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Ventura B, Veclani D, Venturini A, Armaroli N, Baroncini M, Ceroni P, Marchini M. Elucidating the Excited State Behavior of Pyridyl Pyridinium Systems via Computational and Transient Absorption Studies of Tetrahedral Multichromophoric Arrays and their Model Compounds. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301853. [PMID: 37563909 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
The tetrahedral shape-persistent molecule 14+ , containing four identical pyridyl pyridinium units connected via a sp3 hybridized carbon atom, has been investigated in detail by means of steady-state and time resolved spectroscopy. Remarkable photophysical properties are observed, particularly in comparison with protonated and methylated analogues (1H4 8+ , 1Me4 8+ ), which exhibit substantially shorter excited state lifetimes and lower emission quantum yields. Theoretical studies have rationalized the behavior of the tetrameric molecules relative to the monomers, with DFT and TD-DFT calculations corroborating steady-state (absorption and emission) and transient absorption spectra. The behavior of the monomeric compounds (each consisting in one of the four identical subunits of the tetramers, i. e., 2+ , 2H2+ and 2Me2+ ) considerably differs from that of the tetramers, indicating a strong electronic interaction between the subunits in the tetrameric species, likely promoted by the homoconjugation through the connecting sp3 C atom. 2+ is characterized by a peculiar S1 -S2 excited state inversion, whereas the short-lived emitting S1 state of 2H2+ and 2Me2+ exhibits a partial charge-transfer character, as substantiated by spectro-electrochemical studies. Among the six investigated systems, only 14+ is a sizeable luminophore (Φem =0.15), which is related to the peculiar features of its singlet state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Ventura
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISOF-CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniele Veclani
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISOF-CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandro Venturini
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISOF-CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Nicola Armaroli
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISOF-CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimo Baroncini
- CLAN-Center for Light Activated Nanostructures, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISOF-CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-alimentari, Università di Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 50, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paola Ceroni
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Università di Bologna, Via F. Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marianna Marchini
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Università di Bologna, Via F. Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
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Villa M, Ceroni P, Fermi A. Tetrachromophoric Systems Based on Rigid Tetraphenylmethane (TPM) and Tetraphenylethylene (TPE) Scaffolds. Chempluschem 2022; 87:e202100558. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202100558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Villa
- Universita di Bologna Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician" ITALY
| | - Paola Ceroni
- Universita di Bologna Depatment of Chemistry "G. Ciamician" ITALY
| | - Andrea Fermi
- Universita degli Studi di Bologna Dipartimento di Chimica Giacomo Ciamician Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician" via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna ITALY
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Marchini M, Luisa A, Bergamini G, Armaroli N, Ventura B, Baroncini M, Demitri N, Iengo E, Ceroni P. Giant Shape-Persistent Tetrahedral Porphyrin System: Light-Induced Charge Separation. Chemistry 2021; 27:16250-16259. [PMID: 34431140 PMCID: PMC9293204 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Tetraphenylmethane appended with four pyridylpyridinium units works as a scaffold to self‐assemble four ruthenium porphyrins in a tetrahedral shape‐persistent giant architecture. The resulting supramolecular structure has been characterised in the solid state by X‐ray single crystal analysis and in solution by various techniques. Multinuclear NMR spectroscopy confirms the 1 : 4 stoichiometry with the formation of a highly symmetric structure. The self‐assembly process can be monitored by changes of the redox potentials, as well as by modifications in the visible absorption spectrum of the ruthenium porphyrin and by a complete quenching of both the bright fluorescence of the tetracationic scaffold and the weak phosphorescence of the ruthenium porphyrin. An ultrafast photoinduced electron transfer is responsible for this quenching process. The lifetime of the resulting charge separated state (800 ps) is about four times longer in the giant supramolecular structure compared to the model 1 : 1 complex formed by the ruthenium porphyrin and a single pyridylpyridinium unit. Electron delocalization over the tetrameric pyridinium structure is likely to be responsible for this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Marchini
- Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandra Luisa
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giacomo Bergamini
- Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Nicola Armaroli
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISOF-CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Barbara Ventura
