1
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Kumar P, Mathpati RS, Ghule VD, Dharavath S. Synthesis of C-C bonded trifluoromethyl-based high-energy density materials via the ANRORC mechanism. Dalton Trans 2024. [PMID: 39224089 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt02088j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
A trifluoromethyl group substituted C-C bonded nitrogen rich energetic material 3-(3-nitro-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazole (4), its hydroxyl amine (5) and 3,6,7-triamino-7H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b][1,2,4]triazol-2-ium (6) salts and hydrazinium 5-(3-nitro-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-triazol-1-ide (7) were synthesized and fully characterized using infrared spectroscopy (IR), multinuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy (1H, 13C, and 19F), high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), elemental analysis (EA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies. Furthermore, compounds 4 and 7 were confirmed using single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies (SC-XRD). All compounds possess good density (1.70-1.80 g cm-3), detonation velocity (6432-7144 m s-1), pressure (16.38-20.31 GPa), and thermal stability (>170 °C). They are insensitive towards mechanical stimuli, impact (IS > 35 J) and friction (FS > 288 N). Overall, due to their balanced performance, these compounds can be a better replacement for presently used explosives such as trinitrotoluene (TNT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Parasar Kumar
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208016, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Ramling S Mathpati
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208016, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Vikas D Ghule
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra, Kurukshetra-136119, Haryana, India
| | - Srinivas Dharavath
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208016, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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2
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Yi P, Lin C, Yi X, He P, Wang T, Zhang J. Trinitromethyl-Substituted 1 H-1,2,4-Triazole Bridging Nitropyrazole: A Strategy of Utterly Manipulable Nitration Achieving High-Energy Density Material. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38683233 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c04185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Nitro groups have been demonstrated to play a decisive role in the development of the most powerful known energetic materials. Two trinitromethyl-substituted 1H-1,2,4-triazole bridging nitropyrazoles were first synthesized by straightforward routes and were characterized by chemical (MS, NMR, IR spectroscopy, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction) and experimental analysis (sensitivity toward friction, impact, and differential scanning calorimetry-thermogravimetric analysis test). Their detonation properties (detonation pressure, detonation velocity, etc.) were predicted by the EXPLO5 package based on the crystal density and calculated heat of formation with Gaussian 09. These new trinitromethyl triazoles were found to show suitable sensitivities, high density, and highly positive heat of formation. The combination of exceedingly high performances superior to those of HMX (1,3,5,7-tetranitrotetraazacyclooctane), and its straightforward preparation highlights compound 8 as a promising high-energy density material (HEDM). This work supports the effectivity of utterly manipulable nitration and provides a generalizable design synthesis strategy for developing new HEDMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Yi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Chenchen Lin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Xiaoyi Yi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Piao He
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Tingwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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3
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Lin R, Scherschel NF, Zeller M, Hamlin SG, Snyder M, Son S, Ramachandran PV, Piercey DG. Synthesis and Energetic Characterization of Borane-Amines on High-Nitrogen Heterocycles. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:14241-14248. [PMID: 38559918 PMCID: PMC10976356 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c09934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Borane-amines have garnered attention over the last several decades in a variety of applications, ranging from hydrogen storage materials to hypergolic fuel systems. An investigation into the synthesis of borane-amines with high-nitrogen content heterocycles was undertaken in this work. Borane-amines were formed by the reaction of BH3·Me2S in tetrahydrofuran (THF) with the requisite nitrogen-containing heterocycle and isolated by placing the crude reaction mixture in hexanes to precipitate the product. X-ray crystallography, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), high resolution mass spectroscopy (HRMS), 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and 11B NMR were utilized for product characterization, while impact and friction sensitivity testing were conducted to identify sensitivity in the synthesized compounds. Most isolated borane-amines, except one, were found to decompose in the atmosphere and were more sensitive to mechanical stimuli than their starting materials; however, all synthesized compounds were found to be hypergolic in the presence of white fuming nitric acid (WFNA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy Lin
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Nicholas F. Scherschel
- School
of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, 701 West Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Purdue
Energetics Research Center, Purdue University, 205 Gates Road, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Stephen G. Hamlin
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, 585 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Purdue
Energetics Research Center, Purdue University, 205 Gates Road, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Madison Snyder
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Steven Son
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, 585 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Purdue
Energetics Research Center, Purdue University, 205 Gates Road, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - P. Veeraraghavan Ramachandran
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Purdue
Energetics Research Center, Purdue University, 205 Gates Road, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Davin G. Piercey
- School
of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, 701 West Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, 585 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Purdue
Energetics Research Center, Purdue University, 205 Gates Road, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
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4
