1
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Alonso M, Bettens T, Eeckhoudt J, Geerlings P, De Proft F. Wandering through quantum-mechanochemistry: from concepts to reactivity and switches. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 26:21-35. [PMID: 38086672 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04907h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Mechanochemistry has experienced a renaissance in recent years witnessing, at the molecular level, a remarkable interplay between theory and experiment. Molecular mechanochemistry has welcomed a broad spectrum of quantum-chemical methods to evaluate the influence of an external mechanical force on molecular properties. In this contribution, an overview is given on recent work on quantum mechanochemistry in the Brussels Quantum Chemistry group (ALGC). The effect of an external force was scrutinized both in fundamental topics, like reactivity descriptors in Conceptual DFT, and in applied topics, such as designing molecular force probes and tuning the stereoselectivity of certain types of reactions. In the conceptual part, a brief overview of the techniques introducing mechanical forces into a quantum-mechanical description of a molecule is followed by an introduction to conceptual DFT. The evolution of the electronic chemical potential (or electronegativity), chemical hardness and electrophilicity are investigated when a chemical bond in a series of diatomics is put under mechanical stress. Its counterpart, the influence of mechanical stress on bond angles, is analyzed by varying the strain present in alkyne triple bonds by applying a bending force, taking the strain promoted alkyne-azide coupling cycloaddition as an example. The increase of reactivity of the alkyne upon bending is probed by Fukui functions and the local softness. In the applied part, a new molecular force probe is presented based on an intramolecular 6π-electrocyclization in constrained polyenes operating under thermal conditions. A cyclic process is conceived where ring opening and closure are triggered by applying or removing an external pulling force. The efficiency of mechanical activation strongly depends on the magnitude of the applied force and the distance between the pulling points. The idea of pulling point distances as a tool to identify new mechanochemical processes is then tested in [28]hexaphyrins with an intricate equilibrium between Möbius aromatic and Hückel antiaromatic topologies. A mechanical force is shown to trigger the interconversion between the two topologies, using the distance matrix as a guide to select appropriate pulling points. In a final application, the Felkin-Anh model for the addition of nucleophiles to chiral carbonyls under the presence of an external mechanical force is scrutinized. By applying a force for restricting the conformational freedom of the chiral ketone, otherwise inaccessible reaction pathways are promoted on the force-modified potential energy surfaces resulting in a diastereoselectivity different from the force-free reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Alonso
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Tom Bettens
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Jochen Eeckhoudt
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Paul Geerlings
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Frank De Proft
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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2
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AbuSalim DI, Lash TD. Aromatic Character and Relative Stability of Pyrazoloporphyrin Tautomers and Related Protonated Species: Insights into How Pyrazole Changes the Properties of Carbaporphyrinoid Systems. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062854. [PMID: 36985826 PMCID: PMC10056226 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyrazoloporphyrins (PzPs), which are porphyrin analogues incorporating a pyrazole subunit, are examples of carbaporphyrin-type structures with a carbon atom within the macrocyclic cavity. DFT calculations were used to assess a series of 17 PzP tautomers, nine monoprotonated species and four related diprotonated PzP dications. The geometries of the structures were optimized using M06-2X/6-311++G(d,p), and the relative stabilities computed with the cc-PVTZ functional. Nucleus independent chemical shifts, both NICS(0) and NICS(1)zz, were calculated, and the anisotropy of the induced current density (AICD) plots were generated for all of the species under investigation. The results for free base PzPs show that fully aromatic PzP tautomers are not significantly more stable than weakly aromatic cross-conjugated species. In addition, strongly aromatic structures with internal CH2's are much less stable, a feature that is also seen for protonated PzPs. The degree of planarity for the individual macrocycles does not significantly correlate with the stability of these structures. The results allow significant aromatic conjugation pathways to be identified in many cases, and provide insights into the aromatic properties of this poorly studied system. These investigations also complement experimental results for PzPs and emphasize the need for further studies in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyaa I AbuSalim
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790-4160, USA
| | - Timothy D Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790-4160, USA
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3
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Casademont-Reig I, Woller T, García V, Contreras-García J, Tiznado W, Torrent-Sucarrat M, Matito E, Alonso M. Quest for the Most Aromatic Pathway in Charged Expanded Porphyrins. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202264. [PMID: 36194440 PMCID: PMC10099525 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Despite the central role of aromaticity in the chemistry of expanded porphyrins, the evaluation of aromaticity remains difficult for these extended macrocycles. The presence of multiple conjugation pathways and different planar and nonplanar π-conjugation topologies makes the quantification of global and local aromaticity even more challenging. In neutral expanded porphyrins, the predominance of the aromatic conjugation pathway passing through the imine-type nitrogens and circumventing the amino NH groups is established. However, for charged macrocycles, the question about the main conjugation circuit remains open. Accordingly, different conjugation pathways in a set of neutral, anionic, and cationic expanded porphyrins were investigated by means of several aromaticity indices rooted in the structural, magnetic, and electronic criteria. Overall, our results reveal the predominance of the conjugation pathway that passes through all nitrogen atoms to describe the aromaticity of deprotonated expanded porphyrins, while the outer pathway through the perimeter carbon atoms becomes the most aromatic in protonated macrocycles. In nonplanar and charged macrocycles, a discrepancy between electronic and magnetic descriptors is observed. Nevertheless, our work demonstrates AVmin remains the best tool to determine the main conjugation pathway of expanded porphyrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Casademont-Reig