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISOF-CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimo Baroncini
- Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-Alimentari, Università di Bologna, Viale Fanin 44, 40127, Bologna, Italy.,CLAN-Center for Light Activated Nanostructures, ISOF-CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Nicola Demitri
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, S.S. 14 Km 163.5 in Area Science Park, 34149, Basovizza-Trieste, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Iengo
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Paola Ceroni
- Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
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Yang X, Cheng Q, Monnier V, Charles L, Karoui H, Ouari O, Gigmes D, Wang R, Kermagoret A, Bardelang D. Guest Exchange by a Partial Energy Ratchet in Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202014399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yang
- Aix Marseille Univ CNRS ICR Marseille France
| | - Qian Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences University of Macau Avenida da Universidade Taipa Macau China
| | - Valerie Monnier
- Aix Marseille Univ CNRS Centrale Marseille, FSCM Spectropole Marseille France
| | | | | | | | | | - Ruibing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences University of Macau Avenida da Universidade Taipa Macau China
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Yang X, Cheng Q, Monnier V, Charles L, Karoui H, Ouari O, Gigmes D, Wang R, Kermagoret A, Bardelang D. Guest Exchange by a Partial Energy Ratchet in Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:6617-6623. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202014399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yang
- Aix Marseille Univ CNRS ICR Marseille France
| | - Qian Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences University of Macau Avenida da Universidade Taipa Macau China
| | - Valerie Monnier
- Aix Marseille Univ CNRS Centrale Marseille, FSCM Spectropole Marseille France
| | | | | | | | | | - Ruibing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences University of Macau Avenida da Universidade Taipa Macau China
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Zheng Y, Kaifer AE. Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Binding between Zwitterionic Viologen Guests and the Cucurbit[7]uril Host. J Org Chem 2020; 85:10240-10244. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yeting Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33124, United States
| | - Angel E. Kaifer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33124, United States
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Yu SB, Qi Q, Yang B, Wang H, Zhang DW, Liu Y, Li ZT. Enhancing Hydrogen Generation Through Nanoconfinement of Sensitizers and Catalysts in a Homogeneous Supramolecular Organic Framework. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1801037. [PMID: 29767476 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201801037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Enrichment of molecular photosensitizers and catalysts in a confined nanospace is conducive for photocatalytic reactions due to improved photoexcited electron transfer from photosensitizers to catalysts. Herein, the self-assembly of a highly stable 3D supramolecular organic framework from a rigid bipyridine-derived tetrahedral monomer and cucurbit[8]uril in water, and its efficient and simultaneous intake of both [Ru(bpy)3 ]2+ -based photosensitizers and various polyoxometalates, that can take place at very low loading, are reported. The enrichment substantially increases the apparent concentration of both photosensitizer and catalyst in the interior of the framework, which leads to a recyclable, homogeneous, visible light-driven photocatalytic system with 110-fold increase of the turnover number for the hydrogen evolution reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Bo Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fudan University, 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Qi Qi
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fudan University, 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fudan University, 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fudan University, 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Dan-Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fudan University, 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yi Liu
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Zhan-Ting Li
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fudan University, 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
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Marchini M, Baroncini M, Bergamini G, Ceroni P, D'Angelantonio M, Franchi P, Lucarini M, Negri F, Szreder T, Venturi M. Hierarchical Growth of Supramolecular Structures Driven by Pimerization of Tetrahedrally Arranged Bipyridinium Units. Chemistry 2017; 23:6380-6390. [PMID: 28263437 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A shape-persistent molecule, featuring four bipyridinium units, has been synthesized that upon reduction undergoes intermolecular pimerization because of the rigid architecture of the molecule. The pimerization process has been investigated by a variety of techniques, such as absorption measurements, EPR spectroscopy, as well as gamma and pulse radiolysis, and compared with the behavior of a model compound. Computational studies have also been performed to support the experimental data. The most interesting feature of the tetramer is that pimerization occurs only above a threshold concentration of monoreduced species, on the contrary to the model compound. Furthermore, there is an increase of the apparent pimerization constant by increasing the concentration of reduced bipyridinium units. These results have been interpreted by the fact that pimerization is favored in the tetrahedrally shaped molecule because of a cooperative mechanism. Each multiply reduced molecule can indeed undergo multiple intermolecular interactions that enhance the stabilization of the system, also leading to hierarchical supramolecular growth. The resulting supramolecular system formed by such intermolecular pimerization should exhibit a diamond-like structure, as suggested by a simplified modeling approach. The intermolecular nature of the pimerization process occurring in the tetramer has been demonstrated by measuring the corresponding bimolecular rate constant by pulsed radiolysis experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Marchini
