1
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Denis PA, Laranjeira JAS, Sambrano JR. Covalent functionalization of germanene employing computational simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:13140-13151. [PMID: 38629240 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00476k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Computational simulations through density functional theory in conjunction with M06-L and HSE functional have been carried out to investigate the chemical reactivity of the germanene monolayer. It is exceptionally reactive, with an average reaction energy of -60.4 kcal mol-1 for the nineteen functional groups considered: H, F, Cl, Br, O, S, Se, Ge, OH, SH, CH3, CF3, NH, NH2, C6H5, C6H4, CCl2, CBr2, and the azomethine ylide. The results indicate that oxygen is the most reactive reagent (-96.9 kcal mol-1), followed by fluorine (-83.1 kcal mol-1). Germanene presents a rich organic chemistry, and functionalization with azomethine ylides, benzynes, and carbenes can be easily accomplished as indicated by the reaction energies computed, which lie between -45 and -65 kcal mol-1. Furthermore, germanene is significantly more reactive than graphene and hexagonal boron nitride monolayers since the reaction energy for germanene is more than 40 kcal mol-1 lower. Although, in general, germanene is slightly more reactive than black and blue phosphorene and less prone to oxidation, but its oxidation when exposed to air occurs spontaneously. The addition of functional groups works cooperatively. The reaction energies become lower as the number of functional groups increases, thus favouring the agglomeration of functional groups attached unless the steric effect alters this pattern. Finally, we analyzed the electronic properties of functionalized germanene. It is possible to fine-tune the band gap of germanene from 0.1 to 2 eV using different functional groups and coverages. For O-50% and S-50% functionalized germanene, we found that carrier recombination is the most difficult due to the considerable differences between the effective masses of holes and electrons, which is promising for optical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo A Denis
- Computational Nanotechnology, DETEMA, Facultad de Química, UDELAR, CC 1157, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Jose A S Laranjeira
- Modeling and Molecular Simulation Group, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), 17033-360 Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Julio R Sambrano
- Modeling and Molecular Simulation Group, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), 17033-360 Bauru, SP, Brazil
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2
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Denis PA. Heteroatom Codoped Graphene: The Importance of Nitrogen. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:45935-45961. [PMID: 36570263 PMCID: PMC9773818 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Although graphene has exceptional properties, they are not enough to solve the extensive list of pressing world problems. The substitutional doping of graphene using heteroatoms is one of the preferred methods to adjust the physicochemical properties of graphene. Much effort has been made to dope graphene using a single dopant. However, in recent years, substantial efforts have been made to dope graphene using two or more dopants. This review summarizes all the hard work done to synthesize, characterize, and develop new technologies using codoped, tridoped, and quaternary doped graphene. First, I discuss a simple question that has a complicated answer: When can an atom be considered a dopant? Then, I briefly discuss the single atom doped graphene as a starting point for this review's primary objective: codoped or dual-doped graphene. I extend the discussion to include tridoped and quaternary doped graphene. I review most of the systems that have been synthesized or studied theoretically and the areas in which they have been used to develop new technologies. Finally, I discuss the challenges and prospects that will shape the future of this fascinating field. It will be shown that most of the graphene systems that have been reported involve the use of nitrogen, and much effort is needed to develop codoped graphene systems that do not rely on the stabilizing effects of nitrogen. I expect that this review will contribute to introducing more researchers to this fascinating field and enlarge the list of codoped graphene systems that have been synthesized.
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3
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Torkaman NF, Kley M, Bremser W, Wilhelm R. Reversible functionalization and exfoliation of graphite by a Diels-Alder reaction with furfuryl amine. RSC Adv 2022; 12:17249-17256. [PMID: 35765460 PMCID: PMC9186115 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra02566c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Furfuryl amine-functionalized few-layered graphene was prepared via a mechanochemical process by a [4 + 2] cycloaddition under solvent-free conditions. By employing ball milling, active sites are merged mostly at the edge of the graphene sheets which makes them prone to Diels–Alder click reactions (D–A) in the presence of a diene precursor. Consequently, one-pot grafting with furfuryl amine onto the graphene sheets, exfoliates pristine graphite resulting in functionalized few-layered graphene which is soluble in organic solvents. Thereafter, the cleavage of the bonds in the adduct can occur by exposure to an external stimulus like temperature, to initiate a retro-Diels–Alder reaction. The success of the thermoreversible functionalization of the few-layered graphene was confirmed by Raman spectroscopy, TGA, XPS, EDX, contact angle and XRD analysis. The morphology of the samples was investigated by scanning electron microscopy and AFM. The latter was utilized to estimate graphene thickness. The results showed that functionalization proceeded under nitrogen with dry ball milling and mild temperatures efficiently. Furfuryl amine-functionalized few-layered graphene was prepared via a mechanochemical process by a [4 + 2] cycloaddition under solvent-free conditions.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Najmeh Filvan Torkaman
- Paderborn University, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Coatings, Materials and Polymers (CMP), Technology and Diversity (TD) Warburger Str. 100 33098 Paderborn Germany
| | - Marina Kley
- Paderborn University, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Coatings, Materials and Polymers (CMP) Warburger Str. 100 33098 Paderborn Germany
| | - Wolfgang Bremser
- Paderborn University, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Coatings, Materials and Polymers (CMP) Warburger Str. 100 33098 Paderborn Germany
| | - René Wilhelm
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute for Organic Chemistry Leibnizstrasse 6, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Germany
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4
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Ferretti A, Sinha S, Sagresti L, Araya-Hermosilla E, Prato M, Mattoli V, Pucci A, Brancato G. One-step functionalization of mildly and strongly reduced graphene oxide with maleimide: an experimental and theoretical investigation of the Diels-Alder [4+2] cycloaddition reaction. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:2491-2503. [PMID: 35023509 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04121e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
