1
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Jansen CU, Grier KE, Andersen JB, Hultqvist LD, Nilsson M, Moser C, Graz M, Tolker-Nielsen T, Givskov M, Qvortrup K. Upscaling and Risk Evaluation of the Synthesis of the 3,5-Diamino-1H-Pyrazole, Disperazol. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6737. [PMID: 38928443 PMCID: PMC11203405 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper presents the work performed to transition a lab-scale synthesis (1 g) to a large-scale (400 g) synthesis of the 3-5-diamino-1H-Pyrazole Disperazol, a new pharmaceutical for treatment of antibiotic-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm infections. The potentially hazardous diazotisation step in the lab-scale synthesis was transformed to a safe and easy-to-handle flow chemistry step. Additionally, the paper presents an OSHA-recommended safety assessment of active compound E, as performed by Fauske and Associates, LLC, Burr Ridge, IL, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katja Egeskov Grier
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark; (C.U.J.)
| | - Jens Bo Andersen
- Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Louise Dahl Hultqvist
- Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Nilsson
- Department of Odontology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus Moser
- Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Graz
- Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tim Tolker-Nielsen
- Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Givskov
- Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katrine Qvortrup
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark; (C.U.J.)
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2
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Chen Y, Monbaliu JCM. Preparation of Dinitrogen Trioxide for Organic Synthesis: A Phase Equilibrium Approach. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303516. [PMID: 38230919 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Dinitrogen trioxide (N2O3) is a potent nitrosating agent featured with high reactivity and appealing atom economy. Because of its instability and the entanglement of chemical and phase equilibria, N2O3 has rarely been utilized in organic synthesis as a stock reagent with well-defined composition. In this review, the preparations of pure N2O3 and its concentrated solution (>0.1 M) are discussed from the aspect of phase equilibrium. Understanding the physical and chemical characteristics of N2O3, along with how reaction parameters (temperature, pressure, molar ratio) interact, plays a crucial role in managing the concentration of N2O3 in the liquid phase. This control holds practical significance in achieving quantitative reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuesu Chen
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis (CiTOS), MolSys Research Unit, University of Liège, B6a, Room 3/19, Allée du Six Août 13, 4000, Liège (Sart Tilman), Belgium
| | - Jean-Christophe M Monbaliu
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis (CiTOS), MolSys Research Unit, University of Liège, B6a, Room 3/19, Allée du Six Août 13, 4000, Liège (Sart Tilman), Belgium
- WEL Research Institute, Avenue Pasteur 6, 1300, Wavre, Belgium
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3
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Donnelly K, Baumann M. Advances in the Continuous Flow Synthesis of 3- and 4-Membered Ring Systems. Chemistry 2024:e202400758. [PMID: 38564288 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Small carbo- and heterocyclic ring systems have experienced a significant increase in importance in recent years due to their relevance in modern pharmaceuticals, as building blocks for designer materials or as synthetic intermediates. This necessitated the development of new synthetic methods for the preparation of these strained ring systems focusing on effectiveness and scalability. The high ring strain of these entities as well as the use of high-energy reagents and intermediates has often challenged their synthesis. Continuous flow approaches have thus emerged as highly effective means to safely and reliably access these strained scaffolds. In this short review, key developments in this field are summarised showcasing the power of continuous flow approaches for accessing 3- and 4-membered ring systems via thermal, photo- and electrochemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kian Donnelly
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Science Centre South, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Marcus Baumann
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Science Centre South, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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4
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Martins GM, Braga FC, de Castro PP, Brocksom TJ, de Oliveira KT. Continuous flow reactions in the preparation of active pharmaceutical ingredients and fine chemicals. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:3226-3239. [PMID: 38441166 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00418c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we present an overview of continuous flow chemistry, including photoflow and electroflow technologies in the preparation of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and fine chemical intermediates. Examples highlighting the benefits and challenges associated with continuous flow processes, mainly involving continuous thermal, photo- and electrochemical transformations, are drawn from the relevant literature, especially our experience and collaborations in this area, with emphasis on the synthesis and prospective scale-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme M Martins
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Felipe C Braga
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Pedro P de Castro
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Timothy J Brocksom
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Kleber T de Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil.
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5
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O'Callaghan KS, Lynch D, Baumann M, Collins SG, Maguire AR. Flow photolysis of aryldiazoacetates leading to dihydrobenzofurans via intramolecular C-H insertion. Org Biomol Chem 2023. [PMID: 37248769 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00541k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Flow photolysis of aryldiazoacetates 3-5 leads to C-H insertion to form dihydrobenzofurans 6-8 in a metal-free process, using either a medium pressure mercury lamp (250-390 nm) or LEDs (365 nm or 450 nm) with comparable synthetic outcomes. Significantly, addition of 4,4'-dimethoxybenzophenone 9 results in an increased yield and also alters the stereochemical outcome leading to preferential isolation of the trans dihydrobenzofurans 6a-8a (up to 50% yield), while the cis and trans diastereomers of 6-8 are recovered in essentially equimolar amounts in the absence of a photosensitiser (up to 26% yield).