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Singh J, Staples RJ, Shreeve JM. Manipulating nitration and stabilization to achieve high energy. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadk3754. [PMID: 37967187 PMCID: PMC10651134 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk3754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Nitro groups have played a central and decisive role in the development of the most powerful known energetic materials. Highly nitrated compounds are potential oxidizing agents, which could replace the environmentally hazardous used materials such as ammonium perchlorate. The scarcity of azole compounds with a large number of nitro groups is likely due to their inherent thermal instability and the limited number of ring sites available for bond formation. Now, the formation of the first azole molecule bonded to seven nitro groups, 4-nitro-3,5-bis(trinitromethyl)-1H-pyrazole (4), by the stepwise nitration of 3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole is reported. Compound 4 exhibits exceptional physicochemical properties with a positive oxygen balance (OBCO2 = 13.62%) and an extremely high calculated density (2.04 g cm-3 at 100 K). This is impressively high for a C, H, N, O compound. This work is a giant step forward to highly nitrated and dense azoles and will accelerate further exploration in this challenging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatinder Singh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-2343 USA
| | - Richard J. Staples
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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5
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Meng J, Fei T, Cai J, Lai Q, Zhang J, Pang S, He C. Backbone Isomerization to Enhance Thermal Stability and Decrease Mechanical Sensitivities of 10 Nitro-Substituted Bipyrazoles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:48346-48353. [PMID: 37801729 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c12574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of novel, environmentally friendly, and high-energy oxidizers remains interesting and challenging for replacing halogen-containing ammonium perchloride (AP). The trinitromethyl moiety is one of the most promising substituents for designing high-energy density oxidizers. In this study, a backbone isomerization strategy was utilized to manipulate the properties of 10 nitro group-substituted bipyrazoles containing the largest number of nitro groups among the bis-azole backbones so far. Another advanced high-energy density oxidizer, 3,3',5,5'-tetranitro-1,1'-bis(trinitromethyl)-1H,1'H-4,4'-bipyrazole (3), was designed and synthesized. Compared to the isomer 4,4',5,5'-tetranitro-2,2'-bis(trinitromethyl)-2H,2'H-3,3'-bipyrazole (4) (Td = 125 °C), 3 possesses better thermostability (Td = 156 °C), which is close to that of ammonium dinitramide (ADN) (Td = 159 °C), and it possesses better mechanical sensitivity (impact sensitivity (IS) = 13 J and friction sensitivity (FS) = 240 N) than that of 4 (IS = 9 J and FS = 215 N), thereby demonstrating a promising perspective for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Meng
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Teng Fei
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Xi'an Aerospace Propulsion Test Technique Institute, Xi'an 710100, China
| | - Jinxiong Cai
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qi Lai
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jinya Zhang
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Siping Pang
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chunlin He
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Chongqing Innovation Center, Beijing Institute of Technology, Chongqing 401120, China
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6
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Yang J, Bai T, Guan J, Li M, Zhen Z, Dong X, Wang Y, Wang Y. Novel fluorine-containing energetic materials: how potential are they? A computational study of detonation performance. J Mol Model 2023; 29:228. [PMID: 37405580 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-023-05618-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT High-energy density materials (HEDMs) have emerged as a research focus due to their advantageous ultra-high detonation performance and better sensitivity. The primary aim of this study revolves around crafting HEDMs that strike a delicate balance between exceptional performance and minimal sensitivity. Density functional theory (DFT) was utilized to evaluate the geometric structures, energies, densities, energy properties, and sensitivities of 39 designed derivatives. The theoretical density (ρ) and heat of formation (HOF) were used to estimate the detonation velocity (D) and pressure (P) of the title compounds. Our study shows that the introduction of fluorine-containing substituents or fluorine-free substituents into the CHOFN backbone or the CHON backbone can significantly enhance the detonation performance of derivatives. Derivative B1 exhibits the better overall performance, including superior density, detonation performance, and sensitivity (P = 58.89 GPa, D = 8.02 km/s, ρ = 1.93 g/cm3, and characteristic height H50 = 34.6 cm). Our molecular design strategy contributes to the development of more novel HEDMs with excellent detonation performance and stability. It also marks a significant step towards a material engineering era guided by theory-based rational design. METHODS GaussView 6.0 was used for construction of molecular system coordinates, and Gaussian 16 was used to obtain optimal structures, energies, and volumes of all compounds at the B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p) level of theory. It was characterized to be the local energy minimum on the potential energy surface without imaginary frequencies at the same theory level. Molecular weight, isosurface area, and overall variance were obtained using the Multiwfn 3.3. The detonation properties of the materials were analyzed using the C-J thermodynamic detonation theory. Our broad analysis facilitated an extensive assessment of these properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Tangshan Normal University, Tangshan, 063000, China.
| | - Tiantian Bai
- Department of Chemistry, Tangshan Normal University, Tangshan, 063000, China
| | - Junxia Guan
- Department of Chemistry, Tangshan Normal University, Tangshan, 063000, China
| | - Minbei Li
- Social Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga Campus, Toronto, L5L 0B8, Canada
| | - Ziyu Zhen
- Sociology Department, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 2J4, Canada
| | - Xiangyi Dong
- Faculty of Arts and Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Yahui Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Tangshan Normal University, Tangshan, 063000, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Tangshan Normal University, Tangshan, 063000, China
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7
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Li J, Heng P, Wang B, Wang B, Liu N, Wang X. Comparative Study on the Unimolecular Decompositions of Energetic Regioisomers: BFTF-1 and BFTF-2. FIREPHYSCHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpc.2023.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
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8
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Marrs FW, Davis JV, Burch AC, Brown GW, Lease N, Huestis PL, Cawkwell MJ, Manner VW. Chemical Descriptors for a Large-Scale Study on Drop-Weight Impact Sensitivity of High Explosives. J Chem Inf Model 2023; 63:753-769. [PMID: 36695777 PMCID: PMC9930127 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.2c01154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The drop-weight impact test is an experiment that has been used for nearly 80 years to evaluate handling sensitivity of high explosives. Although the results of this test are known to have large statistical uncertainties, it is one of the most common tests due to its accessibility and modest material requirements. In this paper, we compile a large data set of drop-weight impact sensitivity test results (mainly performed at Los Alamos National Laboratory), along with a compendium of molecular and chemical descriptors for the explosives under test. These data consist of over 500 unique explosives, over 1000 repeat tests, and over 100 descriptors, for a total of about 1500 observations. We use random forest methods to estimate a model of explosive handling sensitivity as a function of chemical and molecular properties of the explosives under test. Our model predicts well across a wide range of explosive types, spanning a broad range of explosive performance and sensitivity. We find that properties related to explosive performance, such as heat of explosion, oxygen balance, and functional group, are highly predictive of explosive handling sensitivity. Yet, models that omit many of these properties still perform well. Our results suggest that there is not one or even several factors that explain explosive handling sensitivity, but that there are many complex, interrelated effects at play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank W. Marrs