For large-scale graphene applications, such as the production of polymer-graphene nanocomposites, exfoliated graphene oxide (GO) and its reduced form (rGO) are presently considered to be very suitable starting materials, showing enhanced chemical reactivity with respect to pristine graphene, in addition to suitable electronic properties (i.e., tunable band gap). Among other chemical processes, a suitable way to obtain surface decoration of graphene is through a direct one-step Diels-Alder (DA) reaction, e.g. through the use of dienophile or diene moieties. However, the feasibility and extent of decoration largely depends on the specific graphene microstructure that in the case of rGO sheets is not easy to control and generally presents a high degree of inhomogeneity owing to various on-plane functionalization (e.g., epoxide and hydroxyl groups) or in-plane lattice defects. In an effort to gain some insights into the covalent functionalization of variably reduced GO samples, we present a combined experimental and theoretical study on the DA cycloaddition reaction of maleimide, a dienophile functional unit well-suited for chemical conjugation of polymers and macromolecules. In particular, we considered both mildly and strongly reduced GOs. Using thermogravimetry, Raman and X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and elemental analysis we show evidence of variable chemical reactivity of rGO as a function of the residual oxygen content. Moreover, from quantum mechanical calculations carried out at the DFT level on different graphene reaction sites, we provide a more detailed molecular view to interpret experimental findings and to assess the reactivity series of different graphene modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Ferretti
- Università di Pisa, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile ed Industriale, Largo Lucio Lazzarino 2, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sourab Sinha
- Scuola Normale Superiore and CSGI, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, I-56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Luca Sagresti
- Scuola Normale Superiore and CSGI, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, I-56126 Pisa, Italy. .,Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) sezione di Pisa, Largo Bruno Pontecorvo 3, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Esteban Araya-Hermosilla
- Center for Materials Interfaces, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy
| | - Mirko Prato
- Materials Characterization Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Virgilio Mattoli
- Center for Materials Interfaces, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy
| | - Andrea Pucci
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy.,CISUP, Centro per l'Integrazione della Strumentazione dell'Università di Pisa, Lungarno Pacinotti 43, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Brancato
- Scuola Normale Superiore and CSGI, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, I-56126 Pisa, Italy. .,Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) sezione di Pisa, Largo Bruno Pontecorvo 3, 56127 Pisa, Italy
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5
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Yang X, Chen F, Kim MA, Liu H, Wolf L, Yan M. Using Metal Substrates to Enhance the Reactivity of Graphene towards Diels-Alder Reactions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:20082-20093. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01842j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Diels-Alder (DA) reaction, a classic cycloaddition reaction involving a diene and a dienophile to form a cyclohexene, is among the most versatile organic reactions. Theories have predicted thermodynamically unfavorable...
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6
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Khine YY, Wen X, Jin X, Foller T, Joshi R. Functional groups in graphene oxide. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:26337-26355. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04082d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Graphene oxide consists of diverse surface chemistry which allows tethering GO with additional functionalities and tuning its intrinsic properties. This review summarizes recently advanced methods to covalently modify GO for specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee Yee Khine
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Xinyue Wen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Xiaoheng Jin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Tobias Foller
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Rakesh Joshi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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7
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Neri G, Fazio E, Nostro A, Mineo PG, Scala A, Rescifina A, Piperno A. Shedding Light on the Chemistry and the Properties of Münchnone Functionalized Graphene. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:1629. [PMID: 34206184 PMCID: PMC8307402 DOI: 10.3390/nano11071629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Münchnones are mesoionic oxazolium 5-oxides with azomethine ylide characteristics that provide pyrrole derivatives by a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition (1,3-DC) reaction with acetylenic dipolarophiles. Their reactivity was widely exploited for the synthesis of small molecules, but it was not yet investigated for the functionalization of graphene-based materials. Herein, we report our results on the preparation of münchnone functionalized graphene via cycloaddition reactions, followed by the spontaneous loss of carbon dioxide and its further chemical modification to silver/nisin nanocomposites to confer biological properties. A direct functionalization of graphite flakes into few-layers graphene decorated with pyrrole rings on the layer edge was achieved. The success of functionalization was confirmed by micro-Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies, scanning transmission electron microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. The 1,3-DC reactions of münchnone dipole with graphene have been investigated using density functional theory to model graphene. Finally, we explored the reactivity and the processability of münchnone functionalized graphene to produce enriched nano biomaterials endowed with antimicrobial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Neri
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, V.le F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (G.N.); (A.N.); (A.S.)
| | - Enza Fazio
- Department of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Physics Science and Earth Science, University of Messina, V.le F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Antonia Nostro
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, V.le F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (G.N.); (A.N.); (A.S.)
| | - Placido Giuseppe Mineo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, V.le A. Doria, 95125 Catania, Italy;
| | - Angela Scala
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, V.le F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (G.N.); (A.N.); (A.S.)
| | - Antonio Rescifina
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, V.le A. Doria, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Anna Piperno
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, V.le F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (G.N.); (A.N.); (A.S.)
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8
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Rangel-Cortes E, Pescador-Rojas JA, Cardozo-Mata VA, Hernández-Hernández A, Vallejo-Castañeda E, Hernández-Hernández LA, Romero-Cortes T. Cycloaddition between nitrogen-doped graphene (6π-component) and benzene (4π-component): a theoretical approach using density functional theory with vdW-DF correction. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:5870-5877. [PMID: 33659971 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp06082h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between nitrogen-doped graphene defects (N3V1 and N4V2 pyridinic, and N3V1 and N3V3 pyrrolic) and benzene have been investigated by applying density functional theory (DFT), together with the vdW-DF correction. We discovered that only the N3V3 pyrrolic defect is a reactive site (6π-component), forming a cycloadduct with benzene (4π-component) that has energy barriers below 154.38 kJ mol-1 (1.60 eV). The conduction and valence bands (HOMO and LUMO) for N3V3 form a degenerate pair of orbitals at the gamma point, with the same ionization potential (IP) and electron affinity (EA). Likewise, inspection of the orbital symmetries for both systems confirms that these must undergo concerted reactions based on the Woodward and Hoffmann principles of orbital symmetry, with the appropriate orbital occupancies. This is the first time that substitutionally doped graphene has been demonstrated to participate as a 6π-component for cycloaddition reactions with benzene.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Rangel-Cortes
- Escuela Superior Apan, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo. Carretera Apan-Capulalpan s/n, Colonia, 43920 Chimalpa Tlalayote, Hgo, Mexico.