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie S O'Callaghan
- School of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College Cork, Ireland.
| | - Denis Lynch
- School of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College Cork, Ireland.
| | - Marcus Baumann
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Stuart G Collins
- School of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College Cork, Ireland.
| | - Anita R Maguire
- School of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College Cork, Ireland.
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Ireland
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6
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Zhou Y, Yao Z, Zhang X, Yang R, Jin Y, Huang J. Continuous-Flow Diazotization of Weakly Basic Aromatic Amines in a Microreaction System. Ind Eng Chem Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.3c00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Zhou
- College of Life Science, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018 Zhejiang, China
| | - Zong Yao
- College of Life Science, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018 Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuejing Zhang
- College of Life Science, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018 Zhejiang, China
| | - Rujing Yang
- College of Life Science, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018 Zhejiang, China
| | - Yiqiang Jin
- Apeloa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Dongyang, 322118 Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinpei Huang
- College of Life Science, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018 Zhejiang, China
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7
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Donnelly K, Baumann M. Continuous Flow Technology as an Enabler for Innovative Transformations Exploiting Carbenes, Nitrenes, and Benzynes. J Org Chem 2022; 87:8279-8288. [PMID: 35700424 PMCID: PMC9251729 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Miniaturization offered
by microreactors provides for superb reaction
control as well as excellent heat and mass transfer. By performing
chemical reactions in microreactors or tubular systems under continuous
flow conditions, increased safety can be harnessed which allows exploitation
of these technologies for the generation and immediate consumption
of high-energy intermediates. This Synopsis demonstrates the use of
flow technology to effectively exploit benzynes, carbenes, and nitrenes
in synthetic chemistry programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kian Donnelly
- School of Chemistry, Science Centre South, University College Dublin, D04 N2E2 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Marcus Baumann
- School of Chemistry, Science Centre South, University College Dublin, D04 N2E2 Dublin, Ireland
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8
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Tra BBJ, Abollé A, Coeffard V, Felpin FX. Flow Conditions‐Controlled Divergent Oxidative Cyclization of Reticuline‐type Alkaloids to Aporphine and Morphinandienone Natural Products. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Francois-Xavier Felpin
- Nantes University: Universite de Nantes UFR Sciences et Techniques, UMR CNRS 6230, CEISAM 2 Rue de la Houssiniere 44322 Nantes FRANCE
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9
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Metal-free catalyzed aerobic oxidation of 2-nitro-4-methylsulfone toluene to 2-nitro-4-methylsulfonylbenzoic acid using a continuous-flow reactor. J Flow Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-022-00225-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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10
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Chen J, Xie X, Liu J, Yu Z, Su W. Revisiting aromatic diazotization and aryl diazonium salts in continuous flow: highlighted research during 2001–2021. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2re00001f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Aryl diazonium salts play an important role in chemical transformations; however their explosive nature limits their applications in batch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianli Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxuan Xie
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Jiming Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Zhiqun Yu
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Weike Su
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
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11
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O'Mahony RM, Lynch D, O'Callaghan KS, Collins SG, Maguire AR. Generation of Tosyl Azide in Continuous Flow Using an Azide Resin, and Telescoping with Diazo Transfer and Rhodium Acetate-Catalyzed O-H Insertion. Org Process Res Dev 2021; 25:2772-2785. [PMID: 34955628 PMCID: PMC8689650 DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Generation of tosyl azide 12 in acetonitrile in flow under water-free conditions using an azide resin and its use in diazo transfer to a series of aryl acetates are described. Successful telescoping with a rhodium acetate-catalyzed O-H insertion has been achieved, thereby transforming the aryl acetate 8 to α-hydroxy ester 10, a key intermediate in the synthesis of clopidogrel 11, without requiring isolation or handling of either tosyl azide 12 or α-aryl-α-diazoacetate 9, or indeed having significant amounts of either present at any point. Significantly, the solution of α-diazo ester 9 was sufficiently clean to progress directly to the rhodium acetate-catalyzed step without any detrimental impact on the efficiency of the O-H insertion. In addition, the rhodium acetate-catalyzed O-H insertion process is cleaner in flow than under traditional batch conditions. Use of the azide resin offers clear safety advantages and, in addition, this approach complements earlier protocols for the generation of tosyl azide 12 in flow; this protocol is especially useful with less acidic substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosella M O'Mahony
- School of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland
| | - Denis Lynch
- School of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland
| | - Katie S O'Callaghan
- School of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland
| | - Stuart G Collins
- School of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland
| | - Anita R Maguire