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico87545, United States
| | - Jack V. Davis
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico87545, United States
| | - Alexandra C. Burch
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico87545, United States
| | - Geoffrey W. Brown
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico87545, United States
| | - Nicholas Lease
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico87545, United States
| | | | - Marc J. Cawkwell
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico87545, United States
| | - Virginia W. Manner
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico87545, United States
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9
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Chen P, Dou H, Zhang J, He C, Pang S. Trinitromethyl Energetic Groups Enhance High Heats of Detonation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:4144-4151. [PMID: 36629788 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c21047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of groups with high enthalpies of formation can effectively improve the detonation performance of the compounds. A series of novel energetic compounds (10-13) with high enthalpies of formation, high density, and high nitrogen-oxygen content were designed and synthesized by combining gem-polynitromethyl, 1,2,4-oxadiazole, furoxan, and azo groups. All the new compounds were thoroughly characterized by IR, NMR, elemental analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. Compounds 10 and 11 were also further characterized with single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compound 11 has high density (1.93 g cm-3), high enthalpy of formation (993.5 kJ mol-1), high detonation velocity (9411 m s-1), and high heat of detonation (6889 kJ kg-1) and is a potentially excellent secondary explosive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Chen
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 10081, China
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 10081, China
| | - Hui Dou
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 10081, China
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 10081, China
| | - Jinya Zhang
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 10081, China
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 10081, China
| | - Chunlin He
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 10081, China
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 10081, China
- Yangtze Delta Region Academy of Beijing Institute of Technology, Jiaxing 314019, China
- Chongqing Innovation Center, Beijing Institute of Technology, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Siping Pang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 10081, China
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10
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Kumar P, Ghule VD, Dharavath S. Facile synthesis of thermally stable tetrazolo[1,5- b][1,2,4]triazine substituted energetic materials: synthesis and characterization. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:747-753. [PMID: 36562432 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt03814e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Various thermally stable energetic materials with high nitrogen content, low sensitivity and better detonation performance were synthesized. The versatile functionalization of 1,2,4-triazine involving the introduction of oxadiazole and tetrazole is discussed. All the compounds were fully characterized using IR, multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Compounds 2, 3, 9 and 12 were further verified using single-crystal X-ray analysis. Compound 9 can be considered a melt-cast explosive due to its lower onset melting temperature (112 °C). The detonation velocity, pressure, density, and heat of formation of all the synthesized compounds range between 7056 and 8212 m s-1, 17.57 and 23.78 GPa, 1.70 and 1.81 g cm-1, and 43 and 644 kJ mol-1, respectively. Due to the high nitrogen percentage (53 to >72%), these molecules can be used in car airbag applications. Due to the high thermal stability (>220 °C) and lower sensitivity, these compounds can be potentially used as high-performing thermally stable secondary energetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parasar Kumar
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208016, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Vikas D Ghule
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra, Kurukshetra-136119, Haryana, India
| | - Srinivas Dharavath
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208016, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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11
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Li J, Heng P, Wang B, Wang B, Liu N, Wang X. Initial Unimolecular Decomposition of 3,4-bis(3-fluorodinitromethylfuroxan-4-yl) furoxan from Quantum Mechanics and ReaxFF Molecular Dynamics Simulation. FIREPHYSCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpc.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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12
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Asgari M, Memarian HR, Sabzyan H. Cyclic voltammetric and DFT computational studies of 3,5-disubstituted 4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-oxadiazoles: Steric and electronic effects. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Chen P, Dou H, He C, Pang S. Boosting the Energetic Performance of Trinitromethyl-1,2,4-oxadiazole Moiety by Increasing Nitrogen-Oxygen in the Bridge. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710002. [PMID: 36077400 PMCID: PMC9456194 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The trinitromethyl moiety is a useful group for the design and development of novel energetic compounds with high nitrogen and oxygen content. In this work, by using an improved nitration method, the dinitromethyl precursor was successfully nitrated to the trinitromethyl product (2), and its structure was thoroughly characterized by FTIR, NMR, elemental analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compound 2 has a high density (1.897 g cm−3), high heat of formation (984.8 kJ mmol−1), and a high detonation performance (D: 9351 m s−1, P: 37.46 GPa) that may find useful applications in the field of high energy density materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Chen
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100871, China
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hui Dou
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100871, China
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chunlin He
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100871, China
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Yangtze Delta Region Academy of Beijing Institute of Technology, Jiaxing 314019, China
- Chongqing Innovation Center, Beijing Institute of Technology, Chongqing 401120, China
- Correspondence: (C.H.); (S.P.)
| | - Siping Pang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100871, China
- Correspondence: (C.H.); (S.P.)