| | - J A Pescador-Rojas
- Escuela Superior Apan, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo. Carretera Apan-Capulalpan s/n, Colonia, 43920 Chimalpa Tlalayote, Hgo, Mexico.
| | - V A Cardozo-Mata
- Escuela Superior Apan, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo. Carretera Apan-Capulalpan s/n, Colonia, 43920 Chimalpa Tlalayote, Hgo, Mexico.
| | - A Hernández-Hernández
- Escuela Superior Apan, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo. Carretera Apan-Capulalpan s/n, Colonia, 43920 Chimalpa Tlalayote, Hgo, Mexico.
| | - E Vallejo-Castañeda
- Escuela Superior Apan, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo. Carretera Apan-Capulalpan s/n, Colonia, 43920 Chimalpa Tlalayote, Hgo, Mexico.
| | - L A Hernández-Hernández
- Escuela Superior Apan, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo. Carretera Apan-Capulalpan s/n, Colonia, 43920 Chimalpa Tlalayote, Hgo, Mexico.
| | - T Romero-Cortes
- Escuela Superior Apan, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo. Carretera Apan-Capulalpan s/n, Colonia, 43920 Chimalpa Tlalayote, Hgo, Mexico.
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9
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Wang WW, Shang FL, Zhao X. Switchable (2 + 2) and (4 + 2) Cycloadditions on Boron Nitride Nanotubes under Oriented External Electric Fields: A Mechanistic Study. J Org Chem 2021; 86:3785-3791. [PMID: 33595307 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The (2 + 2) and (4 + 2) cycloadditions are important approaches for the functional derivatizations of nanocarbon and hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) materials. However, as two competing reactions with similar reactivity, it is difficult to control the type of reactions and the corresponding adducts in practice. Here, we introduced a mechanistic study of the oriented external electric field (OEEF)-modulated cycloadditions of pristine and substituted benzynes on the zigzag boron nitride nanotubes. Owing to the distinct charge transfer directions between the competing (2 + 2) and (4 + 2) reactions and the resultant distinct responses of the barriers to the fields along the tube axis, we found that OEEF plays opposing catalytic roles in these two types of reactions and the effect of electric field as a catalyst or inhibitor can be easily reversed by flipping the field vector to achieve selective reactions and products at will.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Aerospace, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.,Institute of Molecular Science & Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Fu-Lin Shang
- State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Aerospace, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Institute of Molecular Science & Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
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10
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Dastani N, Arab A, Raissi H. DFT study of Ni-doped graphene nanosheet as a drug carrier for multiple sclerosis drugs. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2020.113114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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11
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Wang WW, Wang CW, Zheng JJ, Shang FL, Dang JS, Zhao X. Directional Diels-Alder cycloadditions of isoelectronic graphene and hexagonal boron nitride in oriented external electric fields: reaction axis rule vs. polarization axis rule. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:15364-15370. [PMID: 32656551 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr03443f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The present study introduces the mechanisms for the oriented external electric field (OEEF)-participating cycloadditions of nanographene and the analogous hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) nanoflakes. Despite the C-C and B-N pairs being isoelectronic, their different ionicities give rise to their distinct response to applied electric fields. For the nanographene models, the Diels-Alder addition obeyed the reaction axis rule and the activation barrier changed under an OEEF perpendicular to the carbon skeleton for enhanced/reduced intermolecular charge transfer, which provides a feasible strategy for the side-selective derivatization of graphene to obtain one-face-only adducts and Janus bifunctional products. By contrast, for the h-BN models, the variation of the activation barrier was pronounced when the electric field was aligned along the in-plane N-B bond rather than the well-accepted reaction axis. Electronic structure analyses indicated that, because of the opposite electron withdrawing/donating nature of the reacting sites of B/N, an OEEF along the N-B bond was capable of further enhancing the polarization via in-plane intramolecular charge transfer, resulting in a stabilized transition state and notable barrier reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Aerospace, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China and Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Chang-Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Jia-Jia Zheng
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Yoshida Ushinomiya-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Fu-Lin Shang
- State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Aerospace, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Jing-Shuang Dang
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
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12
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Shellard PM, Srisubin T, Hartmann M, Butcher J, Fei F, Cox H, McNamara TP, McArdle T, Shepherd AM, Jacobs RMJ, Waigh TA, Flitsch SL, Blanford CF. A versatile route to edge-specific modifications to pristine graphene by electrophilic aromatic substitution. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE 2020; 55:10284-10302. [PMID: 32536720 PMCID: PMC7266800 DOI: 10.1007/s10853-020-04662-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Electrophilic aromatic substitution produces edge-specific modifications to CVD graphene and graphene nanoplatelets that are suitable for specific attachment of biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa M. Shellard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL UK
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN UK
| | - Thunyaporn Srisubin
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN UK
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL UK
| | - Mirja Hartmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL UK
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN UK
| | - Joseph Butcher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL UK
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN UK
| | - Fan Fei
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN UK
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL UK
| | - Henry Cox
- Biological Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL UK
- Photon Science Institute, University of Manchester, Alan Turing Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL UK
| | - Thomas P. McNamara
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN UK
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL UK
| | - Trevor McArdle
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN UK
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL UK
| | - Ashley M. Shepherd
- Chemical Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA UK
| | - Robert M. J. Jacobs
- Chemical Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA UK
| | - Thomas A. Waigh
- Biological Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL UK
- Photon Science Institute, University of Manchester, Alan Turing Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL UK
| | - Sabine L. Flitsch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL UK
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN UK
| | - Christopher F. Blanford
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN UK
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL UK
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13
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Xu J, Zhao X, Liu F, Jin L, Chen G. Preparation of graphene via wet ball milling and in situ reversible modification with the Diels–Alder reaction. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj05309c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Functionalized graphene (G-MA) was prepared by a facile wet ball milling strategy, which achieved exfoliation and functionalization of graphite simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Xu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Huaqiao University
- Xiamen
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaomin Zhao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Huaqiao University
- Xiamen
- P. R. China
| | - Feixiang Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Huaqiao University
- Xiamen
- P. R. China
| | - Lun Jin
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Huaqiao University
- Xiamen
- P. R. China
| | - Guohua Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Huaqiao University
- Xiamen
- P. R. China
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14
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Denis PA, Ullah S, Iribarne F. Reduction chemistry of hexagonal boron nitride sheets and graphene: a comparative study on the effect of alkali atom doping on their chemical reactivity. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj00414f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Functionalization of 2D BN dramatically increases the charge donated by lithium and 2D BN is no longer inert!
