted muramyl dipeptides (N-substituted MDPs) from different protected monosaccharides is described. The synthetic MDPs include N-acetyl MDP and N-glycolyl MDP, known NOD2 ligands, and this methodology allows for structural variation at six positions, including the muramic acid, peptide, and N-substituted moieties. The capacity of these molecules to activate human NOD2 in the innate immune response was also investigated. It was found that addition of the methyl group at the C1 position of N-glycolyl MDP significantly enhanced the NOD2 stimulating activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Ting Chen
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica No. 128, Academia Road Sec. 2, Nankang District, Taipei, 115 (Taiwan).,School of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, No. 17, Xuzhou Road, Taipei 100 (Taiwan)
| | - Duen-Yi Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Jen-Ai Road, Sec. 1, Taipei 100 (Taiwan)
| | - Cheng-Hsin Chiu
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica No. 128, Academia Road Sec. 2, Nankang District, Taipei, 115 (Taiwan)
| | - Wan-Wan Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Jen-Ai Road, Sec. 1, Taipei 100 (Taiwan).
| | - Pi-Hui Liang
- School of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, No. 17, Xuzhou Road, Taipei 100 (Taiwan).
| | - Wei-Chieh Cheng
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica No. 128, Academia Road Sec. 2, Nankang District, Taipei, 115 (Taiwan).
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11
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Mitachi K, Siricilla S, Klaic L, Clemons WM, Kurosu M. Chemoenzymatic syntheses of water-soluble lipid I fluorescent probes. Tetrahedron Lett 2015; 56:3441-3446. [PMID: 26190869 PMCID: PMC4505380 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan (PG) is unique to bacteria, and thus, the enzymes responsible for its biosynthesis are promising antibacterial drug targets. The membrane-embedded enzymes in PG remain significant challenges in studying their mechanisms due to the fact that preparations of suitable enzymatic substrates require time-consuming biological transformations or chemical synthesis. Lipid I (prenyl diphosphoryl-MurNAc-pentapeptide) is an important PG biosynthesis intermediate to study the central enzymes, translocase I (MraY/MurX) and MurG. Lipid I isolated from nature contains the C50-or C55-prenyl unit that shows extremely poor water-solubility that renders studies of translocase I and MurG enzymes difficult. We have studied biological transformation of water soluble lipid I fluorescent probes using bacterial membrane fractions and purified MraY enzymes. In our investigation of the minimum structural requirements of the prenyl phosphates in MraY-catalyzed lipid I synthesis, we found that (2Z,6E)-farnesyl phosphate (C15-phosphate) can be recognized by E. coli MraY to generate the water-soluble lipid I fluorescent probes in high-yield. Under the optimized conditions, the same reaction was performed by using the purified MraY from Hydrogenivirga spp. to afford the lipid I analog with high-yield in a short reaction time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Mitachi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Shajila Siricilla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Lada Klaic
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Bld. Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - William M. Clemons
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Bld. Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Michio Kurosu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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12
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Alderwick LJ, Harrison J, Lloyd GS, Birch HL. The Mycobacterial Cell Wall--Peptidoglycan and Arabinogalactan. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2015; 5:a021113. [PMID: 25818664 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a021113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The mycobacterial bacillus is encompassed by a remarkably elaborate cell wall structure. The mycolyl-arabinogalactan-peptidoglycan (mAGP) complex is essential for the viability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and maintains a robust basal structure supporting the upper "myco-membrane." M. tuberculosis peptidoglycan, although appearing to be unexceptional at first glance, contains a number of unique molecular subtleties that become particularly important as the TB-bacilli enters into nonreplicative growth during dormancy. Arabinogalactan, a highly branched polysaccharide, serves to connect peptidoglycan with the outer mycolic acid layer, and a variety of unique glycolsyltransferases are used for its assembly. In this review, we shall explore the microbial chemistry of this unique heteropolysacchride, examine the molecular genetics that underpins its fabrication, and discuss how the essential biosynthetic process might be exploited for the development of future anti-TB chemotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke J Alderwick
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - James Harrison
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Georgina S Lloyd
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Helen L Birch
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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13
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Lin CK, Chen KT, Hu CM, Yun WY, Cheng WC. Synthesis of 1-C-Glycoside-Linked Lipid II Analogues Toward Bacterial Transglycosylase Inhibition. Chemistry 2015; 21:7511-9. [PMID: 25820317 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201406629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Preparation of Lipid II analogues containing an enzymatically uncleavable 1-C-glycoside linkage between the disaccharide moiety and the pyrophosphate- or pyrophosphonate-lipid moiety is described. The synthesis of a common 1-C-vinyl disaccharide intermediate has been developed that allows easy preparation of both an elongated sugar-phosphate bond and a sugar-phosphonate moiety, which are coupled with the polyprenyl phosphate to give the desired molecules. Inhibition studies show how a subtle structural modification results in dramatically different potency toward bacterial transglycosylase (TGase), and the results identify Lipid II-C-O-PP (IC50 =25 μM) as a potential TGase inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Kun Lin