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14
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Ma J, Bian C, Yang X, Guo X, Li B, Lu L. 3D honeycomb construction of N-fluorodinitromethyl substituted polynitroazoles based on hydrogen-bonded staggered conformation: Toward high-density melt-cast explosive instead of TNT. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Zhang J, Cai J, Chen N, Fei T, He C, Pang S. Enhancement of Energetic Performance through the Construction of Trinitromethyl Substituted β-Bis(1,2,4-oxadiazole). J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:7824-7830. [PMID: 35976217 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c02133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Halogen-free substitutions of ammonium perchlorate (AP), which meet the requirements of high density, high performance, and acceptable stability, have been a subject of scientific research for many years. In this work, by regrouping atoms in trinitromethyl substituted bis(1,2,4-oxadiazole), a novel oxidizer, trinitromethyl substituted β-bis(1,2,4-oxadiazole) (3), was designed and synthesized. It possesses an improved density (ρ = 2.002 g cm-3 at 170 K, ρ = 1.942 g cm-3 at 298 K) and thermal stability (Td = 142.8 °C) in comparison to its regioisomer 5,5'-bis(trinitromethyl)-3,3'-bi(1,2,4-oxadiazole) (E). The properties for 3 were studied by both experimental and theoretical methods. The high positive oxygen balance of +7.3% and high specific impulse of 250 s also make compound 3 a promising candidate for an energetic oxidizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinya Zhang
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jinxiong Cai
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Nihan Chen
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Teng Fei
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chunlin He
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Yangtze Delta Region Academy of Beijing Institute of Technology, Jiaxing 314019, China
- Chongqing Innovation Center, Beijing Institute of Technology, Chongqing 401120, China
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Siping Pang
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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16
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Chen P, Qiu L, Yin P, He C, Pang S, Shreeve JM. Unraveling the reactivity of the azo bridge in 3,3'-(5-dinitromethyl-1,2,4-oxadiazolyl)-4,4'-azofurazanate in the synthesis of energetic compounds. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:2874-2877. [PMID: 35132983 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc00215a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of an azo bridge into an energetic compound is an efficient strategy to improve its nitrogen content, heat of formation and detonation performances. 3,3'-(5-Methyl dinitroacetate-1,2,4-oxadiazolyl)-4,4'-azofurazan exhibits unusual reactivity with several bases while preparing its corresponding azo bridged energetic salts. These interesting phenomena were explained by both experimental and theoretical calculations with Gaussian 09. The physical and chemical properties of three energetic salts were evaluated. These materials exhibit high densities, excellent detonation properties and acceptable sensitivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Chen
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 10081, China. .,School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 10081, China.
| | - Lili Qiu
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 10081, China. .,School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 10081, China.
| | - Ping Yin
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 10081, China. .,School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 10081, China.
| | - Chunlin He
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 10081, China. .,School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 10081, China. .,Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, 83844-2343, USA.
| | - Siping Pang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 10081, China.
| | - Jean'ne M Shreeve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, 83844-2343, USA.
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17
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Cao W, Wang T, Dong W, Lu Z, Tariq QUN, Manzoor S, Zhang J. Synthesis and characterization of energetic salts based on a new coplanar bicyclic cation-5-amino-3-(5-amino-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-1H-1,2,4-triazolium. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Chinnam AK, Staples RJ, Shreeve JM. 1,2-Bis(5-(trinitromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)diazene: a water stable, high-performing green oxidizer. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:16929-16932. [PMID: 34766612 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03496k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Trinitromethane moieties are very important for the design and development of high performing dense green oxidizers. The novel oxidizer 1,2-bis(5-(trinitromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)diazene, 14 is stable in water in contrast to 1,2,4-oxadiazoles with other electron withdrawing substituents at the C5-position. Compound 14 is a CNO-based oxidizer with positive oxygen balance (+6.9%), moderate thermostability, and mechanical insensitivity that may find useful applications in the field of green rocket propallant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar Chinnam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-2343, USA.
| | - Richard J Staples
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Jean'ne M Shreeve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-2343, USA.
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19
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5-Nitrotetrazol and 1,2,4-Oxadiazole Methylene-Bridged Energetic Compounds: Synthesis, Crystal Structures and Performances. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237072. [PMID: 34885654 PMCID: PMC8658944 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A new structural type for melt cast materials was designed by linking nitrotetrazole ring with 1,2,4-oxadiazole through a N-CH2-C bridge for the first time. Three N-CH2-C linkage bridged energetic compounds, including 3-((5-nitro-2H-tetrazol-2-yl) methyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazole (NTOM), 3-((5-nitro-2H-tetrazol-2-yl)methyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4 -oxadiazole (NTOF) and 3-((5-nitro-2H-tetrazol-2-yl)methyl)-5-amine-1,2,4-oxadiazole (NTOA), were designed and synthesized through a two-step reaction by using 2-(5-nitro-2H-tetrazole -2-yl)acetonitrile as the starting material. The synthesized compounds were fully characterized by NMR (1H, 13C), IR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The single crystals of NTOM, NTOF and NTOA were successfully obtained and investigated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The thermal stabilities of these compounds were evaluated by DSC-TG measurements, and their apparent activation energies were calculated by Kissinger and Ozawa methods. The crystal densities of the three compounds were between 1.66 g/cm3 (NTOA) and 1.87 g/cm3 (NTOF). The impact and friction sensitivities were measured by standard BAM fall-hammer techniques, and their detonation performances were computed using the EXPLO 5 (v. 6.04) program. The detonation velocities of the three compounds are between 7271 m/s (NTOF) and 7909 m/s (NTOM). The impact sensitivities are >40 J, and the friction sensitivities are >360 N. NTOM, NTOF and NTOA are thermally stable, with decomposition points > 240 °C. The melting points of NTOM and NTOF are 82.6 °C and 71.7 °C, respectively. Hence, they possess potential to be used as melt cast materials with good thermal stabilities and better detonation performances than TNT.
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20
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Solid Propellant Formulations: A Review of Recent Progress and Utilized Components. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14216657. [PMID: 34772180 PMCID: PMC8587658 DOI: 10.3390/ma14216657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The latest developments in solid propellants and their components are summarized. Particular attention is given to emerging energetic binders and novel, 'green' oxidizing agents and their use in propellant formulations. A brief overview of the latest reports on fuel additives is included. Finally, a summary of the state of the art and challenges in its development are speculated on.
