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Wang W, Luo H, Wang H. Recent advances in micro/nanomotors for antibacterial applications. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:5000-5023. [PMID: 38712692 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb02718j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Currently, the rapid spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria derived from the indiscriminate use of traditional antibiotics poses a significant threat to public health worldwide. Moreover, established bacterial biofilms are extremely difficult to eradicate because of their high tolerance to traditional antimicrobial agents and extraordinary resistance to phagocytosis. Hence, it is of universal significance to develop novel robust and efficient antibacterial strategies to combat bacterial infections. Micro/nanomotors exhibit many intriguing properties, including enhanced mass transfer and micro-mixing resulting from their locomotion, intrinsic antimicrobial capabilities, active cargo delivery, and targeted treatment with precise micromanipulation, which facilitate the targeted delivery of antimicrobials to infected sites and their deep permeation into sites of bacterial biofilms for fast inactivation. Thus, the ideal antimicrobial activity of antibacterial micro/nanorobots makes them desirable alternatives to traditional antimicrobial treatments and has aroused extensive interest in recent years. In this review, recent advancements in antibacterial micro/nanomotors are briefly summarized, focusing on their synthetic methods, propulsion mechanism, and versatile antibacterial applications. Finally, some personal insights into the current challenges and possible future directions to translate proof-of-concept research to clinic application are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxia Wang
- School of Biomedical and Phamaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Hangyu Luo
- School of Biomedical and Phamaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Han Wang
- School of Biomedical and Phamaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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2
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Dutta S, Noh S, Gual RS, Chen X, Pané S, Nelson BJ, Choi H. Recent Developments in Metallic Degradable Micromotors for Biomedical and Environmental Remediation Applications. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2023; 16:41. [PMID: 38032424 PMCID: PMC10689718 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01259-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic micromotor has gained substantial attention in biomedicine and environmental remediation. Metal-based degradable micromotor composed of magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), and iron (Fe) have promise due to their nontoxic fuel-free propulsion, favorable biocompatibility, and safe excretion of degradation products Recent advances in degradable metallic micromotor have shown their fast movement in complex biological media, efficient cargo delivery and favorable biocompatibility. A noteworthy number of degradable metal-based micromotors employ bubble propulsion, utilizing water as fuel to generate hydrogen bubbles. This novel feature has projected degradable metallic micromotors for active in vivo drug delivery applications. In addition, understanding the degradation mechanism of these micromotors is also a key parameter for their design and performance. Its propulsion efficiency and life span govern the overall performance of a degradable metallic micromotor. Here we review the design and recent advancements of metallic degradable micromotors. Furthermore, we describe the controlled degradation, efficient in vivo drug delivery, and built-in acid neutralization capabilities of degradable micromotors with versatile biomedical applications. Moreover, we discuss micromotors' efficacy in detecting and destroying environmental pollutants. Finally, we address the limitations and future research directions of degradable metallic micromotors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Dutta
- Department of Robotics and Mechatronics Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
- DGIST-ETH Microrobotics Research Center, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungmin Noh
- Department of Robotics and Mechatronics Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
- DGIST-ETH Microrobotics Research Center, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Roger Sanchis Gual
- Multi-Scale Robotics Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Xiangzhong Chen
- Institute of Optoelectronics, State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Science and Technology, Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Intelligent Optoelectronics and Perception, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Salvador Pané
- Multi-Scale Robotics Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bradley J Nelson
- Multi-Scale Robotics Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hongsoo Choi
- Department of Robotics and Mechatronics Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea.
- DGIST-ETH Microrobotics Research Center, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Feng K, Chen L, Zhang X, Gong J, Qu J, Niu R. Collective Behaviors of Isotropic Micromotors: From Assembly to Reconstruction and Motion Control under External Fields. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2900. [PMID: 37947744 PMCID: PMC10650937 DOI: 10.3390/nano13212900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Swarms of self-propelled micromotors can mimic the processes of natural systems and construct artificial intelligent materials to perform complex collective behaviors. Compared to self-propelled Janus micromotors, the isotropic colloid motors, also called micromotors or microswimmers, have advantages in self-assembly to form micromotor swarms, which are efficient in resistance to external disturbance and the delivery of large quantity of cargos. In this minireview, we summarize the fundamental principles and interactions for the assembly of isotropic active particles to generate micromotor swarms. Recent discoveries based on either catalytic or external physical field-stimulated micromotor swarms are also presented. Then, the strategy for the reconstruction and motion control of micromotor swarms in complex environments, including narrow channels, maze, raised obstacles, and high steps/low gaps, is summarized. Finally, we outline the future directions of micromotor swarms and the remaining challenges and opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Feng
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Semiconductor Chemistry Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430074, China; (K.F.); (L.C.); (X.Z.); (J.Q.)