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo A. Denis
- Computational Nanotechnology
- DETEMA
- Facultad de Química
- UDELAR
- CC 1157
| | - Saif Ullah
- Departamento de Física
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas
- Campus Universitário
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora
- Juiz de Fora
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15
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Denis PA, Iribarne F. Comparative study of the chemical reactivity of graphene and boron nitride sheets. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2019.112538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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16
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Feng Z, Zuo H, Hu J, Yu B, Ning N, Tian M, Zhang L. In Situ Exfoliation of Graphite into Graphene Nanosheets in Elastomer Composites Based on Diels–Alder Reaction during Melt Blending. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b02580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Cao R, Wang Y, Chen S, Han N, Liu H, Zhang X. Multiresponsive Shape-Stabilized Hexadecyl Acrylate-Grafted Graphene as a Phase Change Material with Enhanced Thermal and Electrical Conductivities. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:8982-8991. [PMID: 30702860 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b18282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A phase change material (PCM) essentially making up hexadecyl acrylate-grafted graphene (HDA- g-GN) was fabricated via a solvent-free Diels-Alder (DA) reaction. The novel material exhibits multiresponsive, enhanced thermal and electrical conductivities and valid thermal enthalpy. In addition, the optimum DA reaction conditions were explored. A variety of characterization techniques were used to study the thermal, crystalline, and structural properties of HDA- g-GN. The melting and crystallizing enthalpies of HDA- g-GN were as high as 57 and 55 J/g, respectively. Furthermore, the melting and freezing points of HDA- g-GN were 29.5 and 32.7 °C, respectively. The thermal conductivity of HDA- g-GN reached 3.957 W/(m K), which is well above that of HDA itself and the previously reported PCMs. HDA- g-GN exhibited an excellent electric conductivity of 219 S/m. Compared to HDA, the crystalline activation energy of HDA- g-GN decreased from 397 to 278 kJ/mol (Kissinger model) and 373 to 259 kJ/mol (Ozawa model). Moreover, HDA- g-GN exhibited excellent thermal stability, shape stability, and thermal reliability. More importantly, HDA- g-GN can be employed to realize high-performance light-to-thermal and electron-to-thermal energy conversion and storage, which provides wide application prospects in energy-saving buildings, battery thermal management system, bioimaging, biomedical devices, as well as real-time and time-resolved applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruirui Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes , Tianjin 300387 , China
- Tianjin Municipal Key Laboratory of Advanced Fiber and Energy Storage Technology , Tianjin 300387 , China
- School of Material Science and Engineering , Tianjin Polytechnic University , Tianjin 300387 , China
| | - Yuzhou Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes , Tianjin 300387 , China
- Tianjin Municipal Key Laboratory of Advanced Fiber and Energy Storage Technology , Tianjin 300387 , China
- School of Material Science and Engineering , Tianjin Polytechnic University , Tianjin 300387 , China
| | - Sai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes , Tianjin 300387 , China
- Tianjin Municipal Key Laboratory of Advanced Fiber and Energy Storage Technology , Tianjin 300387 , China
- School of Material Science and Engineering , Tianjin Polytechnic University , Tianjin 300387 , China
| | - Na Han
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes , Tianjin 300387 , China
- Tianjin Municipal Key Laboratory of Advanced Fiber and Energy Storage Technology , Tianjin 300387 , China
- School of Material Science and Engineering , Tianjin Polytechnic University , Tianjin 300387 , China
| | - Haihui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes , Tianjin 300387 , China
- Tianjin Municipal Key Laboratory of Advanced Fiber and Energy Storage Technology , Tianjin 300387 , China
- School of Material Science and Engineering , Tianjin Polytechnic University , Tianjin 300387 , China
| | - Xingxiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes , Tianjin 300387 , China
- Tianjin Municipal Key Laboratory of Advanced Fiber and Energy Storage Technology , Tianjin 300387 , China
- School of Material Science and Engineering , Tianjin Polytechnic University , Tianjin 300387 , China
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18
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Abstract
By means of first principles calculations we studied the occurrence of cycloaddition reactions on the buffer layer of silicon carbide. Interestingly, the presence of the substrate favors the 1,3 cycloaddition instead of the [2+2] or [4+2] ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo A. Denis
- Computational Nanotechnology
- DETEMA
- Facultad de Química
- UDELAR
- 11800 Montevideo
| | - C. Pereyra Huelmo
- Computational Nanotechnology
- DETEMA
- Facultad de Química
- UDELAR
- 11800 Montevideo
| | - Federico Iribarne
- Computational Nanotechnology
- DETEMA
- Facultad de Química
- UDELAR
- 11800 Montevideo
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19
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Sulleiro MV, Quiroga S, Peña D, Pérez D, Guitián E, Criado A, Prato M. Microwave-induced covalent functionalization of few-layer graphene with arynes under solvent-free conditions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:2086-2089. [PMID: 29334096 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc08676h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A non-conventional modification of exfoliated few-layer graphene (FLG) with different arynes under microwave (MW) irradiation and solvent-free conditions is reported. The described approach allows reaching fast, efficient and mild covalent functionalization of FLG.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Sulleiro
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Piazzale Europa, 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
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20
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Song YD, Wang L, Wu LM. Theoretical study of the CO, NO, and N2 adsorptions on Li-decorated graphene and boron-doped graphene. CAN J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2017-0346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The adsorption properties of common gas molecules (CO, NO, and N2) on the surface of Li-decorated pristine graphene and Li-decorated boron doped graphene are investigated using density functional theory. The adsorption energy, charge transfer, and density of states of gas molecules on three surfaces have been calculated and discussed, respectively. The results show that Li-decorated pristine graphene has strong interaction with CO and N2. Compared with Li-decorated pristine graphene, Li-decorated boron doped graphene exhibit a comparable adsorption ability of CO and N2. Moreover, Li-decorated boron doped graphene have a more significant adsorption energy to NO than that of Li-decorated pristine graphene because of the chemical interaction of the NO gas molecule. The strong interaction between the NO molecule and substrate (Li-decorated boron doped graphene) induces dramatic changes to the electrical conductivity of Li-decorated boron doped graphene. The results indicate that Li-decorated boron doped graphene would be an excellent candidate for sensing NO gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Dong Song