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21
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Wang X, Wang Y, Liu X, He T, Li L, Wu H, Zhou S, Li D, Liao S, Xu P, Huang X, Yuan J. Imidazole hydrochloride promoted synthesis of 3,5-disubstituted-1,2,4-oxadiazoles. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.132496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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22
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Recent Synthetic Efforts towards High Energy Density Materials: How to Design High-Performance Energetic Structures? FIREPHYSCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpc.2021.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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23
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Ameen R, Fasila P, Biju A. Theoretical studies of azete based high energy density materials with trinitromethane functional group. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2021.113346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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24
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Du Y, Qu Z, Wang H, Cui H, Wang X. Review on the Synthesis and Performance for 1,3,4‐Oxadiazole‐Based Energetic Materials. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.202000318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Du
- High-Tech Institute of Xi'an Xi'an Shaanxi 710025 China
| | - Zhongkai Qu
- High-Tech Institute of Xi'an Xi'an Shaanxi 710025 China
| | - Huanchun Wang
- High-Tech Institute of Xi'an Xi'an Shaanxi 710025 China
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Energy Technology School of Materials Science & Engineering Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an Shaanxi 710119 China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Special Fuel Chemistry and Material Xi'an Shaanxi 710025 China
| | - Hu Cui
- High-Tech Institute of Xi'an Xi'an Shaanxi 710025 China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Special Fuel Chemistry and Material Xi'an Shaanxi 710025 China
| | - Xuanjun Wang
- High-Tech Institute of Xi'an Xi'an Shaanxi 710025 China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Special Fuel Chemistry and Material Xi'an Shaanxi 710025 China
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25
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Zhang J, Huo H, Yu T, Zhou J, Wang Z, Wang B. Comparative thermal research on chlorodinitromethyl and fluorodinitromethyl explosophoric groups based insensitive energetic materials. FIREPHYSCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpc.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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26
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Wang M, Wang Z, Wang B, Zhang J, Zhang J. Synthesis and properties of novel nitrogen- and oxygen-enriched dicationic 3,4-diaminotriazolium salts as attractive energetic materials. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.129536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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27
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Wang S, Li C, Lu T, Wang G, Yin H, Ma Q, Fan G, Chen FX. Fused triazolotriazine bearing a gem-dinitro group: a promising high energy density material. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj01051d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Improving the density and detonation velocity, and reducing the sensitivity by introducing the fluorodinitromethyl group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqing Wang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology (Liangxiang Campus)
- No. 8 Liangxiang east road
- Fangshan district
- Beijing 102488
| | - Congcong Li
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology (Liangxiang Campus)
- No. 8 Liangxiang east road
- Fangshan district
- Beijing 102488
| | - Tian Lu
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology (Liangxiang Campus)
- No. 8 Liangxiang east road
- Fangshan district
- Beijing 102488
| | - Guilong Wang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology (Liangxiang Campus)
- No. 8 Liangxiang east road
- Fangshan district
- Beijing 102488
| | - Hongquan Yin
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology (Liangxiang Campus)
- No. 8 Liangxiang east road
- Fangshan district
- Beijing 102488
| | - Qing Ma
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- CAEP
- Mianyang 621050
- China
| | - Guijuan Fan
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- CAEP
- Mianyang 621050
- China
| | - Fu-Xue Chen
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology (Liangxiang Campus)
- No. 8 Liangxiang east road
- Fangshan district
- Beijing 102488
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28
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Zhai L, Zhang J, Wu M, Huo H, Bi F, Wang B. Balancing good oxygen balance and high heat of formation by incorporating of -C(NO2)2F Moiety and Tetrazole into Furoxan block. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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29
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Gudkova IY, Zyuzin IN, Lempert DB. The Energy Capabilities of New Derivatives of 1,2,4- and 1,3,4-Oxadiazoles as Components of Solid Composite Propellants. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990793120020062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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30
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Zhai L, Bi F, Zhang J, Zhang J, Li X, Wang B, Chen S. 3,4-Bis(3-tetrazolylfuroxan-4-yl)furoxan: A Linear C-C Bonded Pentaheterocyclic Energetic Material with High Heat of Formation and Superior Performance. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:11115-11122. [PMID: 32455233 PMCID: PMC7241007 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c01048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The design and preparation of new nitrogen-rich heterocyclic compounds are of considerable significance for the development of high-performing energetic materials. By combining nitrogen-rich tetrazole and oxygen-rich furoxan, a linear C-C bonded pentaheterocyclic energetic compound, 3,4-bis(3-tetrazolylfuroxan-4-yl) furoxan (BTTFO), was synthesized using a facile and straightforward method. Comprehensive X-ray analysis reveals the key role of hydrogen bonds, π-π interactions, and short contacts in the formation of dense packing of BTTFO and explains why a long chain-shaped molecule has a high density. This multicyclic structure incorporating three furoxan and two tetrazole moieties results in an exceptionally high heat of formation (1290.8 kJ mol-1) and favorable calculated detonation performances (v D, 8621 m s-1, P, 31.5 GPa). The interesting structure and fascinating properties demonstrated the feasibility of a linear multicyclic approach as a high-energy-density skeleton. Additionally, the thermodynamic parameters, electrostatic potential (ESP), and frontier molecular orbitals were also studied to get a better understanding of structure-property correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianjie Zhai
- State
Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China
- College
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest
University, Xi’an 710127, China
| | - Fuqiang Bi
- State
Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China
| | - Junlin Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China
| | - Jiarong Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China
| | - Xiangzhi Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China
| | - Bozhou Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China
| | - Sanping Chen
- College
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest
University, Xi’an 710127, China
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31
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Computational insight into polynitromethyl- and polydifluoroaminomethyl-substituted energetic derivatives of 2,3-dihydro pyrazino [2,3-e] [1, 2, 3, 4] tetrazine. J Mol Model 2020; 26:78. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-020-4346-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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32