- School of Chemistry and School of Pharmacy, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland
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12
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Kearney AM, Lynch D, Collins SG, Maguire AR. Telescoped diazo transfer and rhodium-catalysed S–H insertion in continuous flow. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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13
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Crowley DC, Brouder TA, Kearney AM, Lynch D, Ford A, Collins SG, Maguire AR. Exploiting Continuous Processing for Challenging Diazo Transfer and Telescoped Copper-Catalyzed Asymmetric Transformations. J Org Chem 2021; 86:13955-13982. [PMID: 34379975 PMCID: PMC8524431 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Generation and use
of triflyl azide in flow enables efficient synthesis
of a range of α-diazocarbonyl compounds, including α-diazoketones,
α-diazoamides, and an α-diazosulfonyl ester, via both
Regitz-type diazo transfer and deacylative/debenzoylative diazo-transfer
processes with excellent yields and offers versatility in the solvent
employed, in addition to addressing the hazards associated with handling
of this highly reactive sulfonyl azide. Telescoping the generation
of triflyl azide and diazo-transfer process with highly enantioselective
copper-mediated intramolecular aromatic addition and C–H insertion
processes demonstrates that the reaction stream containing the α-diazocarbonyl
compound can be obtained in sufficient purity to pass directly over
the immobilized copper bis(oxazoline) catalyst without detrimentally
impacting the catalyst enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Crowley
- School of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Thomas A Brouder
- School of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Aoife M Kearney
- School of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Denis Lynch
- School of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Alan Ford
- School of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Stuart G Collins
- School of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Anita R Maguire
- School of Chemistry and School of Pharmacy, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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14
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Smallman HR, Leitch JA, McBride T, Ley SV, Browne DL. Formation and utility of reactive ketene intermediates under continuous flow conditions. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.132305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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15
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Mo F, Qiu D, Zhang L, Wang J. Recent Development of Aryl Diazonium Chemistry for the Derivatization of Aromatic Compounds. Chem Rev 2021; 121:5741-5829. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fanyang Mo
- Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Di Qiu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianbo Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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16
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17
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Domokos A, Nagy B, Szilágyi B, Marosi G, Nagy ZK. Integrated Continuous Pharmaceutical Technologies—A Review. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- András Domokos
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Organic Chemistry and Technology Department, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Brigitta Nagy
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Organic Chemistry and Technology Department, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Botond Szilágyi
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - György Marosi
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Organic Chemistry and Technology Department, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsombor Kristóf Nagy
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Organic Chemistry and Technology Department, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
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18
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Liu W, Twilton J, Wei B, Lee M, Hopkins MN, Bacsa J, Stahl SS, Davies HML. Copper-Catalyzed Oxidation of Hydrazones to Diazo Compounds Using Oxygen as the Terminal Oxidant. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta 30322, Georgia
| | - Jack Twilton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Bo Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta 30322, Georgia
| | - Maizie Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta 30322, Georgia
| | - Melissa N. Hopkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - John Bacsa
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta 30322, Georgia
| | - Shannon S. Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Huw M. L. Davies
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta 30322, Georgia
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19
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Vasudevan N, Aka EC, Barré E, Wimmer E, Cortés-Borda D, Giraudeau P, Farjon J, Rodriguez-Zubiri M, Felpin FX. Development of a continuous flow synthesis of FGIN-1-27 enabled by in-line 19F NMR analyses and optimization algorithms. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00220a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A continuous flow synthesis of FGIN-1-27 has been developed using enabling technologies such as real-time in-line benchtop 19F NMR analysis and an optimization algorithm.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Vasudevan
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes, France
| | - Ehu C. Aka
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes, France
| | - Elvina Barré
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes, France
| | - Eric Wimmer
- Institut de Recherches Servier, 125 Chemin de Ronde, 78290 Croissy sur Seine, France
| | - Daniel Cortés-Borda
- Universidad del Atlántico, Facultad de ciencias básicas, Carrera 30 # 8-49, Puerto Colombia, Atlántico, Colombia
| | - Patrick Giraudeau
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes, France
| | - Jonathan Farjon
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes, France
| | | | - François-Xavier Felpin
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes, France
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20