- Department of General Chemistry (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tatiana Woller
- Department of General Chemistry (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique (LCT), Sorbonne Université, place Jussieu 4, 75052, Paris, France
| | - Victor García
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andrés Bello, República 498, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento Académico de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Química e Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Julia Contreras-García
- Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique (LCT), Sorbonne Université, place Jussieu 4, 75052, Paris, France
| | - William Tiznado
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andrés Bello, República 498, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miquel Torrent-Sucarrat
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018, Donostia, Euskadi, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009, Bilbao, Euskadi, Spain.,Department of Organic Chemistry I, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, UPV/EHU), 20018 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Eduard Matito
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018, Donostia, Euskadi, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009, Bilbao, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Mercedes Alonso
- Department of General Chemistry (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
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4
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Desmedt E, Woller T, Teunissen JL, De Vleeschouwer F, Alonso M. Fine-Tuning of Nonlinear Optical Contrasts of Hexaphyrin-Based Molecular Switches Using Inverse Design. Front Chem 2021; 9:786036. [PMID: 34926405 PMCID: PMC8677951 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.786036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the search for new nonlinear optical (NLO) switching devices, expanded porphyrins have emerged as ideal candidates thanks to their tunable chemical and photophysical properties. Introducing meso-substituents to these macrocycles is a successful strategy to enhance the NLO contrasts. Despite its potential, the influence of meso-substitution on their structural and geometrical properties has been scarcely investigated. In this work, we pursue to grasp the underlying pivotal concepts for the fine-tuning of the NLO contrasts of hexaphyrin-based molecular switches, with a particular focus on the first hyperpolarizability related to the hyper-Rayleigh scattering (βHRS). Building further on these concepts, we also aim to develop a rational design protocol. Starting from the (un)substituted hexaphyrins with various π-conjugation topologies and redox states, structure-property relationships are established linking aromaticity, photophysical properties and βHRS responses. Ultimately, inverse molecular design using the best-first search algorithm is applied on the most favorable switches with the aim to further explore the combinatorial chemical compound space of meso-substituted hexaphyrins in search of high-contrast NLO switches. Two definitions of the figure-of-merit of the switch performance were used as target objectives in the optimization problem. Several meso-substitution patterns and their underlying characteristics are identified, uncovering molecular symmetry and the electronic nature of the substituents as the key players for fine-tuning the βHRS values and NLO contrasts of hexaphyrin-based switches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline Desmedt
- General Chemistry - Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Department of Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tatiana Woller
- General Chemistry - Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Department of Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jos L Teunissen
- General Chemistry - Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Department of Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Freija De Vleeschouwer
- General Chemistry - Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Department of Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mercedes Alonso
- General Chemistry - Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Department of Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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5
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Kim J, Oh J, Osuka A, Kim D. Porphyrinoids, a unique platform for exploring excited-state aromaticity. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 51:268-292. [PMID: 34879124 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00742d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Recently, Baird (anti)aromaticity has been referred to as a description of excited-state (anti)aromaticity. With the term of Baird's rule, recent studies have intensively verified that the Hückel aromatic [4n + 2]π (or antiaromatic [4n]π) molecules in the ground state are reversed to give Baird aromatic [4n]π (or Baird antiaromatic [4n + 2]π) molecules in the excited states. Since the Hückel (anti)aromaticity has great influence on the molecular properties and reaction mechanisms, the Baird (anti)aromaticity has been expected to act as a dominant factor in governing excited-state properties and processes, which has attracted intensive scientific investigations for the verification of the concept of reversed aromaticity in the excited states. In this scientific endeavor, porphyrinoids have recently played leading roles in the demonstration of the aromaticity reversal in the excited states and its conceptual development. The distinct structural and electronic nature of porphyhrinoids depending on their (anti)aromaticity allow the direct observation of excited-state aromaticity reversal, Baird's rule. The explicit experimental demonstration with porphyrinoids has contributed greatly to its conceptual development and application in novel functional organic materials. Based on the significant role of porphyrinoids in the field of excited-state aromaticity, this review provides an overview of the experimental verification of the reversal concept of excited-state aromaticity by porphyrinoids and the recent progress on its conceptual application in novel functional molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinseok Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Juwon Oh
- Department of Chemistry, Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si 31538, Korea.
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
| | - Dongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.