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Zhang J, Liu Y, Zhou J, Bi F, Wang B. Effect of Fluoro Substituents on Polynitroarylenes: Design, Synthesis and Theoretical Studies of Fluorinated Nitrotoluenes. Chempluschem 2020; 84:92-97. [PMID: 31950751 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201800523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The replacement of traditional polynitroarylenes by their fluorinated derivatives has attracted great attention due to the improvements on detonation performance caused by the fluorine effect. A straightforward synthesis of three novel fluorinated nitrotoluenes with different degrees of nitration was achieved under selected high temperatures. The fluorine exerted remarkable influence on the nitration process through the electron-withdrawing effect and a mechanism of the transformation was proposed according to the experimental results. Thermal decomposition behavior of the fluorinated nitrotoluenes was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry and all the compounds showed ideal low melt points for the melt-cast process. X-ray analysis of the fluorinated derivatives were carried out as well as density functional calculations to establish the electronic density and electrostatic potential on the molecular surface of the optimized structures. The good thermal and detonation properties make the newly developed fluorinated nitrotoluenes possible replacements for trinitrotoluene and dinitrotoluene in the formation of melt-cast energetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junlin Zhang
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an, 710065, P. R. China.,Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, 85748, Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Yingzhe Liu
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an, 710065, P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an, 710065, P. R. China
| | - Fuqiang Bi
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an, 710065, P. R. China
| | - Bozhou Wang
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an, 710065, P. R. China
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33
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Zhao G, Yin P, Kumar D, Imler GH, Parrish DA, Shreeve JM. Bis(3-nitro-1-(trinitromethyl)-1 H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl)methanone: An Applicable and Very Dense Green Oxidizer. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:19581-19584. [PMID: 31775510 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b11326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Ammonium perchlorate (AP) is most often used as a practical solid rocket propellant because of its excellent performance. However, AP has many shortcomings, including instability, high negative enthalpy of formation, and claimed health and environmental issues resulting from its combustion products. The pursuit of highly dense, high-performance, and environmentally friendly oxidizers as solid propellants has long attracted scientists around the world. In this work, bis(3-nitro-1-(trinitromethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl)methanone (3) was obtained from bis(3-nitro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl)methane (1) with chloroacetone followed by nitration. The structure of 3 was confirmed by elemental analysis and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. By introducing the carbonyl moiety, the density of 3 was increased to 1.945 g/cm3 and the decomposition temperature increased to 164 °C. Compound 3 is a green energetic oxidizer that has a positive oxygen balance (+8.7%), a high specific impulse (218 s), and an acceptable sensitivity (9 J, 240 N), making it a practical replacement for AP in solid rocket propellant formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zhao
- Department of Chemistry , University of Idaho , Moscow , Idaho 83844-2343 , United States
| | - Ping Yin
- School of Materials Science & Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , China
| | - Dheeraj Kumar
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology , Roorkee , Uttarakhand 247667 , India
| | - Gregory H Imler
- Naval Research Laboratory , 4555 Overlook Avenue , Washington , D.C. 20375 , United States
| | - Damon A Parrish
- Naval Research Laboratory , 4555 Overlook Avenue , Washington , D.C. 20375 , United States
| | - Jean'ne M Shreeve
- Department of Chemistry , University of Idaho , Moscow , Idaho 83844-2343 , United States
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34
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Sheremetev AB, Aleksandrova NS, Semyakin SS, Suponitsky KY, Lempert DB. Synthesis and Characterization of 3-(5-(Fluorodinitromethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-4-nitrofurazan: A Novel Promising Energetic Component of Boron-based Fuels for Rocket Ramjet Engines. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:4255-4261. [PMID: 31608576 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201901280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a new energetic 1,2,4-triazole compound bearing nitrofurazanyl and fluorodinitromethyl units, which may find use as a component for rocket ramjet engines (RRE), is described. The target product was prepared in a four-step process applying oxidation/nitration/decarboxylation/fluorination reactions and is fully characterized. Its density and structural features were uniquely determined by X-ray analysis. It is shown that replacing HMX with the compound of this study in boron-based fuels gives an increase in energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksei B Sheremetev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Department, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Natali S Aleksandrova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Department, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Svyatoslav S Semyakin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Department, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Kyrill Yu Suponitsky
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - David B Lempert
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow region, 142432, Russian Federation
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35
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Yu Q, Imler GH, Parrish DA, Shreeve JM. Challenging the Limits of Nitro Groups Associated with a Tetrazole Ring. Org Lett 2019; 21:4684-4688. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b01565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
| | - Gregory H. Imler
- Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Damon A. Parrish
- Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Jean’ne M. Shreeve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
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36
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Johnson EC, Bukowski EJ, Sabatini JJ, Sausa RC, Byrd EFC, Garner MA, Chavez DE. Bis(1,2,4‐oxadiazolyl) Furoxan: A Promising Melt‐Castable Eutectic Material of Low Sensitivity. Chempluschem 2019; 84:319-322. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201800563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric C. Johnson
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory Energetic Technology Branch Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005 USA
| | - Eric J. Bukowski
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory Energetic Technology Branch Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005 USA
| | - Jesse J. Sabatini
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory Energetic Technology Branch Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005 USA
| | - Rosario C. Sausa
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory Energetic Materials Science Branch Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005 USA
| | - Edward F. C. Byrd
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory Energetic Materials Science Branch Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005 USA
| | - Melissa A. Garner
- University of Maryland Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry College Park, MD 20742 USA
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37
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Zhao G, Kumar D, Yin P, He C, Imler GH, Parrish DA, Shreeve JM. Construction of Polynitro Compounds as High-Performance Oxidizers via a Two-Step Nitration of Various Functional Groups. Org Lett 2019; 21:1073-1077. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b04114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States,
| | - Dheeraj Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States,
| | - Ping Yin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States,
| | - Chunlin He