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Mei H, Liu J, Pajkert R, Wang L, Röschenthaler GV, Han J. Design of (β-diazo-α,α-difluoroethyl)phosphonates and their application as masked carbenes in visible light-promoted coupling reactions with sulfonic acids. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo01394c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A new kind of (β-diazo-α,α-difluoroethyl)phosphonate was designed and used as masked carbenes in visible-light-promoted reactions with sulfonic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Mei
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing Forestry University
- Nanjing 210037
- China
| | - Jiang Liu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing Forestry University
- Nanjing 210037
- China
| | - Romana Pajkert
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry
- Jacobs University Bremen gGmbH
- 28759 Bremen
- Germany
| | - Li Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing Forestry University
- Nanjing 210037
- China
| | | | - Jianlin Han
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing Forestry University
- Nanjing 210037
- China
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21
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Qin L, Yuan X, Cui Y, Sun Q, Duan X, Zhuang K, Chen L, Qiu J, Guo K. Visible‐Light‐Mediated S−H Bond Insertion Reactions of Diazoalkanes with Cysteine Residues in Batch and Flow. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Long‐Zhou Qin
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanjing Tech University 30 Puzhu South Road Nanjing 211816 People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Yuan
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanjing Tech University 30 Puzhu South Road Nanjing 211816 People's Republic of China
| | - Yu‐Sheng Cui
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanjing Tech University 30 Puzhu South Road Nanjing 211816 People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Sun
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanjing Tech University 30 Puzhu South Road Nanjing 211816 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu Duan
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanjing Tech University 30 Puzhu South Road Nanjing 211816 People's Republic of China
| | - Kai‐Qiang Zhuang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanjing Tech University 30 Puzhu South Road Nanjing 211816 People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Chen
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanjing Tech University 30 Puzhu South Road Nanjing 211816 People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang‐Kai Qiu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanjing Tech University 30 Puzhu South Road Nanjing 211816 People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Guo
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanjing Tech University 30 Puzhu South Road Nanjing 211816 People's Republic of China
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22
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Dallinger D, Gutmann B, Kappe CO. The Concept of Chemical Generators: On-Site On-Demand Production of Hazardous Reagents in Continuous Flow. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:1330-1341. [PMID: 32543830 PMCID: PMC7467564 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
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In recent years, a steadily growing number of chemists, from both
academia and industry, have dedicated their research to the development
of continuous flow processes performed in milli- or microreactors.
The common availability of continuous flow equipment at virtually
all scales and affordable cost has additionally impacted this trend.
Furthermore, regulatory agencies such as the United States Food and
Drug Administration actively encourage continuous manufacturing of
active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) with the vision of quality
and productivity improvements. That is why the pharmaceutical industry
is progressively implementing continuous flow technologies. As a result
of the exceptional characteristics of continuous flow reactors such
as small reactor volumes and remarkably fast heat and mass transfer,
process conditions which need to be avoided in conventional batch
syntheses can be safely employed. Thus, continuous operation is particularly
advantageous for reactions at high temperatures/pressures (novel process
windows) and for ultrafast, exothermic reactions (flash chemistry). In addition to conditions that are outside of the operation range
of conventional stirred tank reactors, reagents possessing a high
hazard potential and therefore not amenable to batch processing can
be safely utilized (forbidden chemistry). Because of the small reactor
volumes, risks in case of a failure are minimized. Such hazardous
reagents often are low molecular weight compounds, leading generally
to the most atom-, time-, and cost-efficient route toward the desired
product. Ideally, they are generated from benign, readily available
and cheap precursors within the closed environment of the flow reactor
on-site on-demand. By doing so, the transport, storage, and handling
of those compounds, which impose a certain safety risk especially
on a large scale, are circumvented. This strategy also positively
impacts the global supply chain dependency, which can be a severe
issue, particularly in times of stricter safety regulations or an
epidemic. The concept of the in situ production of a hazardous material
is generally referred to as the “generator” of the material.
Importantly, in an integrated flow process, multiple modules can be
assembled consecutively, allowing not only an in-line purification/separation
and quenching of the reagent, but also its downstream conversion to
a nonhazardous product. For the past decade, research in our
group has focused on the continuous
generation of hazardous reagents using a range of reactor designs
and experimental techniques, particularly toward the synthesis of
APIs. In this Account, we therefore introduce chemical generator concepts
that have been developed in our laboratories for the production of
toxic, explosive, and short-lived reagents. We have defined three
different classes of generators depending on the reactivity/stability
of the reagents, featuring reagents such as Br2, HCN, peracids,
diazomethane (CH2N2), or hydrazoic acid (HN3). The various reactor designs, including in-line membrane
separation techniques and real-time process analytical technologies
for the generation, purification, and monitoring of those hazardous
reagents, and also their downstream transformations are presented.