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6
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Zhou W, Hao M, Lu T, Duan Z, Sarma T, Sessler JL, Lei C. Carbazole-Containing Carbadecaphyrins: Non-aromatic Expanded Porphyrins that Undergo Proton-Triggered Conformational Changes. Chemistry 2021; 27:16173-16180. [PMID: 34532908 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A pair of meso-unsubstituted expanded carbaporphyrins containing two carbazole moieties were prepared in high isolated yields (82 and 76 %, respectively). The two macrocycles, namely 3 and 4, differ with respect to their substitution at the carbazole N-atoms i. e. by H and i-Bu, respectively. As prepared in their free-base forms, macrocycles 3 and 4 adopt figure-of-eight conformations and are best characterized as 40 π-electron, non-aromatic species possessing a decaphyrin(1.1.0.0.0.1.1.0.0.0) skeleton. Protonation of 3 with either trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) or perchloric acid (HClO4 ) produces a parallelogram-shaped structure. A similar structure is produced when N-functionalized system 4 is treated with TFA. In contrast, protonation of 4 with HClO4 leads it to adopt a twisted Möbius strip-like structure in the solid state, thus allowing access to three distinct conformational states as a function of the conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weinan Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China.,Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Mengdi Hao
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Tian Lu
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Zhiming Duan
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Tridib Sarma
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China.,Department of Chemistry, Cotton University, Guwahati, 781001, Assam, India
| | - Jonathan L Sessler
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas, 78712-1224, United States
| | - Chuanhu Lei
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
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7
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Sylvetsky N, Banerjee A, Alonso M, Martin JML. Performance of Localized Coupled Cluster Methods in a Moderately Strong Correlation Regime: Hückel-Möbius Interconversions in Expanded Porphyrins. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:3641-3653. [PMID: 32338891 PMCID: PMC7304861 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Localized
orbital coupled cluster theory has recently emerged as
a nonempirical alternative to DFT for large systems. Intuitively,
one might expect such methods to perform less well for highly delocalized
systems. In the present work, we apply both canonical CCSD(T) approximations
and a variety of localized approximations to a set of flexible expanded
porphyrins—macrocycles that can switch between Hückel,
figure-eight, and Möbius topologies under external stimuli.
Both minima and isomerization transition states are considered. We
find that Möbius(-like) structures have much stronger static
correlation character than the remaining structures, and that this
causes significant errors in DLPNO-CCSD(T) and even DLPNO-CCSD(T1) approaches, unless TightPNO cutoffs are employed. If sub-kcal
mol–1 accuracy with respect to canonical relative
energies is required even for Möbius-type systems (or other
systems plagued by strong static correlation), then Nagy and Kallay’s
LNO-CCSD(T) method with “tight” settings is the suitable
localized approach. We propose the present POLYPYR21 data set as a
benchmark for localized orbital methods or, more broadly, for the
ability of lower-level methods to handle energetics with strongly
varying degrees of static correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitai Sylvetsky
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Reḥovot, Israel
| | - Ambar Banerjee
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Reḥovot, Israel
| | - Mercedes Alonso
- Department of General Chemistry (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jan M L Martin
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Reḥovot, Israel
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8
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Woller T, Banerjee A, Sylvetsky N, Santra G, Deraet X, De Proft F, Martin JML, Alonso M. Performance of Electronic Structure Methods for the Description of Hückel-Möbius Interconversions in Extended π-Systems. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:2380-2397. [PMID: 32093467 PMCID: PMC7307915 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b10880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Expanded porphyrins provide a versatile route to molecular switching devices due to their ability to shift between several π-conjugation topologies encoding distinct properties. DFT remains the workhorse for modeling such extended macrocycles, when taking into account their size and huge conformational flexibility. Nevertheless, the stability of Hückel and Möbius conformers depends on a complex interplay of different factors, such as hydrogen bonding, π···π stacking, steric effects, ring strain, and electron delocalization. As a consequence, the selection of an exchange-correlation functional for describing the energy profile of topological switches is very difficult. For these reasons, we have examined the performance of a variety of wave function methods and density functionals for describing the thermochemistry and kinetics of topology interconversions across a wide range of macrocycles. Especially for hexa- and heptaphyrins, the Möbius structures have a stronger degree of static correlation than the Hückel and twisted-Hückel structures, and as a result the relative energies of singly twisted structures are a challenging test for electronic structure methods. Comparison of limited orbital space full CI calculations with CCSD(T) calculations within the same active spaces shows that post-CCSD(T) correlation contributions to relative energies are very minor. At the same time, relative energies are weakly sensitive to further basis set expansion, as proven by the minor energy differences between the extrapolated MP2/CBS energies estimated from cc-pV{T,Q}Z, diffuse-augmented heavy-aug-cc-pV{T,Q}Z and explicitly correlated MP2-F12/cc-pVDZ-F12 calculations. Hence, our CCSD(T) reference values are reasonably well-converged in both 1-particle and n-particle spaces. While conventional MP2 and MP3 yield very poor results, SCS-MP2 and particularly SOS-MP2 and SCS-MP3 agree to better than 1 kcal mol-1 with the CCSD(T) relative energies. Regarding DFT methods, the range-separated double hybrids, such as ωB97M(2) and B2GP-PLYP, outperform other functionals with RMSDs of 0.6 and 0.8 kcal mol-1, respectively. While the original DSD-PBEP86 double hybrid performs fairly poorly for these extended π-systems, the errors drop down to 1.9 kcal mol-1 for the revised revDOD-PBEP86-NL, which eliminates the same-spin correlation energy. Minnesota meta-GGA functionals with high fractions of exact exchange (M06-2X and M08-HX) also perform reasonably well, outperforming more robust and significantly less empirically parametrized functionals like SCAN0-D3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Woller