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States,
| | - Gregory H. Imler
- Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue, Washington, DC 20375, United States
| | - Damon A. Parrish
- Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue, Washington, DC 20375, United States
| | - Jean’ne M. Shreeve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States,
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38
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Zhang X, Fu M, Zou F, Hao J, Qu Y, Hu W, Zhou Q. 1,3-Bis(3,4,5-trifluoro-2,6-dinitrophenyl)urea (ZXC-19): a multifluorine substituted propellant with superior detonation performance. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj01885a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fluorine-containing explosives have potential applications in rocket propellant and explosive formulations because they produce a large number of products with a smaller molecular weight and high detonation performance when they are detonated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingcheng Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xinyang Normal University
- Xinyang
- China
| | - Menglei Fu
- Food and Drug College
- Zhejiang Ocean University
- Zhou shan
- China
| | - Fangfang Zou
- School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy
- Wuhan Institute of Technology
- Guanggu 206, Donghu New Technology Development Zone
- Hubei
- China
| | - Jingyuan Hao
- School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy
- Wuhan Institute of Technology
- Guanggu 206, Donghu New Technology Development Zone
- Hubei
- China
| | - Youle Qu
- Food and Drug College
- Zhejiang Ocean University
- Zhou shan
- China
| | - Wenxiang Hu
- School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy
- Wuhan Institute of Technology
- Guanggu 206, Donghu New Technology Development Zone
- Hubei
- China
| | - Qiuju Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xinyang Normal University
- Xinyang
- China
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39
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Xiong H, Yang H, Cheng G. 3-Trinitromethyl-4-nitro-5-nitramine-1H-pyrazole: a high energy density oxidizer. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj02732g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A novel oxygen-rich compound was designed and synthesized. The combination of high density, positive heat of formation, high positive oxygen balance, high specific impulse and high detonation performance makes it a promising high energy density oxidizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualin Xiong
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Hongwei Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Guangbin Cheng
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing
- China
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40
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Kukuljan L, Kranjc K. 3-(5-Amino-1,2,4-triazole)-1,2,4-oxadiazole: A new biheterocyclic scaffold for the synthesis of energetic materials. Tetrahedron Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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41
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Chen J, Yu Y, Zhang S, Li Y, Pang S. Energetic materials with fluorinated four-membered heterocyclic ring: 3,3′-difluoroazetidine (DFAZ) salts. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj02569c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fluorine atoms and four-membered rings form 3,3′-difluoroazetidinium (DFAZ) salts, which have a better detonation property than ammonium dinitramide (ADN).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jifeng Chen
- School of Materials Science & Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing
- China
| | - Yi Yu
- Research Institute of Aerospace Special Materials and Processing Technology
- Beijing
- China
| | - Shujuan Zhang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing
- China
| | - Yuchuan Li
- School of Materials Science & Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing
- China
| | - Siping Pang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing
- China
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42
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Lu T, Wang C, Wang G, Wang S, Song J, Yin H, Fan G, Chen FX. 1,2,4-Oxadiazole-derived polynitro energetic compounds with sensitivity reduced by a methylene bridge. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj01452g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This is a new family of energetic compounds combining a high-energy polynitro group with an insensitive methylene linkage and thermostable 1,2,4-oxadiazole skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Lu
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology (Liangxiang Campus)
- Beijing 102488
- China
| | - Chenbin Wang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology (Liangxiang Campus)
- Beijing 102488
- China
| | - Guilong Wang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology (Liangxiang Campus)
- Beijing 102488
- China
| | - Shaoqing Wang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology (Liangxiang Campus)
- Beijing 102488
- China
| | - Jia Song
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology (Liangxiang Campus)
- Beijing 102488
- China
| | - Hongquan Yin
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology (Liangxiang Campus)
- Beijing 102488
- China
| | - Guijuan Fan
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- CAEP
- Mianyang 621050
- China
| | - Fu-Xue Chen
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology (Liangxiang Campus)
- Beijing 102488
- China
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43
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Xu M, Cheng G, Xiong H, Wang B, Ju X, Yang H. Synthesis of high-performance insensitive energetic materials based on nitropyrazole and 1,2,4-triazole. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj01445d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new family of symmetric nitropyrazole and 1,2,4-triazole derivatives and its energetic salts were obtained. The positive effect of ternary hydrogen bonds improve the performances of target compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minxian Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- P. R. China
| | - Guangbin Cheng
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- P. R. China
| | - Hualin Xiong
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- P. R. China
| | - Bohan Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- P. R. China
| | - Xuehai Ju
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- P. R. China
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44
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Sausa RC, Batyrev IG, Pesce-Rodriguez RA, Byrd EFC. Density Functional Theory and Experimental Studies of the Molecular, Vibrational, and Crystal Structure of Bis-Oxadiazole-Bis-Methylene Dinitrate (BODN). J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:9043-9053. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b08767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosario C. Sausa
- US Army Research Laboratory, RDRL-WML-B, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21005, United States
| | - Iskander G. Batyrev
- US Army Research Laboratory, RDRL-WML-B, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21005, United States
| | - Rose A. Pesce-Rodriguez
- US Army Research Laboratory, RDRL-WML-B, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21005, United States
| | - Edward F. C. Byrd
- US Army Research Laboratory, RDRL-WML-B, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21005, United States
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45