This Account should serve as food for thought to extend the scope
of chemical generators for accomplishing more efficient and more economic
processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Dallinger
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Bernhard Gutmann
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
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23
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Zhao R, Shi L. Reactions between Diazo Compounds and Hypervalent Iodine(III) Reagents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:12282-12292. [PMID: 32424900 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Site-selective "cut and sew" transformations employing diazo compounds and hypervalent iodine(III) compounds involve the departure of leaving groups, a "cut" process, followed by a reorganization of the fragments by bond formation, a "sew" process. Bearing controllable cleavage sites, diazo compounds and hypervalent iodine(III) compounds play a critical role as versatile reagents in a wide range of organic transformations because their excellent nucleofugality allows for a large number of unusual reactions to occur. In recent years, the combination of diazo compounds and hypervalent iodine(III) reagents has emerged as a promising tool for developing new and valuable approaches, and has met considerable success. In this Minireview, this combination is systematically illustrated with recent advances in the field, with the aim of elaborating the synthetic utility and potential of this concept as a powerful strategy in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhao
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Lei Shi
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
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24
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A safe and efficient process for the preparation of difluoromethane in continuous flow. Chin J Chem Eng 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2020.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Morodo
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis MolSys Research Unit University of Liège B‐4000 Liège (Sart Tilman) Belgium
| | - Pauline Bianchi
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis MolSys Research Unit University of Liège B‐4000 Liège (Sart Tilman) Belgium
| | - Jean‐Christophe M. Monbaliu
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis MolSys Research Unit University of Liège B‐4000 Liège (Sart Tilman) Belgium
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26
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Zhao R, Shi L. Reactions between Diazo Compounds and Hypervalent Iodine(III) Reagents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202003081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhao
- School of Science Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
| | - Lei Shi
- School of Science Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
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27
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Schotten C, Leprevost SK, Yong LM, Hughes CE, Harris KDM, Browne DL. Comparison of the Thermal Stabilities of Diazonium Salts and Their Corresponding Triazenes. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Schotten
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Wales, U.K
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, England, U.K
| | - Samy K. Leprevost
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Wales, U.K
| | - Low Ming Yong
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Wales, U.K
| | - Colan E. Hughes
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Wales, U.K
| | - Kenneth D. M. Harris
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Wales, U.K
| | - Duncan L. Browne
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Wales, U.K
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, England, U.K
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28
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Caiuby CAD, de Jesus MP, Burtoloso ACB. α-Imino Iridium Carbenes from Imidoyl Sulfoxonium Ylides: Application in the One-Step Synthesis of Indoles. J Org Chem 2020; 85:7433-7445. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clarice A. D. Caiuby
- Instituto de Quı́mica de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Matheus P. de Jesus
- Instituto de Quı́mica de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio C. B. Burtoloso
- Instituto de Quı́mica de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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29
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Govaerts S, Nyuchev A, Noel T. Pushing the boundaries of C–H bond functionalization chemistry using flow technology. J Flow Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-020-00077-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AbstractC–H functionalization chemistry is one of the most vibrant research areas within synthetic organic chemistry. While most researchers focus on the development of small-scale batch-type transformations, more recently such transformations have been carried out in flow reactors to explore new chemical space, to boost reactivity or to enable scalability of this important reaction class. Herein, an up-to-date overview of C–H bond functionalization reactions carried out in continuous-flow microreactors is presented. A comprehensive overview of reactions which establish the formal conversion of a C–H bond into carbon–carbon or carbon–heteroatom bonds is provided; this includes metal-assisted C–H bond cleavages, hydrogen atom transfer reactions and C–H bond functionalizations which involve an SE-type process to aromatic or olefinic systems. Particular focus is devoted to showcase the advantages of flow processing to enhance C–H bond functionalization chemistry. Consequently, it is our hope that this review will serve as a guide to inspire researchers to push the boundaries of C–H functionalization chemistry using flow technology.
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30
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Duan X, Huang Z, Qian G, He K, Zhang J, Mleczko L, Zhou X. Unprecedented yield of methyl-esterification with in-situ generated diazomethane in a microchannel reactor with methanol as solvent. Chem Eng Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2019.115397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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31
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Kim HW, Byun S, Kim SM, Kim HJ, Lei C, Kang DY, Cho A, Kim BM, Park JK. Simple reversible fixation of a magnetic catalyst in a continuous flow system: ultrafast reduction of nitroarenes and subsequent reductive amination using ammonia borane. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cy02021g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Continuous reductive amination was performed using NH3BH3 through reversible magnetic bimetallic fixation at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Won Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute of Functional Materials
- Pusan National University
- Busan 46241
- Korea
| | - Sangmoon Byun
- Department of Chemistry
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- Korea
| | - Seong Min Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute of Functional Materials
- Pusan National University
- Busan 46241
- Korea
| | - Ha Joon Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute of Functional Materials
- Pusan National University