- Department
of General Chemistry (ALGC), Faculty of Science and Bio-engineering
Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Théorique (LCT), Sorbonne
Université, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Ambar Banerjee
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute
of Science, 76100 Reḥovot, Israel
| | - Nitai Sylvetsky
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute
of Science, 76100 Reḥovot, Israel
| | - Golokesh Santra
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute
of Science, 76100 Reḥovot, Israel
| | - Xavier Deraet
- Department
of General Chemistry (ALGC), Faculty of Science and Bio-engineering
Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frank De Proft
- Department
of General Chemistry (ALGC), Faculty of Science and Bio-engineering
Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jan M. L. Martin
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute
of Science, 76100 Reḥovot, Israel
| | - Mercedes Alonso
- Department
of General Chemistry (ALGC), Faculty of Science and Bio-engineering
Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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9
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Yu D, Rong C, Lu T, Geerlings P, De Proft F, Alonso M, Liu S. Switching between Hückel and Möbius aromaticity: a density functional theory and information-theoretic approach study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:4715-4730. [PMID: 32057037 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06120g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Benziporphyrins are versatile macrocycles exhibiting aromaticity switching behaviors. The existence of both Hückel and Möbius (anti)aromaticity has been reported in these systems, whose validity is respectively governed by the [4n + 2] and [4n] π-electron rule on the macrocyclic pathway. Despite the experimental evidence on the floppiness of benziporphyrins, the switching mechanism between Hückel and Möbius structures is still not clear, as well as the factors influencing the stability of the different π-conjugation topologies. For these reasons, we performed a systematic study on A,D-di-p-benzihexaphyrins(1.1.1.1.1.1) with two redox states corresponding to [28] and [30] π-electron conjugation pathways. Whereas benzi[28]hexaphyrin obeys Möbius aromaticity, benzi[30]hexaphyrin follows Hückel aromaticity. The dynamic interconversion between Möbius and Hückel aromaticity is investigated through the rotation of a phenylene ring, which acts as the topology selector. Further analyses of the energy profiles using energy decomposition and information-theoretic approaches provide new insights into conformational stability, aromaticity and antiaromaticity for these species. Strong and opposite cross correlations between aromaticity indexes and information-theoretic quantities were found for the two macrocyclic systems with opposite global aromaticity and antiaromaticity behaviors. These results indicate that Hückel and Möbius aromaticity and antiaromaticity, though qualitatively different, are closely related and can be interchanged, and information-theoretic quantities provide a novel understanding about their relevance. Our present results should provide in-depth insights to appreciate the nature and origin about Möbius (anti)aromaticity and its close relationship with Hückel (anti)aromaticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghai Yu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China.
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10
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Lash TD, Stateman LM, AbuSalim DI. Synthesis of Azulitriphyrins(1.2.1) and Related Benzocarbatriphyrins. J Org Chem 2019; 84:14733-14744. [PMID: 31608646 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Bis(pyrrolylmethyl)azulene dialdehydes underwent intramolecular McMurry coupling, and following oxidation with DDQ and addition of trifluoroacetic acid, gave aromatic azulitriphyrin cations. The proton NMR spectra for these contracted carbaporphyrinoids showed the internal CH upfield at ca. 2 ppm, while the bridging methine units appeared downfield between 8 and 10 ppm, demonstrating that the macrocycles possess significant 14π electron diamagnetic ring currents. Although protonated azulitriphyrins(1.2.1) proved to be very stable, the free base forms were unstable and could not be isolated. Treatment of an azulitriphyrin with KOt-Bu-t-BuOOH gave rise to oxidative ring contractions that afforded the first examples of benzocarbatriphyrins. These contracted porphyrinoids also exhibit aromatic ring currents, and the internal CH resonances shifted upfield to 0.5-0.7 ppm. Protonation afforded cations with slightly enhanced diatropic properties. Nucleus independent chemical shift and anisotropy of induced current density calculations confirmed that benzocarbatriphyrins are 14π electron delocalized aromatic systems that bypass the fused arene units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Lash
- Department of Chemistry , Illinois State University , Normal , Illinois 61790-4160 , United States
| | - Leah M Stateman
- Department of Chemistry , Illinois State University , Normal , Illinois 61790-4160 , United States
| | - Deyaa I AbuSalim
- Department of Chemistry , Illinois State University , Normal , Illinois 61790-4160 , United States
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11
