1
|
Schotten C, Bourne RA, Kapur N, Nguyen BN, Willans CE. Electrochemical Generation of
N
‐Heterocyclic Carbenes for Use in Synthesis and Catalysis. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard A. Bourne
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering University of Leeds Leeds LS2 9JT UK
| | - Nikil Kapur
- School of Mechanical Engineering University of Leeds Leeds LS2 9JT UK
| | - Bao N. Nguyen
- School of Chemistry University of Leeds Leeds LS2 9JT UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nicholls TP, Williams JR, Willans CE. Reactivities of N-heterocyclic carbenes at metal centers. ADVANCES IN ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adomc.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
|
3
|
Chernyshev VM, Denisova EA, Eremin DB, Ananikov VP. The key role of R-NHC coupling (R = C, H, heteroatom) and M-NHC bond cleavage in the evolution of M/NHC complexes and formation of catalytically active species. Chem Sci 2020; 11:6957-6977. [PMID: 33133486 PMCID: PMC7553045 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc02629h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Complexes of metals with N-heterocyclic carbene ligands (M/NHC) are typically considered the systems of choice in homogeneous catalysis due to their stable metal-ligand framework. However, it becomes obvious that even metal species with a strong M-NHC bond can undergo evolution in catalytic systems, and processes of M-NHC bond cleavage are common for different metals and NHC ligands. This review is focused on the main types of the M-NHC bond cleavage reactions and their impact on activity and stability of M/NHC catalytic systems. For the first time, we consider these processes in terms of NHC-connected and NHC-disconnected active species derived from M/NHC precatalysts and classify them as fundamentally different types of catalysts. Problems of rational catalyst design and sustainability issues are discussed in the context of the two different types of M/NHC catalysis mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor M Chernyshev
- Platov South-Russian State Polytechnic University (NPI) , Prosveschenya 132 , Novocherkassk , 346428 , Russia
| | - Ekaterina A Denisova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry , Russian Academy of Sciences , Leninsky Prospect 47 , 119991 Moscow , Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry B Eremin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry , Russian Academy of Sciences , Leninsky Prospect 47 , 119991 Moscow , Russian Federation
- The Bridge@USC , University of Southern California , 1002 Childs Way , Los Angeles , California 90089-3502 , USA
| | - Valentine P Ananikov
- Platov South-Russian State Polytechnic University (NPI) , Prosveschenya 132 , Novocherkassk , 346428 , Russia
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry , Russian Academy of Sciences , Leninsky Prospect 47 , 119991 Moscow , Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dong Z, Pezzato C, Sienkiewicz A, Scopelliti R, Fadaei-Tirani F, Severin K. SET processes in Lewis acid-base reactions: the tritylation of N-heterocyclic carbenes. Chem Sci 2020; 11:7615-7618. [PMID: 34094138 PMCID: PMC8159480 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01278e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactions between N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) and the trityl cation, [Ph3C]+, give covalent adducts of type [NHC-CPh3]+ and/or [NHC-C6H5-CPh2]+. EPR spectroscopy, UV-Vis analyses, and trapping experiments imply that adduct formation involves carbene radical cations and the trityl radical. The results demonstrate that single electron transfer (SET) processes should be considered for reaction of NHCs with oxidizing Lewis acids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaowen Dong
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Cristian Pezzato
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | | | - Rosario Scopelliti
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Farzaneh Fadaei-Tirani
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Kay Severin
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu Y, Resch SG, Klawitter I, Cutsail GE, Demeshko S, Dechert S, Kühn FE, DeBeer S, Meyer F. An Adaptable N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Macrocycle Hosting Copper in Three Oxidation States. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201912745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry University of Göttingen Tammannstrasse 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Stefan G. Resch
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry University of Göttingen Tammannstrasse 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Iris Klawitter
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry University of Göttingen Tammannstrasse 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - George E. Cutsail
- Department of Inorganic Spectroscopy Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion Stiftstrasse 34–36 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Serhiy Demeshko
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry University of Göttingen Tammannstrasse 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Sebastian Dechert
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry University of Göttingen Tammannstrasse 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Fritz E. Kühn
- Department of Chemistry & Catalysis Research Center Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstrasse 4 85748 Garching bei München Germany
| | - Serena DeBeer