- The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road, Sec. 2, Nankang District, Taipei, 11529 (Taiwan), Fax: (+886) 2-27899931
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14
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Huang LY, Huang SH, Chang YC, Cheng WC, Cheng TJR, Wong CH. Enzymatic synthesis of lipid II and analogues. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:8060-5. [PMID: 24990652 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201402313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of antibiotic resistance has prompted active research in the development of antibiotics with new modes of action. Among all essential bacterial proteins, transglycosylase polymerizes lipid II into peptidoglycan and is one of the most favorable targets because of its vital role in peptidoglycan synthesis. Described in this study is a practical enzymatic method for the synthesis of lipid II, coupled with cofactor regeneration, to give the product in a 50-70% yield. This development depends on two key steps: the overexpression of MraY for the synthesis of lipid I and the use of undecaprenol kinase for the preparation of polyprenol phosphates. This method was further applied to the synthesis of lipid II analogues. It was found that MraY and undecaprenol kinase can accept a wide range of lipids containing various lengths and configurations. The activity of lipid II analogues for bacterial transglycolase was also evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Ya Huang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 115 (Taiwan); Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 115 (Taiwan); Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung-Hsing, University, 250 Kuo Kuang Rd., Taichung 402 (Taiwan); Biotechnology Center, National Chung-Hsing University, 250 Kuo Kuang Rd., Taichung 402 (Taiwan)
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15
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Huang LY, Huang SH, Chang YC, Cheng WC, Cheng TJR, Wong CH. Enzymatic Synthesis of Lipid II and Analogues. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201402313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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16
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Siricilla S, Mitachi K, Skorupinska-Tudek K, Swiezewska E, Kurosu M. Biosynthesis of a water-soluble lipid I analogue and a convenient assay for translocase I. Anal Biochem 2014; 461:36-45. [PMID: 24939461 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2014.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Translocase I (MraY/MurX) is an essential enzyme in growth of the vast majority of bacteria that catalyzes the transformation from UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide (Park's nucleotide) to prenyl-MurNAc-pentapeptide (lipid I), the first membrane-anchored peptidoglycan precursor. MurX has received considerable attention in the development of new tuberculosis (TB) drugs due to the fact that the MurX inhibitors kill exponentially growing Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) much faster than clinically used TB drugs. Lipid I isolated from Mtb contains the C50-prenyl unit that shows very poor water solubility; thus, this chemical characteristic of lipid I renders MurX enzyme assays impractical for screening and lacks reproducibility of the enzyme assays. We have established a scalable chemical synthesis of Park's nucleotide-N(ε)-dansylthiourea 2 that can be used as a MurX enzymatic substrate to form lipid I analogues. In our investigation of the minimum structure requirement of the prenyl phosphate in the MraY/MurX-catalyzed lipid I analogue synthesis with 2, we found that neryl phosphate (C10 phosphate) can be recognized by MraY/MurX to generate the water-soluble lipid I analogue in quantitative yield under the optimized conditions. Here, we report a rapid and robust analytical method for quantifying MraY/MurX inhibitory activity of library molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shajila Siricilla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163-0001, United States
| | - Katsuhiko Mitachi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163-0001, United States
| | - Karolina Skorupinska-Tudek
- Department of Lipid Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Ewa Swiezewska
- Department of Lipid Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Michio Kurosu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163-0001, United States
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Mitachi K, Mohan P, Siricilla S, Kurosu M. One-pot protection-glycosylation reactions for synthesis of lipid II analogues. Chemistry 2014; 20:4554-8. [PMID: 24623584 PMCID: PMC4030666 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201400307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
(2,6-Dichloro-4-methoxyphenyl)(2,4-dichlorophenyl)methyl trichloroacetimidate (3) and its polymer-supported reagent 4 can be successfully applied to a one-pot protection-glycosylation reaction to form the disaccharide derivative 7 d for the synthesis of lipid II analogues. The temporary protecting group or linker at the C-6 position and N-Troc protecting group of 7 d can be cleaved simultaneously through a reductive condition. Overall yields of syntheses of lipid II (1) and neryl-lipid II N(ε)-dansylthiourea are significantly improved by using the described methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Mitachi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163-0001 (USA)
| | - Priya Mohan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163-0001 (USA)
| | - Shajila Siricilla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163-0001 (USA)
| | - Michio Kurosu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163-0001 (USA)
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