- College of Mathematics and Physics, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou, Fujian 350118, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liang Wang
- School of Humanities, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou, Fujian 350118, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li-Ming Wu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemistry and Physics, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People’s Republic of China
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo A. Denis
- Computational Nanotechnology, DETEMA; Facultad de Química, UDELAR, CC 1157; 11800 Montevideo Uruguay
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22
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Girish YR, Pandit S, Pandit S, De M. Graphene Oxide as a Carbocatalyst for a Diels-Alder Reaction in an Aqueous Medium. Chem Asian J 2017; 12:2393-2398. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201701072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yarabhally R. Girish
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore 560012 Karnataka India
| | - Subrata Pandit
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore 560012 Karnataka India
| | - Subhendu Pandit
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore 560012 Karnataka India
| | - Mrinmoy De
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore 560012 Karnataka India
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23
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24
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Lazar IM, Rostas AM, Straub PS, Schleicher E, Weber S, Mülhaupt R. Simple Covalent Attachment of Redox-Active Nitroxyl Radicals to Graphene via Diels-Alder Cycloaddition. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201700050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ion-Matei Lazar
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF) and Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry; University of Freiburg; Stefan-Meier-Str. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Arpad M. Rostas
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie; University of Freiburg; Albertstr. 11 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Paula S. Straub
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF) and Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry; University of Freiburg; Stefan-Meier-Str. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Erik Schleicher
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie; University of Freiburg; Albertstr. 11 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Stefan Weber
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie; University of Freiburg; Albertstr. 11 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Rolf Mülhaupt
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF) and Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry; University of Freiburg; Stefan-Meier-Str. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
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25
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Chamberlain T, Biskupek J, Skowron ST, Markevich AV, Kurasch S, Reimer O, Walker KE, Rance GA, Feng X, Müllen K, Turchanin A, Lebedeva MA, Majouga AG, Nenajdenko VG, Kaiser U, Besley E, Khlobystov AN. Stop-Frame Filming and Discovery of Reactions at the Single-Molecule Level by Transmission Electron Microscopy. ACS NANO 2017; 11:2509-2520. [PMID: 28191929 PMCID: PMC5371926 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b08228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We report an approach, named chemTEM, to follow chemical transformations at the single-molecule level with the electron beam of a transmission electron microscope (TEM) applied as both a tunable source of energy and a sub-angstrom imaging probe. Deposited on graphene, disk-shaped perchlorocoronene molecules are precluded from intermolecular interactions. This allows monomolecular transformations to be studied at the single-molecule level in real time and reveals chlorine elimination and reactive aryne formation as a key initial stage of multistep reactions initiated by the 80 keV e-beam. Under the same conditions, perchlorocoronene confined within a nanotube cavity, where the molecules are situated in very close proximity to each other, enables imaging of intermolecular reactions, starting with the Diels-Alder cycloaddition of a generated aryne, followed by rearrangement of the angular adduct to a planar polyaromatic structure and the formation of a perchlorinated zigzag nanoribbon of graphene as the final product. ChemTEM enables the entire process of polycondensation, including the formation of metastable intermediates, to be captured in a one-shot "movie". A molecule with a similar size and shape but with a different chemical composition, octathio[8]circulene, under the same conditions undergoes another type of polycondensation via thiyl biradical generation and subsequent reaction leading to polythiophene nanoribbons with irregular edges incorporating bridging sulfur atoms. Graphene or carbon nanotubes supporting the individual molecules during chemTEM studies ensure that the elastic interactions of the molecules with the e-beam are the dominant forces that initiate and drive the reactions we image. Our ab initio DFT calculations explicitly incorporating the e-beam in the theoretical model correlate with the chemTEM observations and give a mechanism for direct control not only of the type of the reaction but also of the reaction rate. Selection of the appropriate e-beam energy and control of the dose rate in chemTEM enabled imaging of reactions on a time frame commensurate with TEM image capture rates, revealing atomistic mechanisms of previously unknown processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas
W. Chamberlain
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
- Institute
of Process Research and Development, School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United
Kingdom
| | - Johannes Biskupek
- Central
Facility of Electron Microscopy, Electron Microscopy Group of Materials
Science, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Stephen T. Skowron
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | | | - Simon Kurasch
- Central
Facility of Electron Microscopy, Electron Microscopy Group of Materials
Science, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Oliver Reimer
- Faculty
of Physics, University of Bielefeld, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Kate E. Walker