- Department of Inorganic Spectroscopy Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion Stiftstrasse 34–36 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Franc Meyer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry University of Göttingen Tammannstrasse 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu Y, Resch SG, Klawitter I, Cutsail GE, Demeshko S, Dechert S, Kühn FE, DeBeer S, Meyer F. An Adaptable N-Heterocyclic Carbene Macrocycle Hosting Copper in Three Oxidation States. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:5696-5705. [PMID: 31769151 PMCID: PMC7154638 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201912745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A neutral hybrid macrocycle with two trans-positioned N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) and two pyridine donors hosts copper in three oxidation states (+I-+III) in a series of structurally characterized complexes (1-3). Redox interconversion of [LCu]+/2+/3+ is electrochemically (quasi)reversible and occurs at moderate potentials (E1/2 =-0.45 V and +0.82 V (vs. Fc/Fc+ )). A linear CNHC -Cu-CNHC arrangement and hemilability of the two pyridine donors allows the ligand to adapt to the different stereoelectronic and coordination requirements of CuI versus CuII /CuIII . Analytical methods such as NMR, UV/Vis, IR, electron paramagnetic resonance, and Cu Kβ high-energy-resolution fluorescence detection X-ray absorption spectroscopies, as well as DFT calculations, give insight into the geometric and electronic structures of the complexes. The XAS signatures of 1-3 are textbook examples for CuI , CuII , and CuIII species. Facile 2-electron interconversion combined with the exposure of two basic pyridine N sites in the reduced CuI form suggest that [LCu]+/2+/3+ may operate in catalysis via coupled 2 e- /2 H+ transfer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of GöttingenTammannstrasse 437077GöttingenGermany
| | - Stefan G. Resch
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of GöttingenTammannstrasse 437077GöttingenGermany
| | - Iris Klawitter
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of GöttingenTammannstrasse 437077GöttingenGermany
| | - George E. Cutsail
- Department of Inorganic SpectroscopyMax Planck Institute for Chemical Energy ConversionStiftstrasse 34–3645470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| | - Serhiy Demeshko
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of GöttingenTammannstrasse 437077GöttingenGermany
| | - Sebastian Dechert
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of GöttingenTammannstrasse 437077GöttingenGermany
| | - Fritz E. Kühn
- Department of Chemistry & Catalysis Research CenterTechnische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstrasse 485748Garching bei MünchenGermany
| | - Serena DeBeer
- Department of Inorganic SpectroscopyMax Planck Institute for Chemical Energy ConversionStiftstrasse 34–3645470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| | - Franc Meyer
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of GöttingenTammannstrasse 437077GöttingenGermany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wierenga TS, Vanston CR, Ariafard A, Gardiner MG, Ho CC. Accessing Chelating Extended Linker Bis(NHC) Palladium(II) Complexes: Sterically Triggered Divergent Reaction Pathways. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanita S. Wierenga
- School of Natural Sciences−Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Catriona R. Vanston
- School of Natural Sciences−Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Alireza Ariafard
- School of Natural Sciences−Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Michael G. Gardiner
- School of Natural Sciences−Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Curtis C. Ho
- School of Natural Sciences−Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cheng J, Wang L, Wang P, Deng L. High-Oxidation-State 3d Metal (Ti-Cu) Complexes with N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligation. Chem Rev 2018; 118:9930-9987. [PMID: 30011189 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
High-oxidation-state 3d metal species have found a wide range of applications in modern synthetic chemistry and materials science. They are also implicated as key reactive species in biological reactions. These applications have thus prompted explorations of their formation, structure, and properties. While the traditional wisdom regarding these species was gained mainly from complexes supported by nitrogen- and oxygen-donor ligands, recent studies with N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs), which are widely used for the preparation of low-oxidation-state transition metal complexes in organometallic chemistry, have led to the preparation of a large variety of isolable high-oxidation-state 3d metal complexes with NHC ligation. Since the first report in this area in the 1990s, isolable complexes of this type have been reported for titanium(IV), vanadium(IV,V), chromium(IV,V), manganese(IV,V), iron(III,IV,V), cobalt(III,IV,V), nickel(IV), and copper(II). With the aim of providing an overview of this intriguing field, this Review summarizes our current understanding of the synthetic methods, structure and spectroscopic features, reactivity, and catalytic applications of high-oxidation-state 3d metal NHC complexes of titanium to copper. In addition to this progress, factors affecting the stability and reactivity of high-oxidation-state 3d metal NHC species are also presented, as well as perspectives on future efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Road , Shanghai 200032 , People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Road , Shanghai 200032 , People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Road , Shanghai 200032 , People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Road , Shanghai 200032 , People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Misztalewska-Turkowicz I, Markiewicz K, Michalak M, Wilczewska A. NHC-copper complexes immobilized on magnetic nanoparticles: Synthesis and catalytic activity in the CuAAC reactions. J Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