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Noboa MA, AbuSalim DI, Lash TD. Azulichlorins and Benzocarbachlorins Derived Therefrom. J Org Chem 2019; 84:11649-11664. [PMID: 31429281 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Acid-catalyzed condensation of azulidipyrrane aldehydes with a dihydrodipyrrin carbaldehyde afforded the first examples of azulichlorins. These macrocyclic products were isolated in a monoprotonated form, and the free bases proved to be somewhat unstable. The monocations were strongly diatropic, and proton NMR spectroscopy showed the internal C-H at ca. -2 ppm. Addition of TFA gave the related dications, but these exhibited significantly reduced aromatic ring currents. Reaction of an azulichlorin with tert-butyl hydroperoxide and KOH in dichloromethane/methanol gave a benzocarbachlorin and two related aldehydes. The UV-vis spectrum for the benzocarbachlorin showed a split Soret band at 414 and 430 nm, together with a strong chlorin-like absorption at 684 nm. The proton NMR spectrum indicated that the carbachlorin is strongly aromatic and the internal C-H was observed at -4.64 ppm. Addition of TFA afforded a C-protonated dication with a significantly increased diatropic ring current. The proton NMR spectrum, NICS calculations, and AICD plots indicated that the system favors a 22π electron delocalization pathway that runs through the fused benzo unit. Addition of TFA to the benzocarbachlorin aldehydes primarily led to the formation of monocations, and the generation of C-protonated dications was no longer favored due to the presence of electron-withdrawing formyl moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario A Noboa
- Department of Chemistry , Illinois State University , Normal , Illinois 61790-4160 , United States
| | - Deyaa I AbuSalim
- Department of Chemistry , Illinois State University , Normal , Illinois 61790-4160 , United States
| | - Timothy D Lash
- Department of Chemistry , Illinois State University , Normal , Illinois 61790-4160 , United States
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12
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Jain P, AbuSalim DI, Lash TD. adj-Dicarbaporphyrinoid Systems: Synthesis, Spectroscopic Characterization, and Reactivity of 23-Carbabenziporphyrins. J Org Chem 2019; 84:10237-10256. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Jain
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Deyaa I. AbuSalim
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Timothy D. Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
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13
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AbuSalim DI, Lash TD. Tropylium and Porphyrinoid Character in Carbaporphyrinoid Systems. Relative Stability and Aromatic Characteristics of Azuliporphyrin and Tropiporphyrin Tautomers, Protonated Species, and Related Structures. J Phys Chem A 2018; 123:230-246. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b10020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deyaa I. AbuSalim
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Timothy D. Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Y. Grabowski
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Deyaa I. AbuSalim
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Timothy D. Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
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15
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Isar P, Rajeswara Rao M, Ravikanth M. Synthesis, Characterization, Sensing, and Coordination Properties of trans
-Homoporphodimethenes. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prosenjit Isar
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology; Powai 400076 Mumbai India
| | - M. Rajeswara Rao
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Dharwad; 580011 Dharwad Karnataka India
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16
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Woller T, Geerlings P, De Proft F, Champagne B, Alonso M. Aromaticity as a Guiding Concept for Spectroscopic Features and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Porphyrinoids. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23061333. [PMID: 29865191 PMCID: PMC6100263 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With their versatile molecular topology and aromaticity, porphyrinoid systems combine remarkable chemistry with interesting photophysical properties and nonlinear optical properties. Hence, the field of application of porphyrinoids is very broad ranging from near-infrared dyes to opto-electronic materials. From previous experimental studies, aromaticity emerges as an important concept in determining the photophysical properties and two-photon absorption cross sections of porphyrinoids. Despite a considerable number of studies on porphyrinoids, few investigate the relationship between aromaticity, UV/vis absorption spectra and nonlinear properties. To assess such structure-property relationships, we performed a computational study focusing on a series of Hückel porphyrinoids to: (i) assess their (anti)aromatic character; (ii) determine the fingerprints of aromaticity on the UV/vis spectra; (iii) evaluate the role of aromaticity on the NLO properties. Using an extensive set of aromaticity descriptors based on energetic, magnetic, structural, reactivity and electronic criteria, the aromaticity of [4n+2] π-electron porphyrinoids was evidenced as was the antiaromaticity for [4n] π-electron systems. In agreement with previous studies, the absorption spectra of aromatic systems display more intense B and Q bands in comparison to their antiaromatic homologues. The nature of these absorption bands was analyzed in detail in terms of polarization, intensity, splitting and composition. Finally, quantities such as the average polarizability and its anisotropy were found to be larger in aromatic systems, whereas first and second hyperpolarizability are influenced by the interplay between aromaticity, planarity and molecular symmetry. To conclude, aromaticity dictates the photophysical properties in porphyrinoids, whereas it is not the only factor determining the magnitude of NLO properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Woller
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Paul Geerlings
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Frank De Proft
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Benoît Champagne
- Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, Unité de Chimie Physique Théorique et Structurale, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium.