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Graham A. Rance
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center
for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Department of Chemistry
and Food Chemistry, Technische Universitaet
Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck
Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Andrey Turchanin
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller
University Jena, Lessingstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Maria A. Lebedeva
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander G. Majouga
- Department
of Chemistry, Moscow M.V. Lomonosov State
University, Leninskiye Gory, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - Valentin G. Nenajdenko
- Department
of Chemistry, Moscow M.V. Lomonosov State
University, Leninskiye Gory, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - Ute Kaiser
- Central
Facility of Electron Microscopy, Electron Microscopy Group of Materials
Science, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Elena Besley
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Andrei N. Khlobystov
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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26
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Daukiya L, Mattioli C, Aubel D, Hajjar-Garreau S, Vonau F, Denys E, Reiter G, Fransson J, Perrin E, Bocquet ML, Bena C, Gourdon A, Simon L. Covalent Functionalization by Cycloaddition Reactions of Pristine Defect-Free Graphene. ACS NANO 2017; 11:627-634. [PMID: 28027437 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b06913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Based on a low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy study, we present a direct visualization of a cycloaddition reaction performed for some specific fluorinated maleimide molecules deposited on graphene. Up to now, it was widely admitted that such a cycloaddition reaction can not happen without pre-existing defects. However, our study shows that the cycloaddition reaction can be carried out on a defect-free basal graphene plane at room temperature. In the course of covalently grafting the molecules to graphene, the sp2 conjugation of carbon atoms was broken, and local sp3 bonds were created. The grafted molecules perturbed the graphene lattice, generating a standing-wave pattern with an anisotropy which was attributed to a (1,2) cycloaddition, as revealed by T-matrix approximation calculations. DFT calculations showed that while both (1,4) and (1,2) cycloadditions were possible on free-standing graphene, only the (1,2) cycloaddition could be obtained for graphene on SiC(0001). Globally averaging spectroscopic techniques, XPS and ARPES, were used to determine the modification in the elemental composition of the samples induced by the reaction, indicating an opening of an electronic gap in graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshya Daukiya
- Institut de Sciences des Matériaux de Mulhouse, CNRS-UMR 7361, Université de Haute Alsace , 3Bis, rue Alfred Werner, Mulhouse 68093, France
| | - Cristina Mattioli
- Nanosciences group, CEMES CNRS-UPR 8011 , 29 Rue Jeanne Marvig, BP 94347, Toulouse 31055, France
| | - Dominique Aubel
- Institut de Sciences des Matériaux de Mulhouse, CNRS-UMR 7361, Université de Haute Alsace , 3Bis, rue Alfred Werner, Mulhouse 68093, France
| | - Samar Hajjar-Garreau
- Institut de Sciences des Matériaux de Mulhouse, CNRS-UMR 7361, Université de Haute Alsace , 3Bis, rue Alfred Werner, Mulhouse 68093, France
| | - François Vonau
- Institut de Sciences des Matériaux de Mulhouse, CNRS-UMR 7361, Université de Haute Alsace , 3Bis, rue Alfred Werner, Mulhouse 68093, France
| | - Emmanuel Denys
- Institut de Sciences des Matériaux de Mulhouse, CNRS-UMR 7361, Université de Haute Alsace , 3Bis, rue Alfred Werner, Mulhouse 68093, France
| | - Günter Reiter
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg , Hermann-Herder-Strasse 3, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Jonas Fransson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University , Box 516, Uppsala SE-751 21, Sweden
| | - Elsa Perrin
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Département de Chimie , Pasteur, 24, rue Lhomond, Paris 75005, France
| | - Marie-Laure Bocquet
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Département de Chimie , Pasteur, 24, rue Lhomond, Paris 75005, France
| | - Cristina Bena
- Institut de Physique Théorique, CEA/Saclay , Orme des Merisiers, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex 91190, France
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, CNRS, UMR-8502 , Paris Sud, Orsay Cedex 91405, France
| | - André Gourdon
- Nanosciences group, CEMES CNRS-UPR 8011 , 29 Rue Jeanne Marvig, BP 94347, Toulouse 31055, France
| | - Laurent Simon
- Institut de Sciences des Matériaux de Mulhouse, CNRS-UMR 7361, Université de Haute Alsace , 3Bis, rue Alfred Werner, Mulhouse 68093, France
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27
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Tang S, Wu W, Liu L, Cao Z, Wei X, Chen Z. Diels–Alder reactions of graphene oxides: greatly enhanced chemical reactivity by oxygen-containing groups. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:11142-11151. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp01086a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen-containing groups of graphene oxides greatly enhanced the Diels–Alder (DA) reactivity of pristine graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaobin Tang
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province
- Gannan Normal University
- Ganzhou 341000
- China
| | - Weihua Wu
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province
- Gannan Normal University
- Ganzhou 341000
- China
| | - Liangxian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province
- Gannan Normal University
- Ganzhou 341000
- China
| | - Zexing Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
- China
| | - Xiaoxuan Wei
- Department of Chemistry
- Institute for Functional Nanomaterials
- University of Puerto Rico
- San Juan
- USA
| | - Zhongfang Chen
- Department of Chemistry
- Institute for Functional Nanomaterials
- University of Puerto Rico
- San Juan
- USA
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28
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Zhang X, Cong Y, Zhang B. Reduced graphene oxide/liquid crystalline oligomer composites based on reversible covalent chemistry. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:6082-6089. [PMID: 28191559 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp07622j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Zhang
- Center for Molecular Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, 3 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China.
| | - Yuehua Cong
- Center for Molecular Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, 3 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China.
| | - Baoyan Zhang
- Center for Molecular Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, 3 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China.