10
|
Cope JD, Denny JA, Lamb RW, McNamara LE, Hammer NI, Webster CE, Hollis TK. Synthesis, characterization, photophysics, and a ligand rearrangement of CCC-NHC pincer nickel complexes: Colors, polymorphs, emission, and Raman spectra. J Organomet Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2017.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
11
|
Andrew RE, Storey CM, Chaplin AB. Well-defined coinage metal transfer agents for the synthesis of NHC-based nickel, rhodium and palladium macrocycles. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:8937-44. [PMID: 27157720 PMCID: PMC5783018 DOI: 10.1039/c6dt01263a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
With a view to use as carbene transfer agents, well-defined silver(i) and copper(i) complexes of a macrocyclic NHC-based pincer ligand, bearing a central lutidine donor and a dodecamethylene spacer [CNC-(CH2)12, 1], have been prepared. Although the silver adduct is characterised by X-ray diffraction as a dinuclear species anti-[Ag(μ-1)]2(2+), variable temperature measurements indicate dynamic structural interchange in solution involving fragmentation into mononuclear [Ag(1)](+) on the NMR time scale. In contrast, a mononuclear structure is evident in both solution and the solid-state for the analogous copper adduct partnered with the weakly coordinating [BAr(F)4](-) counter anion. A related copper derivative, bearing instead the more coordinating cuprous bromide dianion [Cu2Br4](2-), is notable for the adoption of an interesting tetranuclear assembly in the solid-state, featuring two cuprophilic interactions and two bridging NHC donors, but is not retained on dissolution. Coinage metal precursors [M(1)]n[BAr(F)4]n (M = Ag, n = 2; M = Cu, n = 1) both act as carbene transfer agents to afford palladium, rhodium and nickel complexes of 1 and the effectiveness of these precursors has been evaluated under equivalent reaction conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rhiann E. Andrew
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road ,
Coventry CV4 7AL , UK .
| | - Caroline M. Storey
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road ,
Coventry CV4 7AL , UK .
| | - Adrian B. Chaplin
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road ,
Coventry CV4 7AL , UK .
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Younesi Y, Nasiri B, BabaAhmadi R, Willans CE, Fairlamb IJS, Ariafard A. Theoretical rationalisation for the mechanism of N-heterocyclic carbene-halide reductive elimination at CuIII, AgIII and AuIII. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:5057-60. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc01299j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A dichotomy in carbon versus bromide reductive elimination in CuIII–NHC complexes is rationalized by computational methods (DFT).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasamin Younesi
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Central Tehran Branch
- Islamic Azad University
- Tehran
| | - Bahare Nasiri
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Central Tehran Branch
- Islamic Azad University
- Tehran
| | - Rasool BabaAhmadi
- Young Researchers and Elite Club
- Central Tehran Branch
- Islamic Azad University
- Tehran
- Iran
| | | | | | - Alireza Ariafard
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Central Tehran Branch
- Islamic Azad University
- Tehran
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Williams TJ, Bray JTW, Lake BRM, Willans CE, Rajabi NA, Ariafard A, Manzini C, Bellina F, Whitwood AC, Fairlamb IJS. Mechanistic Elucidation of the Arylation of Non-Spectator N-Heterocyclic Carbenes at Copper Using a Combined Experimental and Computational Approach. Organometallics 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.5b00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10
5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua T. W. Bray
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10
5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin R. M. Lake
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte E. Willans
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Nasir A. Rajabi
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrak Gharb, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Ariafard
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrak Gharb, Tehran, Iran
- School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Chiara Manzini
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10
5DD, United Kingdom
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University of Pisa, via Risorgimento 35, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabio Bellina
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University of Pisa, via Risorgimento 35, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Adrian C. Whitwood
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10
5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Ian J. S. Fairlamb
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10
5DD, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|