| | - Mercedes Alonso
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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17
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Stuyver T, Perrin M, Geerlings P, De Proft F, Alonso M. Conductance Switching in Expanded Porphyrins through Aromaticity and Topology Changes. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:1313-1326. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b09464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thijs Stuyver
- Department
of General Chemistry (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mickael Perrin
- Kavli
Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg
1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Paul Geerlings
- Department
of General Chemistry (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frank De Proft
- Department
of General Chemistry (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mercedes Alonso
- Department
of General Chemistry (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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18
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Casademont-Reig I, Woller T, Contreras-García J, Alonso M, Torrent-Sucarrat M, Matito E. New electron delocalization tools to describe the aromaticity in porphyrinoids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:2787-2796. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp07581b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
There are several possible pathways in the macrocycle of large porphyrinoids and, among aromaticity indices, only AVminis capable of recognizing the most aromatic one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Casademont-Reig
- Kimika Fakultatea
- Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU)
- and Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC)
- P.K. 1072
- 20080 Donostia
| | - Tatiana Woller
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC). Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)
- Pleinlaan 2
- 1050 Brussels
- Belgium
| | - Julia Contreras-García
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris
- UMR 7616 Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique
- CNRS
- UMR 7616
- Paris
| | - Mercedes Alonso
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC). Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)
- Pleinlaan 2
- 1050 Brussels
- Belgium
| | - Miquel Torrent-Sucarrat
- Kimika Fakultatea
- Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU)
- and Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC)
- P.K. 1072
- 20080 Donostia
| | - Eduard Matito
- Kimika Fakultatea
- Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU)
- and Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC)
- P.K. 1072
- 20080 Donostia
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19
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Torrent-Sucarrat M, Navarro S, Cossío FP, Anglada JM, Luis JM. Relevance of the DFT method to study expanded porphyrins with different topologies. J Comput Chem 2017; 38:2819-2828. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.25074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miquel Torrent-Sucarrat
- Department of Organic Chemistry I; Universidad del País Vasco - Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU) and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Manuel Lardizabal Ibilbidea 3; San Sebastian Donostia 20018 Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Manuel Lardizabal Ibilbidea 4; San Sebastián/Donostia 20018 Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, María Díaz de Haro, 3, 6°; Bilbao 48013 Spain
| | - Sara Navarro
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona; Girona Catalonia E-17071 Spain
| | - Fernando P. Cossío
- Department of Organic Chemistry I; Universidad del País Vasco - Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU) and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Manuel Lardizabal Ibilbidea 3; San Sebastian Donostia 20018 Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Manuel Lardizabal Ibilbidea 4; San Sebastián/Donostia 20018 Spain
| | - Josep M. Anglada
- Departament de Química Biològica i Modelització Molecular; Institut de Química Avançada de Catalunya (IQAC-CSIC), c/Jordi Girona 18; Barcelona E-08034 Spain
| | - Josep M. Luis
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona; Girona Catalonia E-17071 Spain
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20
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Islam N, Lone IH. Computational Studies on Optoelectronic and Nonlinear Properties of Octaphyrin Derivatives. Front Chem 2017; 5:11. [PMID: 28321394 PMCID: PMC5338300 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2017.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The electronic and nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of octaphyrin derivatives were studied by employing the DFT/TDFT at CAM-B3LYP/6-311++G (2d, 2p) level of the theory. Thiophene, phenyl, methyl and cyano moieties were substituted on the molecular framework of octaphyrin core, in order to observe the change in optoelectronic and nonlinear response of these systems. The frontier molecular orbital studies and values of electron affinity reveals that the studied compounds are stable against the oxygen and moisture present in air. The calculated ionization energies, adiabatic electron affinity and reorganization energy values indicate that octaphyrin derivatives can be employed as effective n-type material for Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLEDs). This character shows an enhancement with the introduction of an electron withdrawing group in the octaphyrin framework. The polarizability and hyperpolarizability values of octaphyrin derivatives demonstrate that they are good candidates for NLO devices. The nonlinear response of these systems shows enhancement on the introduction of electron donating groups on octaphyrin moiety. However, these claims needs further experimental verification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasarul Islam
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar, India
| | - Irfan H Lone
- Department of Chemistry, Government Degree College Kupwara, India
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21
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Tanaka T, Osuka A. Chemistry of meso-Aryl-Substituted Expanded Porphyrins: Aromaticity and Molecular Twist. Chem Rev 2016; 117:2584-2640. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry,
Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry,
Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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22
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Protonation-induced change in the conformation, crystal structure and property of triarylmethyl carbocation radical. Chem Phys Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2016.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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Woller T, Ramos-Berdullas N, Mandado M, Alonso M, de Proft F, Contreras-García J. Understanding conductivity in molecular switches: a real space approach in octaphyrins. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:11829-38. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp07411h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, expanded porphyrins have emerged as a promising class of π-conjugated switches whose conductance is studied from the electron density.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Woller
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC)
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)
- 1050 Brussels
- Belgium
- Sorbonne Universités
| | | | - M. Mandado
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- University of Vigo
- 36310 Vigo
- Spain
| | - M. Alonso
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC)
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)
- 1050 Brussels
- Belgium
| | - F. de Proft
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC)