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29
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Kudur Jayaprakash G, Casillas N, Astudillo-Sánchez PD, Flores-Moreno R. Role of Defects on Regioselectivity of Nano Pristine Graphene. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:9101-9108. [PMID: 27797503 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b08810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gururaj Kudur Jayaprakash
- Departamento
de Ingeniería de Proyectos, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Boulevard Marcelino García
Barragán 1421, Guadalajara, Jalisco, C.P. 44430, Mexico
| | - Norberto Casillas
- Departamento
de Química, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad Guadalajara, Boulevard Marcelino García
Barragán 1421, Guadalajara, Jalisco, C.P. 44430, Mexico
| | - Pablo D. Astudillo-Sánchez
- Departamento
de Ingenierías, Centro Universitario de Tonalá, Universidad Guadalajara, Av. Nuevo Periférico No. 555, Ejido San
José Tatepozco, Tonalá, Jalisco, C.P. 48525, Mexico
| | - Roberto Flores-Moreno
- Departamento
de Química, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad Guadalajara, Boulevard Marcelino García
Barragán 1421, Guadalajara, Jalisco, C.P. 44430, Mexico
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo A. Denis
- Computational Nanotechnology, DETEMA; Facultad de Química, UDELAR, CC 1157; 11800 Montevideo Uruguay
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31
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Li J, Li M, Zhou LL, Lang SY, Lu HY, Wang D, Chen CF, Wan LJ. Click and Patterned Functionalization of Graphene by Diels–Alder Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:7448-51. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b02209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Key
Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology and Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of CAS, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Meng Li
- Key
Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology and Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Li-Li Zhou
- University of CAS, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Shuang-Yan Lang
- Key
Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology and Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of CAS, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Yan Lu
- University of CAS, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Dong Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology and Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Chuan-Feng Chen
- Key
Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology and Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Li-Jun Wan
- Key
Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology and Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, P. R. China
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32
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Zhang X, Cong Y, Zhang B. Covalent modification of reduced graphene oxide by chiral side-chain liquid crystalline oligomer via Diels–Alder reaction. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra20891f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
RGO was dispersed in the CSLCO matrix via DA reaction, and the composites have excellent properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Zhang
- Center for Molecular Science and Engineering
- Northeastern University
- Shenyang 110819
- P. R. China
| | - Yuehua Cong
- Center for Molecular Science and Engineering
- Northeastern University
- Shenyang 110819
- P. R. China
| | - Baoyan Zhang
- Center for Molecular Science and Engineering
- Northeastern University
- Shenyang 110819
- P. R. China
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33
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Willocq B, Lemaur V, El Garah M, Ciesielski A, Samorì P, Raquez JM, Dubois P, Cornil J. The role of curvature in Diels–Alder functionalization of carbon-based materials. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:7608-11. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc01427e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We have estimated theoretically the impact of curvature on the free energies of activation and reaction associated with Diels–Alder reactions on carbon-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Willocq
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials (LPCM)
- Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP)
- University of Mons
- B-7000 Mons
- Belgium
| | - V. Lemaur
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials
- Center for Research in Molecular Electronics and Photonics
- University of Mons
- B-7000 Mons
- Belgium
| | - M. El Garah
- ISIS & ICFRC
- University of Strasbourg & CNRS
- 67000 Strasbourg
- France
| | - A. Ciesielski
- ISIS & ICFRC
- University of Strasbourg & CNRS
- 67000 Strasbourg
- France
| | - P. Samorì
- ISIS & ICFRC
- University of Strasbourg & CNRS
- 67000 Strasbourg
- France
| | - J.-M. Raquez
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials (LPCM)
- Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP)
- University of Mons
- B-7000 Mons
- Belgium
| | - Ph. Dubois
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials (LPCM)
- Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP)
- University of Mons
- B-7000 Mons
- Belgium
| | - J. Cornil
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials
- Center for Research in Molecular Electronics and Photonics
- University of Mons
- B-7000 Mons
- Belgium
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34
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Barrejón M, Gómez-Escalonilla MJ, Fierro JLG, Prieto P, Carrillo JR, Rodríguez AM, Abellán G, López-Escalante MC, Gabás M, López-Navarrete JT, Langa F. Modulation of the exfoliated graphene work function through cycloaddition of nitrile imines. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:29582-29590. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp05285a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition between nitrile imines and graphene is studied. The work function of functionalized-graphene depends on the nature of functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Barrejón
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha
- Instituto de Nanociencia, Nanotecnología y Materiales Moleculares (INAMOL)
- Toledo
- Spain
| | - María J. Gómez-Escalonilla
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha
- Instituto de Nanociencia, Nanotecnología y Materiales Moleculares (INAMOL)
- Toledo
- Spain
| | | | - Pilar Prieto
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Inorgánica y Bioquímica
- Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha
- Campus Universitario
| | - José R. Carrillo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Inorgánica y Bioquímica
- Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha
- Campus Universitario
| | - Antonio M. Rodríguez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Inorgánica y Bioquímica
- Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha
- Campus Universitario
| | - Gonzalo Abellán
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP)
- Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg
- Henkestrasse
- 42
- 91054 Erlangen and Dr.-Mack Strasse 81
| | - Ma Cruz López-Escalante
- Unidad de Nanotecnología - The Nanotech Unit Dpto. Ingeniería Química
- Lab. Materiales & Superficies
- Universidad de Málaga
- 29071 Málaga
- Spain
| | - Mercedes Gabás
- Unidad de Nanotecnología - The Nanotech Unit Dpto. Física Aplicada I
- Lab. Materiales & Superficies
- Universidad de Málaga
- 29071 Málaga
- Spain
| | | | - Fernando Langa
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha
- Instituto de Nanociencia, Nanotecnología y Materiales Moleculares (INAMOL)
- Toledo
- Spain
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35
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Chaban VV, Prezhdo OV. Synergistic Amination of Graphene: Molecular Dynamics and Thermodynamics. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:4397-403. [PMID: 26495805 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b02206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Functionalization of graphene using organic moieties constitutes an affordable way to modulate its physical and chemical properties. Finding an exact structural formula of functionalized graphene using experimental approaches is challenging. We studied in detail the thermal stability and thermodynamics of amino- and ethylamino-graphene and found a surprising synergistic effect: more amino groups stabilize functionalized graphene favoring further amination, whereas a small concentration of amino groups is unstable in many cases. The functional groups can be attached either on the same side or simultaneously on different sides of the graphene sheet. Deformation of functionalized graphene is proportional to the number of amino groups. Complete amination leading to formation of the ultimate product, Cx(NH2)x, is hindered sterically. Our study assists in the determination of the structure of chemically modified graphene and makes specific predictions that can be tested and validated experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly V Chaban
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo , 12231-280 São José dos Campos, SP Brazil
| | - Oleg V Prezhdo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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36
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Neri G, Scala A, Fazio E, Mineo PG, Rescifina A, Piperno A, Grassi G. Repurposing of oxazolone chemistry: gaining access to functionalized graphene nanosheets in a top-down approach from graphite. Chem Sci 2015; 6:6961-6970. [PMID: 29861934 PMCID: PMC5951103 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc02576a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Solvent-free 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions of graphite flakes and mesoionic oxazolones lead to the direct functionalization and delamination of graphite flakes into few layers of graphene nanosheets.