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimo Baroncini
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy.,Present address: Dipartimento di Scienze e, Tecnologie Agro-alimentari, Università di Bologna, viale Fanin 50, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giacomo Bergamini
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy.,Interuniversity Center for the Chemical Conversion of Solar Energy, Bologna Unit, Università di Bologna, Italy
| | - Paola Ceroni
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy.,Interuniversity Center for the Chemical Conversion of Solar Energy, Bologna Unit, Università di Bologna, Italy
| | - Mila D'Angelantonio
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paola Franchi
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Lucarini
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabrizia Negri
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Tomasz Szreder
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, 16 Dorodna Str., 03-195, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Margherita Venturi
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy.,Interuniversity Center for the Chemical Conversion of Solar Energy, Bologna Unit, Università di Bologna, Italy
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Diniz AM, Basílio N, Cruz H, Pina F, Parola AJ. Spatiotemporal control over the co-conformational switching in pH-responsive flavylium-based multistate pseudorotaxanes. Faraday Discuss 2015; 185:361-79. [PMID: 26395804 DOI: 10.1039/c5fd00078e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A multistate molecular dyad containing flavylium and viologen units was synthesized and the pH dependent thermodynamics of the network completely characterized by a variety of spectroscopic techniques such as NMR, UV-vis and stopped-flow. The flavylium cation is only stable at acidic pH values. Above pH ≈ 5 the hydration of the flavylium leads to the formation of the hemiketal followed by ring-opening tautomerization to give the cis-chalcone. Finally, this last species isomerizes to give the trans-chalcone. For the present system only the flavylium cation and the trans-chalcone species could be detected as being thermodynamically stable. The hemiketal and the cis-chalcone are kinetic intermediates with negligible concentrations at the equilibrium. All stable species of the network were found to form 1 : 1 and 2 : 1 host : guest complexes with cucurbit[7]uril (CB7) with association constants in the ranges 10(5)-10(8) M(-1) and 10(3)-10(4) M(-1), respectively. The 1 : 1 complexes were particularly interesting to devise pH responsive bistable pseudorotaxanes: at basic pH values (≈12) the flavylium cation interconverts into the deprotonated trans-chalcone in a few minutes and under these conditions the CB7 wheel was found to be located around the viologen unit. A decrease in pH to values around 1 regenerates the flavylium cation in seconds and the macrocycle is translocated to the middle of the axle. On the other hand, if the pH is decreased to 6, the deprotonated trans-chalcone is neutralized to give a metastable species that evolves to the thermodynamically stable flavylium cation in ca. 20 hours. By taking advantage of the pH-dependent kinetics of the trans-chalcone/flavylium interconversion, spatiotemporal control of the molecular organization in pseudorotaxane systems can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Marta Diniz
- Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde (LAQV), REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Monte de Caparica, Portugal. and Departamento de Química, Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa - Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nuno Basílio
- Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde (LAQV), REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Monte de Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Hugo Cruz
- Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde (LAQV), REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Monte de Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Fernando Pina
- Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde (LAQV), REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Monte de Caparica, Portugal.
| | - A Jorge Parola
- Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde (LAQV), REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Monte de Caparica, Portugal.
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Kahlfuss C, Métay E, Duclos MC, Lemaire M, Milet A, Saint-Aman E, Bucher C. Chemically and Electrochemically Triggered Assembly of Viologen Radicals: Towards Multiaddressable Molecular Switches. Chemistry 2014; 21:2090-106. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201405157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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