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)
- 1050 Brussels
- Belgium
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24
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Woller T, Contreras-García J, Geerlings P, De Proft F, Alonso M. Understanding the molecular switching properties of octaphyrins. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:11885-900. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp07413d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Triggering Hückel–Möbius topological and aromaticity switches in octaphyrins by protonation and redox reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Woller
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC)
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)
- 1050 Brussels
- Belgium
| | - J. Contreras-García
- Sorbonne Universités
- UPMC Univ Paris 06
- UMR 7616
- Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique
- Paris
| | - P. Geerlings
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC)
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)
- 1050 Brussels
- Belgium
| | - Frank De Proft
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC)
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)
- 1050 Brussels
- Belgium
| | - M. Alonso
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC)
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)
- 1050 Brussels
- Belgium
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25
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AbuSalim DI, Lash TD. In Pursuit of Novel Porphyrin Isomers. Aromatic Character and Relative Stability of Conjugated Tetrapyrroles with Two Neo-Confused Rings or with Mixed Neo-Confused and N-Confused Subunits. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:11440-53. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b08682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deyaa I. AbuSalim
- Department
of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Timothy D. Lash
- Department
of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
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26
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Alonso M, Pinter B, Geerlings P, De Proft F. Metalated Hexaphyrins: From Understanding to Rational Design. Chemistry 2015; 21:17631-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201502894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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27
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Wang E, He Z, Zhao E, Meng L, Schütt C, Lam JWY, Sung HHY, Williams ID, Huang X, Herges R, Tang BZ. Aggregation-Induced-Emission-Active Macrocycle Exhibiting Analogous Triply and Singly Twisted Möbius Topologies. Chemistry 2015; 21:11707-11. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201502224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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28
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Teodoro BVM, Correia JTM, Coelho F. Selective Hydrogenation of Indolizines: An Expeditious Approach To Derive Tetrahydroindolizines and Indolizidines from Morita–Baylis–Hillman Adducts. J Org Chem 2015; 80:2529-38. [DOI: 10.1021/jo502471q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno V. M. Teodoro
- Laboratory
of Synthesis of
Natural Products and Drugs, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, P.O. Box 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, São
Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Tiago M. Correia
- Laboratory
of Synthesis of
Natural Products and Drugs, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, P.O. Box 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, São
Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Coelho
- Laboratory
of Synthesis of
Natural Products and Drugs, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, P.O. Box 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, São
Paulo, Brazil
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29
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Ganapathi E, Lee WZ, Ravikanth M. Stable Nonaromatic [20]Dithiaporphyrin (2.1.1.1) Macrocycles: Synthesis, Structure, Spectral, Electrochemical, and Metal Ion Sensing Studies. J Org Chem 2014; 79:9603-12. [DOI: 10.1021/jo501724d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emandi Ganapathi
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India
| | - Way-Zen Lee
- Instrumentation
Center, Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Ting-Chow Road, Taipei, 11677, Taiwan
| | - Mangalampalli Ravikanth
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India
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30
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Abstract
Previous attempts to prepare tropone-fused carbaporphyrins by reacting peroxides with azuliporphyrins under basic conditions afforded benzocarbaporphyrins instead. In this study, a methoxyazulitripyrrane condensed with a pyrrole dialdehyde in the presence of TFA, followed by oxidation with ferric chloride, to give a tropone-fused carbaporphyrin following a spontaneous demethylation. The porphyrinoid gave a modified UV-vis spectrum showing multiple bands in the Soret region, and the proton NMR spectrum showed that it has a reduced diamagnetic ring current in comparison to other carbaporphyrins. The tropone-fused derivative failed to react with tert-butyl hydroperoxide and potassium hydroxide, demonstrating that this type of structure is not an intermediate in the formation of benzocarbaporphyrins. However, the reaction with silver(I) acetate gave the corresponding silver(III) complex. Condensation of the methoxyazulitripyrrane with 2,5-thiophenedicarbaldehyde gave a related tropone-fused thiacarbaporphyrin together with a methoxythiaazuliporphyrin. Treatment of the carbaporphyrins with DBU resulted in the formation of anionic species, while addition of acid afforded dicationic structures. DFT studies were performed on a series of tautomers, protonated species, and anionic structures related to these tropone-fused carbaporphyrins, and NICS calculations were carried out. These results allowed favorable conjugation pathways to be identified. In addition, these studies predicted that protonation initially occurs on the carbonyl moiety rather than on the expected interior pyrrolenine nitrogen atom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University , Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
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31
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Soya T, Naoda K, Osuka A. NiIIMetalations of [40]- and [42]Nonaphyrins(1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1): The Largest Doubly Twisted Hückel Antiaromatic Molecule. Chem Asian J 2014; 10:231-8. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201402933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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32
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Li D, Lash TD. Synthesis and Reactivity of Carbachlorins and Carbaporphyrins. J Org Chem 2014; 79:7112-21. [DOI: 10.1021/jo501287q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daming Li
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Timothy D. Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
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33
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Marcos E, Anglada JM, Torrent-Sucarrat M. Effect of the Meso-Substituent in the Hückel-to-Möbius Topological Switches. J Org Chem 2014; 79:5036-46. [DOI: 10.1021/jo500569p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Marcos
- Departament
de Química Biològica i Modelització Molecular, Institut de Química Avançada de Catalunya (IQAC−CSIC), c/Jordi
Girona 18, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Josep M. Anglada
- Departament
de Química Biològica i Modelització Molecular, Institut de Química Avançada de Catalunya (IQAC−CSIC), c/Jordi
Girona 18, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miquel Torrent-Sucarrat
- Departament