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Yin X, Li J, Zhang G, Zhang Z, Ma Q, Wang J, Wang S. Design and Synthesis of Energetic Materials towards Versatile Applications by N-trinitromethyl and N-nitromethyl Functionalization of Nitroimidazoles. Chempluschem 2018; 83:787-796. [PMID: 31950662 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201800305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Modifying the properties of energetic materials is important not only for gaining insight into the relationship between structures and properties but also for multiple applications. A new family of energetic compounds, polynitroimidazoles featuring trinitromethyl, nitromethyl and methyl acetate moieties at the nitrogen position of heterocyclic rings were synthesized. The high-energy oxidizers 2-nitro and 4-nitro-1-(trinitromethyl)-1H-imidazoles were obtained by nitration of 1-acetonylpolynitroimidazoles in fuming HNO3 and concentrated H2 SO4 . 4,5-Dinitro-1-(nitromethyl)-1H-imidazole and 4,5-dinitro-1-(acetate methyl)-1H-imidazole were afforded by using 68 % HNO3 and concentrated H2 SO4 through controllable synthesis. All the intermediates and the target compounds were confirmed by X-ray diffraction. It is noteworthy that one of the N-trinitromethyl nitroimidazole derivatives showed high density (ρ: 1.88 g cm-3 ), attractive positive oxygen balance (Ω: +18.3 %) and good detonation performance (D: 9003 m s-1 ) exceeding those of ADN, while N-nitromethyl derivative behaved higher thermal stability and lower sensitivity in contrast to those of NG. N-acetate methyl derivative gave an interesting melt-castable property (Tm.p .: 86 o C, Td : 224 o C), acceptable detonation performance as well as low sensitivity towards impact and friction (IS>40 J, FS>360 N), making it a competitive replacement for DNAN. These chemical and physical properties indicate that these novel materials show promising energetic performance towards future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yin
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, P. R. China.,School of National Defense Science and Technology, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, P. R. China
| | - Jie Li
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, P. R. China
| | - Guojie Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, P. R. China
| | - Zhenqi Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, P. R. China
| | - Qing Ma
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, P. R. China
| | - Jun Wang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, P. R. China
| | - Shumin Wang
- School of National Defense Science and Technology, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, P. R. China
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46
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Gu H, Ma Q, Huang S, Zhang Z, Zhang Q, Cheng G, Yang H, Fan G. Gem-dinitromethyl-substituted Energetic Metal-Organic Framework based on 1,2,3-Triazole from in situ Controllable Synthesis. Chem Asian J 2018; 13:2786-2790. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201800722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Gu
- Department of Energetic Materials; Institute of Chemical Materials; China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP); Mianyang 621900 China
- School of Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University of Science and Technology; Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Qing Ma
- Department of Energetic Materials; Institute of Chemical Materials; China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP); Mianyang 621900 China
| | - Shiliang Huang
- Department of Energetic Materials; Institute of Chemical Materials; China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP); Mianyang 621900 China
| | - Zhenqi Zhang
- Department of Energetic Materials; Institute of Chemical Materials; China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP); Mianyang 621900 China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Energetic Materials; Institute of Chemical Materials; China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP); Mianyang 621900 China
| | - Guangbin Cheng
- School of Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University of Science and Technology; Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Hongwei Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University of Science and Technology; Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Guijuan Fan
- Department of Energetic Materials; Institute of Chemical Materials; China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP); Mianyang 621900 China
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47
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Zhang J, Ling YF, Wang GX, Zhang L, Luo J. Synthesis of two new gem-fluoronitro containing tetranitroadamantanes and property comparison with their nitro and gem-dinitro analogues. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:4784-4788. [PMID: 29926052 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob01140k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Two new fluorinated tetranitroadamantanes, 2,6-difluoro-2,4,4,6-tetranitroadamantane and 2,4,6,8-tetrafluoro-2,4,6,8-tetranitroadamantane, were synthesized. 2,6-Difluoro-2,4,4,6-tetranitroadamantane was prepared from 4,4-dinitroadamantane-2,6-dione by a three-step route with an overall yield of 40%. It has a slightly higher crystal density (1.787 g cm-3) than its analogue 2,2,4,4,6,6-tetranitroadamantane (1.777 g cm-3). 2,4,6,8-Tetrafluoro-2,4,6,8-tetranitroadamantane was prepared from 4,8-dihydroxyadamantane-2,6-dione by an eight-step route with an overall yield of 8%. It is notable that the replacement of one nitro group in the gem-dinitro functionality with fluorine might slightly reduce the detonation performance but improve the density and inherent steric hindrance, which makes it possible to introduce more nitro functionalities on the adamantane backbone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China.
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48
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Li J, Zhang G, Zhang Z, Ma Q, Fan G, Tang S. Synthesis and Characterization of N
5
-(2-Fluoro-2,2-dinitroethyl)- N
1
-methyl-1H-tetrazole-5-amine and its Nitramide Based on Functionalized Amino Group in 5-Amino-1H-tetrazole. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201800854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Institute of Chemical Materials; China Academy of Engineering Physics; P.O.Box 919-311 Mianyang 621999 P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Southwest Petroleum University; Chengdu 610500 (P. R. China
| | - Guojie Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Materials; China Academy of Engineering Physics; P.O.Box 919-311 Mianyang 621999 P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University of Science and Technology; Nanjing 210094 (P. R. China
| | - Zhenqi Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Materials; China Academy of Engineering Physics; P.O.Box 919-311 Mianyang 621999 P. R. China
| | - Qing Ma
- Institute of Chemical Materials; China Academy of Engineering Physics; P.O.Box 919-311 Mianyang 621999 P. R. China
| | - Guijuan Fan
- Institute of Chemical Materials; China Academy of Engineering Physics; P.O.Box 919-311 Mianyang 621999 P. R. China
| | - Shuihua Tang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Southwest Petroleum University; Chengdu 610500 (P. R. China
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49
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Wang B, Xiong H, Cheng G, Yang H. Incorporating Energetic Moieties into Four Oxadiazole Ring Systems for the Generation of High-Performance Energetic Materials. Chempluschem 2018; 83:439-447. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201800107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bohan Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University of Science and Technology; Xiaolingwei 200 Nanjing Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Hualin Xiong
- School of Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University of Science and Technology; Xiaolingwei 200 Nanjing Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Guangbin Cheng
- School of Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University of Science and Technology; Xiaolingwei 200 Nanjing Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University of Science and Technology; Xiaolingwei 200 Nanjing Jiangsu P. R. China
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50
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Fei T, Du Y, Pang S. Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Thermal Behavior of a Novel Insensitive Energetic Cocrystal Composed of 3,3′-Bis(1,2,4-oxadiazole)-5,5′-dione and 4-Amino-1,2,4-triazole. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201800018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Teng Fei
- School of Materials Science & Engineering; Beijing Institute of Technology; 100081 Beijing P. R. China
| | - Yao Du
- School of Materials Science & Engineering; Beijing Institute of Technology; 100081 Beijing P. R. China
| | - Siping Pang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering; Beijing Institute of Technology; 100081 Beijing P. R. China
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