Solvent-free 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition (1,3-DC) reactions between graphite flakes and mesoionic oxazolones were carried out by heating the resulting solid mixture at mild temperatures (70–120 °C). The direct functionalization and delamination of graphite flakes into few layers of graphene nanosheets was confirmed by micro-Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies, scanning transmission electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The 1,3-DC reactions of mesoionic dipoles have been investigated with density functional theory to model graphene, exploring three different pathways: center, corner and edge. These theoretical calculations highlighted that the 1,3-DC reaction can proceed both through a concerted mechanism competing with a stepwise one involving a zwitterionic intermediate. The irreversible decarboxylation inherent in the last step justifies the high degree of functionalization experimentally observed, representing the driving force of the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Neri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche , Università di Messina , Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres 31 , 98166 Messina , Italy . ; ; Tel: +39 0906765173
| | - Angela Scala
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche , Università di Messina , Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres 31 , 98166 Messina , Italy . ; ; Tel: +39 0906765173
| | - Enza Fazio
- Dipartimento di Fisica e di Scienze della Terra , Università di Messina , V.le F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31 , 98166 Messina , Italy
| | - Placido G Mineo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche , Università di Catania , V.le A. Doria 6 , 95125 Catania , Italy
| | - Antonio Rescifina
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco , Università di Catania , V.le A. Doria 6 , 95125 Catania , Italy
| | - Anna Piperno
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche , Università di Messina , Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres 31 , 98166 Messina , Italy . ; ; Tel: +39 0906765173
| | - Giovanni Grassi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche , Università di Messina , Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres 31 , 98166 Messina , Italy . ; ; Tel: +39 0906765173
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37
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Ji Z, Chen J, Huang L, Shi G. High-yield production of highly conductive graphene via reversible covalent chemistry. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:2806-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc09144b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A reversible covalent strategy based on the Diels–Alder reaction of graphite and tetracyanoethylene has been developed for the high-yield production of high-quality few-layer graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Ji
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- People's Republic of China
| | - Ji Chen
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Huang
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- People's Republic of China
| | - Gaoquan Shi
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- People's Republic of China
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38
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Lee J, Min KA, Hong S, Kim G. Ab initio study of adsorption properties of hazardous organic molecules on graphene: Phenol, phenyl azide, and phenylnitrene. Chem Phys Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2014.10.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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39
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Naderi F, Ghafouri R, Ektefa F. 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition in Stone–Wales Defective Carbon Nanotubes: A Computational Study. J CLUST SCI 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-014-0827-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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40
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Denis PA. Chemical Reactivity and Band-Gap Opening of Graphene Doped with Gallium, Germanium, Arsenic, and Selenium Atoms. Chemphyschem 2014; 15:3994-4000. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201402608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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41
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Navalon S, Dhakshinamoorthy A, Alvaro M, Garcia H. Carbocatalysis by Graphene-Based Materials. Chem Rev 2014; 114:6179-212. [DOI: 10.1021/cr4007347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 525] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Navalon
- Instituto
Universitario de Tecnología Química CSIC-UPV and Departamento
de Química, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Avenida
de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Amarajothi Dhakshinamoorthy
- Centre
for Green Chemistry Processes, School of Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625 021, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mercedes Alvaro
- Instituto
Universitario de Tecnología Química CSIC-UPV and Departamento
de Química, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Avenida
de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Hermenegildo Garcia
- Instituto
Universitario de Tecnología Química CSIC-UPV and Departamento
de Química, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Avenida
de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
- Center
of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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42
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[2+1] Cycloaddition of dichlorocarbene to finite-size graphene sheets: DFT study. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-014-1181-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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43
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Seo JM, Baek JB. A solvent-free Diels–Alder reaction of graphite into functionalized graphene nanosheets. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:14651-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc07173e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A solvent-free Diels–Alder reaction between graphite as a diene and a typical dienophile, maleic anhydride or maleimide is developed. The functionalization of graphite with dienophiles is efficient enough for delamination of graphitic layers into graphene nanosheets upon dispersion in a polar solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Min Seo
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering/Low-Dimensional Carbon Materials Center
- Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST)
- Ulsan 689-798, South Korea
| | - Jong-Beom Baek
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering/Low-Dimensional Carbon Materials Center
- Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST)
- Ulsan 689-798, South Korea
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44
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Cao Y, Osuna S, Liang Y, Haddon RC, Houk KN. Diels-Alder reactions of graphene: computational predictions of products and sites of reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:17643-9. [PMID: 24159929 DOI: 10.1021/ja410225u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The cycloaddition reactions and noncovalent π interactions of 2,3-dimethoxybutadiene (DMBD), 9-methylanthracene (MeA), tetracyanoethylene (TCNE), and maleic anhydride (MA) with graphene models have been investigated using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Reaction enthalpies have been obtained to assess the reactivity and selectivity of covalent and noncovalent functionalization. Results indicate that graphene edges may be functionalized by the four reagents through cycloaddition reactions, while the interior regions cannot react. Noncovalent complexation is much more favorable than cycloaddition reactions on interior bonds of graphene. The relative reactivities of different sites in graphene are related to loss of aromaticity and can be predicted using Hückel molecular orbital (HMO) localization energy calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Cao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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