- Busan 46241
- Korea
| | - Cao Lei
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute of Functional Materials
- Pusan National University
- Busan 46241
- Korea
| | - Dong Yun Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute of Functional Materials
- Pusan National University
- Busan 46241
- Korea
| | - Ahra Cho
- Department of Chemistry
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- Korea
| | - B. Moon Kim
- Department of Chemistry
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- Korea
| | - Jin Kyoon Park
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute of Functional Materials
- Pusan National University
- Busan 46241
- Korea
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32
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Choi YS, Lee S, Bae SW. Efficient and Safe Synthesis of 1‐Methyl‐3,5‐Dinitro‐1,2,4‐Triazole Using Continuous Flow Chemistry. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.11938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Seon Choi
- Green Chemistry and Materials GroupKorea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH) Cheonan 31056 South Korea
| | - Sejin Lee
- The 4th R&D InstituteAgency for Defense Development (ADD) Daejeon 34186 South Korea
| | - Se Won Bae
- Green Chemistry and Materials GroupKorea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH) Cheonan 31056 South Korea
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33
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Green SP, Wheelhouse KM, Payne AD, Hallett JP, Miller PW, Bull JA. Thermal Stability and Explosive Hazard Assessment of Diazo Compounds and Diazo Transfer Reagents. Org Process Res Dev 2019; 24:67-84. [PMID: 31983869 PMCID: PMC6972035 DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Despite their wide use in academia as metal-carbene precursors, diazo compounds are often avoided in industry owing to concerns over their instability, exothermic decomposition, and potential explosive behavior. The stability of sulfonyl azides and other diazo transfer reagents is relatively well understood, but there is little reliable data available for diazo compounds. This work first collates available sensitivity and thermal analysis data for diazo transfer reagents and diazo compounds to act as an accessible reference resource. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and accelerating rate calorimetry (ARC) data for the model donor/acceptor diazo compound ethyl (phenyl)diazoacetate are presented. We also present a rigorous DSC dataset with 43 other diazo compounds, enabling direct comparison to other energetic materials to provide a clear reference work to the academic and industrial chemistry communities. Interestingly, there is a wide range of onset temperatures (T onset) for this series of compounds, which varied between 75 and 160 °C. The thermal stability variation depends on the electronic effect of substituents and the amount of charge delocalization. A statistical model is demonstrated to predict the thermal stability of differently substituted phenyl diazoacetates. A maximum recommended process temperature (T D24) to avoid decomposition is estimated for selected diazo compounds. The average enthalpy of decomposition (ΔH D) for diazo compounds without other energetic functional groups is -102 kJ mol-1. Several diazo transfer reagents are analyzed using the same DSC protocol and found to have higher thermal stability, which is in general agreement with the reported values. For sulfonyl azide reagents, an average ΔH D of -201 kJ mol-1 is observed. High-quality thermal data from ARC experiments shows the initiation of decomposition for ethyl (phenyl)diazoacetate to be 60 °C, compared to that of 100 °C for the common diazo transfer reagent p-acetamidobenzenesulfonyl azide (p-ABSA). The Yoshida correlation is applied to DSC data for each diazo compound to provide an indication of both their impact sensitivity (IS) and explosivity. As a neat substance, none of the diazo compounds tested are predicted to be explosive, but many (particularly donor/acceptor diazo compounds) are predicted to be impact-sensitive. It is therefore recommended that manipulation, agitation, and other processing of neat diazo compounds are conducted with due care to avoid impacts, particularly in large quantities. The full dataset is presented to inform chemists of the nature and magnitude of hazards when using diazo compounds and diazo transfer reagents. Given the demonstrated potential for rapid heat generation and gas evolution, adequate temperature control and cautious addition of reagents that begin a reaction are strongly recommended when conducting reactions with diazo compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian P Green
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, 80 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Katherine M Wheelhouse
- API Chemistry, Product Development & Supply and Process Safety, Pilot Plant Operations, GlaxoSmithKline, GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Andrew D Payne
- API Chemistry, Product Development & Supply and Process Safety, Pilot Plant Operations, GlaxoSmithKline, GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Jason P Hallett
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Philip W Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, 80 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - James A Bull
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, 80 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K
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34
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Bondarev AA, Naumov EV, Kassanova AZ, Krasnokutskaya EA, Stankevich KS, Filimonov VD. First Study of the Thermal and Storage Stability of Arenediazonium Triflates Comparing to 4-Nitrobenzenediazonium Tosylate and Tetrafluoroborate by Calorimetric Methods. Org Process Res Dev 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A. Bondarev
- Department of Biomedicine, Altai State University, Barnaul 656049, Russian Federation
| | - Evgeny V. Naumov
- Department of Biomedicine, Altai State University, Barnaul 656049, Russian Federation
| | | | - Elena A. Krasnokutskaya
- The Kizhner Research Center, National ResearchTomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634050, Russian Federation
| | - Ksenia S. Stankevich
- The Kizhner Research Center, National ResearchTomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634050, Russian Federation
| | - Victor D. Filimonov
- The Kizhner Research Center, National ResearchTomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634050, Russian Federation
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35
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Snead DR, Lévesque F, Morris WJ, Naber JR. An improved Balz-Schiemann reaction enabled by ionic liquids and continuous processing. Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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36
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Salehi Marzijarani N, Snead DR, McMullen JP, Lévesque F, Weisel M, Varsolona RJ, Lam YH, Liu Z, Naber JR. One-Step Synthesis of 2-Fluoroadenine Using Hydrogen Fluoride Pyridine in a Continuous Flow Operation. Org Process Res Dev 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nastaran Salehi Marzijarani
- Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co. Inc., P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - David R. Snead
- Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co. Inc., P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jonathan P. McMullen
- Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co. Inc., P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - François Lévesque
- Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co. Inc., P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Mark Weisel
- Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co. Inc., P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Richard J. Varsolona
- Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co. Inc., P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Yu-hong Lam
- Modeling and Informatics, Merck & Co. Inc., P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Zhijian Liu
- Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co. Inc., P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - John R. Naber
- Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co. Inc., P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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37
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Wernik M, Poechlauer P, Schmoelzer C, Dallinger D, Kappe CO. Design and Optimization of a Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor Cascade for Membrane-Based Diazomethane Production: Synthesis of α-Chloroketones. Org Process Res Dev 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Wernik
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Poechlauer
- Patheon Austria GmbH & Co KG, Sankt-Peter-Straße 25, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | | | - Doris Dallinger
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
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38
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Lynch D, O'Mahony RM, McCarthy DG, Bateman LM, Collins SG, Maguire AR. Mechanistic Study of In Situ Generation and Use of Methanesulfonyl Azide as a Diazo Transfer Reagent with Real-Time Monitoring by FlowNMR. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Denis Lynch
- School of Chemistry; Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre; University College Cork; Ireland
| | - Rosella M. O'Mahony
- School of Chemistry; Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre; University College Cork; Ireland
| | - Daniel G. McCarthy
- School of Chemistry; Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre; University College Cork; Ireland
| | - Lorraine M. Bateman
- School of Chemistry and School of Pharmacy; Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre; University College Cork; Ireland
| | - Stuart G. Collins
- School of Chemistry; Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre; University College Cork; Ireland
| | - Anita R. Maguire
- School of Chemistry and School of Pharmacy; Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre; University College Cork; Ireland
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39
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Sullivan RJ, Freure GPR, Newman SG. Overcoming Scope Limitations in Cross-Coupling of Diazo Nucleophiles by Manipulating Catalyst Speciation and Using Flow Diazo Generation. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b01180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J. Sullivan
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie-Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Garrett P. R. Freure
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie-Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Stephen G. Newman
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie-Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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40
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Understanding of two-stage continuous microreaction technology for in-situ generation and consecutive conversion of diazomethane. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2018.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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41
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Baumann M. Integrating continuous flow synthesis with in-line analysis and data generation. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 16:5946-5954. [PMID: 30062354 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob01437j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Continuous flow synthesis of fine chemicals has successfully advanced from an academic niche area to a rapidly growing field of its own that directly impacts developments and applications in industrial settings. Whilst the numerous advantages of flow over batch processing are widely recognised and have led to a wider uptake of continuous flow synthesis within the community, we have reached a point where continuous flow synthesis has to transition from a stand-alone enabling technology to a readily integrated synthesis concept. Thus it is paramount to embrace a multitude of in-line analysis and purification techniques to not only allow for efficiently telescoped multi-step sequences but ultimately generate bioactivity data concomitantly on newly synthesised entities. This short review summarises the state of the art in this field and presents both challenges and opportunities that arise from this ambitious endeavour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Baumann
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Science Centre South, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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42
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Mykhailiuk PK, Koenigs RM. Difluorodiazoethane (CF
2
HCHN
2
): A New Reagent for the Introduction of the Difluoromethyl Group. Chemistry 2019; 25:6053-6063. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel K. Mykhailiuk
- Enamine Ltd. Chervonotkatska 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine
- Chemistry DepartmentTaras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv Volodymyrska 64 01601 Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Rene M. Koenigs
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
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43
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Hommelsheim R, Guo Y, Yang Z, Empel C, Koenigs RM. Blue‐Light‐Induced Carbene‐Transfer Reactions of Diazoalkanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:1203-1207. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201811991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Renè Hommelsheim
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Yujing Guo
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Zhen Yang
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Claire Empel
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Rene M. Koenigs
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
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44
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Qiu M, Zha L, Song Y, Xiang L, Su Y. Numbering-up of capillary microreactors for homogeneous processes and its application in free radical polymerization. REACT CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8re00224j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Different numbered-up capillary microreactor systems were assembled with commercially available parts for homogeneous processes with significant variation of fluid properties (e.g., free radical polymerization), and statistical analysis was performed to reveal its flow distribution performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Qiu
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai Electrochemical Energy Devices Research Center