de Química Biològica i Modelització Molecular, Institut de Química Avançada de Catalunya (IQAC−CSIC), c/Jordi
Girona 18, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
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34
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AbuSalim DI, Ferrence GM, Lash TD. Synthesis of an adj-Dicarbaporphyrin and the Formation of an Unprecedented Tripalladium Sandwich Complex. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:6763-72. [DOI: 10.1021/ja502795x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Deyaa I. AbuSalim
- Department
of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Gregory M. Ferrence
- Department
of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Timothy D. Lash
- Department
of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
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35
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Castro B, Chaudret R, Ricci G, Kurz M, Ochsenbein P, Kretzschmar G, Kraft V, Rossen K, Eisenstein O. Nonclassical CH−π Supramolecular Interactions in Artemisinic Acid Favor a Single Conformation, Yielding High Diastereoselectivity in the Reduction with Diazene. J Org Chem 2014; 79:5939-47. [DOI: 10.1021/jo500233z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Castro
- Institut Charles
Gerhardt, CNRS 5253, Université Montpellier 2, cc 1501,
place E. Bataillon, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Robin Chaudret
- IFP Energies Nouvelles, 1 et 4 avenue de Bois-Préau, 92852 Rueil-Malmaison Cedex, France
| | - Gino Ricci
- Sanofi Chimie, 45 chemin
de Meteline 04200 Sisteron, France
| | - Michael Kurz
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Chemistry & Biotechnology Department, Industriepark Höchst, D-65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Philippe Ochsenbein
- Sanofi-Aventis R & D, 371 rue du Professeur Joseph Blayac, 34184 Montpellier Cedex 04, France
| | - Gerhard Kretzschmar
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Chemistry & Biotechnology Department, Industriepark Höchst, D-65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Volker Kraft
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Chemistry & Biotechnology Department, Industriepark Höchst, D-65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Kai Rossen
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Chemistry & Biotechnology Department, Industriepark Höchst, D-65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Odile Eisenstein
- Institut Charles
Gerhardt, CNRS 5253, Université Montpellier 2, cc 1501,
place E. Bataillon, F-34095 Montpellier, France
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36
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Alonso M, Geerlings P, . De Proft F. Exploring the structure–aromaticity relationship in Hückel and Möbius N-fused pentaphyrins using DFT. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:14396-407. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp55509g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Fine-tuning of the molecular topology and macrocyclic aromaticity of N-fused pentaphyrins by changing the number of π electrons and meso-substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Alonso
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC)
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)
- 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - P. Geerlings
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC)
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)
- 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - F . De Proft
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC)
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)
- 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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37
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AbuSalim DI, Lash TD. Relative stability of benziporphyrin and naphthiporphyrin tautomers and the emergence of macrocyclic diatropicity. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:8719-36. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01659a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The conformations and relative stabilities of a series of benziporphyrin and naphthiporphyrin tautomers were calculated and the diatropic properties of each of these species were assessed. The results were in good agreement with experimental observations and allow favorable delocalization pathways to be identified.
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38
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Karthik G, Srinivasan A, Suresh CH, Chandrashekar TK. Fused core-modified planar antiaromatic 32π heptaphyrins: unusual synthesis and structural diversity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:12127-30. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc05475j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The novel core-modified fused heptaphyrins were synthesized and their 4nπ Hückel antiaromatic electronic strucuture was exploited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesan Karthik
- School of Chemical Sciences
- National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER)
- Institute of Physics Campus
- Bhubaneswar – 751 005, India
| | - A. Srinivasan
- School of Chemical Sciences
- National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER)
- Institute of Physics Campus
- Bhubaneswar – 751 005, India
| | - C. H. Suresh
- CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology
- Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry Section, CSTD
- Thiruvananthapuram - 695 019, India
| | - Tavarekere K. Chandrashekar
- School of Chemical Sciences
- National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER)
- Institute of Physics Campus
- Bhubaneswar – 751 005, India
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39
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Aasheim JH, Fliegl H, Uggerud E, Bonge-Hansen T, Eisenstein O. Stereoselectivity through a network of non-classical CH weak interactions: a prospective study of a bicyclic organocatalytic scaffold. NEW J CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4nj01460j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The preferred stereoisomeric product of this catalytic Diels–Alder reaction is in part determined by noncovalent CH⋯π interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heike Fliegl
- Centre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (CTCC)
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oslo
- Blindern, Norway
| | - Einar Uggerud
- Centre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (CTCC)
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oslo
- Blindern, Norway
| | | | - Odile Eisenstein
- Centre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (CTCC)
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oslo
- Blindern, Norway
- Institut Charles Gerhardt
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40
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Karthik G, Lim JM, Srinivasan A, Suresh CH, Kim D, Chandrashekar TK. Conformational Change from a Twisted Figure-Eight to an Open-Extended Structure in Doubly Fused 36π Core-Modified Octaphyrins Triggered by Protonation: Implication on Photodynamics and Aromaticity. Chemistry 2013; 19:17011-20. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201302020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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41
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Alonso M, Geerlings P, De Proft F. Conformational Control in [22]- and [24]Pentaphyrins(1.1.1.1.1) by Meso Substituents and their N-Fusion Reaction. J Org Chem 2013; 78:4419-31. [DOI: 10.1021/jo4003823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Alonso
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels,
Belgium
| | - Paul Geerlings
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels,
Belgium
| | - Frank De Proft
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels,
Belgium
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