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
| | - Li Zha
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai Electrochemical Energy Devices Research Center
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
| | - Yang Song
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai Electrochemical Energy Devices Research Center
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
| | - Liang Xiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai Electrochemical Energy Devices Research Center
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
| | - Yuanhai Su
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai Electrochemical Energy Devices Research Center
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
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45
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Wimmer E, Cortés-Borda D, Brochard S, Barré E, Truchet C, Felpin FX. An autonomous self-optimizing flow machine for the synthesis of pyridine–oxazoline (PyOX) ligands. REACT CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9re00096h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A continuous flow synthesis of PyOX ligands has been developed using an autonomous self-optimizing flow reactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Wimmer
- Université de Nantes
- CNRS UMR 6230
- CEISAM
- 44322 Nantes Cedex 3
- France
| | | | - Solène Brochard
- Université de Nantes
- CNRS UMR 6230
- CEISAM
- 44322 Nantes Cedex 3
- France
| | - Elvina Barré
- Université de Nantes
- CNRS UMR 6230
- CEISAM
- 44322 Nantes Cedex 3
- France
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46
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Sengupta S, Chandrasekaran S. Modifications of amino acids using arenediazonium salts. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:8308-8329. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01471c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aryl transfer reactions from arenediazonium salts have started to make their impact in chemical biology with initial forays in the arena of arylative modifications and bio-conjugations of amino acids, peptides and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumitra Sengupta
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore
- India
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47
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McCaw PG, Khandavilli UBR, Lawrence SE, Maguire AR, Collins SG. Synthesis of 1,2,5-oxathiazole-S-oxides by 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of nitrile oxides to α-oxo sulfines. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:622-638. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob02691b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The generation of novel 1,2,5-oxathiazole-S-oxide cycloadducts from cycloaddition of nitrile oxide dipoles with α-oxo sulfines generated in situ from α-diazosulfoxides is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick G. McCaw
- School of Chemistry
- Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre
- University College Cork
- Ireland
| | - U. B. Rao Khandavilli
- School of Chemistry
- Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre
- University College Cork
- Ireland
| | - Simon E. Lawrence
- School of Chemistry
- Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre
- University College Cork
- Ireland
| | - Anita R. Maguire
- School of Chemistry and School of Pharmacy
- Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre
- University College Cork
- Ireland
| | - Stuart G. Collins
- School of Chemistry
- Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre
- University College Cork
- Ireland
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48
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Hommelsheim R, Guo Y, Yang Z, Empel C, Koenigs RM. Durch blaues Licht induzierte Carbentransferreaktionen von Diazoalkanen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201811991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Renè Hommelsheim
- Institut für Organische ChemieRWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Yujing Guo
- Institut für Organische ChemieRWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Zhen Yang
- Institut für Organische ChemieRWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Claire Empel
- Institut für Organische ChemieRWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Rene M. Koenigs
- Institut für Organische ChemieRWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
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49
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Sharma Y, Nikam AV, Kulkarni AA. Telescoped Sequence of Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions in Multistep Flow Synthesis. Org Process Res Dev 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.8b00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yachita Sharma
- Chemical Engineering & Process Development Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
| | - Arun V. Nikam
- Chemical Engineering & Process Development Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
| | - Amol A. Kulkarni
- Chemical Engineering & Process Development Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
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50
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de Souza AAN, Silva NS, Müller AV, Polo AS, Brocksom TJ, de Oliveira KT. Porphyrins as Photoredox Catalysts in Csp 2-H Arylations: Batch and Continuous Flow Approaches. J Org Chem 2018; 83:15077-15086. [PMID: 30456953 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated both batch and continuous flow photoarylations of enol-acetates to yield different α-arylated aldehyde and ketone building blocks by using diazonium salts as the aryl-radical source. Different porphyrins were used as SET photocatalysts, and photophysical as well as electrochemical studies were performed to rationalize the photoredox properties and suggest mechanistic insights. Notably, the most electron-deficient porphyrin ( meso-tetra(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin) shows the best photoactivity as an electron donor in the triplet excited state, which was rationalized by the redox potentials of excited states and the turnover of the porphyrins in the photocatalytic cycle. A two-step continuous protocol and multigram-scale reactions are also presented revealing a robust, cost-competitive, and easy methodology, highlighting the significant potential of porphyrins as SET photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline A N de Souza
- Departamento de Química , Universidade Federal de São Carlos , São Carlos , São Paulo 13565-905 , Brazil
| | - Nathalia S Silva
- Departamento de Química , Universidade Federal de São Carlos , São Carlos , São Paulo 13565-905 , Brazil
| | - Andressa V Müller
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas , Universidade Federal do ABC , Santo André , São Paulo 09210-580 , Brazil
| | - André S Polo
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas , Universidade Federal do ABC , Santo André , São Paulo 09210-580 , Brazil
| | - Timothy J Brocksom
- Departamento de Química , Universidade Federal de São Carlos , São Carlos , São Paulo 13565-905 , Brazil.,Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas , Universidade Federal do ABC , Santo André , São Paulo 09210-580 , Brazil
| | - Kleber T de Oliveira
- Departamento de Química , Universidade Federal de São Carlos , São Carlos , São Paulo 13565-905 , Brazil
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