| | - Ling Chen
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Semiconductor Chemistry Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430074, China; (K.F.); (L.C.); (X.Z.); (J.Q.)
| | - Xinle Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Semiconductor Chemistry Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430074, China; (K.F.); (L.C.); (X.Z.); (J.Q.)
| | - Jiang Gong
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Semiconductor Chemistry Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430074, China; (K.F.); (L.C.); (X.Z.); (J.Q.)
| | - Jinping Qu
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Semiconductor Chemistry Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430074, China; (K.F.); (L.C.); (X.Z.); (J.Q.)
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering, Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Ran Niu
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Semiconductor Chemistry Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430074, China; (K.F.); (L.C.); (X.Z.); (J.Q.)
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4
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Wu R, Zhu Y, Cai X, Wu S, Xu L, Yu T. Recent Process in Microrobots: From Propulsion to Swarming for Biomedical Applications. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1473. [PMID: 36144096 PMCID: PMC9503943 DOI: 10.3390/mi13091473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Recently, robots have assisted and contributed to the biomedical field. Scaling down the size of robots to micro/nanoscale can increase the accuracy of targeted medications and decrease the danger of invasive operations in human surgery. Inspired by the motion pattern and collective behaviors of the tiny biological motors in nature, various kinds of sophisticated and programmable microrobots are fabricated with the ability for cargo delivery, bio-imaging, precise operation, etc. In this review, four types of propulsion-magnetically, acoustically, chemically/optically and hybrid driven-and their corresponding features have been outlined and categorized. In particular, the locomotion of these micro/nanorobots, as well as the requirement of biocompatibility, transportation efficiency, and controllable motion for applications in the complex human body environment should be considered. We discuss applications of different propulsion mechanisms in the biomedical field, list their individual benefits, and suggest their potential growth paths.
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Wang H, Yu S, Liao J, Qing X, Sun D, Ji F, Song W, Wang L, Li T. A Robot Platform for Highly Efficient Pollutant Purification. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:903219. [PMID: 35782505 PMCID: PMC9247352 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.903219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we propose a highly efficient robot platform for pollutant adsorption. This robot system consists of a flapping-wing micro aircraft (FWMA) for long-distance transportation and delivery and cost-effective multifunctional Janus microrobots for pollutant purification. The flapping-wing micro air vehicle can hover for 11.3 km with a flapping frequency of approximately 15 Hz, fly forward up to 31.6 km/h, and drop microrobots to a targeted destination. The Janus microrobot, which is composed of a silica microsphere, nickel layer, and hydrophobic layer, is used to absorb the oil and process organic pollutants. These Janus microrobots can be propelled fast up to 9.6 body lengths per second, and on-demand speed regulation and remote navigation are manageable. These Janus microrobots can continuously carry oil droplets in aqueous environments under the control of a uniform rotating magnetic field. Because of the fluid dynamics induced by the Janus microrobots, a highly efficient removal of Rhodamine B is accomplished. This smart robot system may open a door for pollutant purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haocheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Shimin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Junjie Liao
- The Seventh Oil Production Plant of Changqing Oilfield Company, Xi’an, China
| | - Xudong Qing
- The Seventh Oil Production Plant of Changqing Oilfield Company, Xi’an, China
| | - Daxing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Fengtong Ji
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wenping Song
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
- Chongqing Research Institute of HIT, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Lin Wang, ; Tianlong Li,
| | - Tianlong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
- Chongqing Research Institute of HIT, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Lin Wang, ; Tianlong Li,
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Pacheco M, Mayorga-Martinez CC, Escarpa A, Pumera M. Micellar Polymer Magnetic Microrobots as Efficient Nerve Agent Microcleaners. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:26128-26134. [PMID: 35612487 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c02926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Micro-/nanorobot technology has developed rapidly in recent years due to their great potential to perform multiple tasks. Here, we develop magnetic microrobots prepared as polycaprolactone/Fe3O4 microspheres covered by micellar polyethyleneimine and use them to efficiently remove a nerve agent from contaminated water. The magnetic polymeric microrobots presented in this work removed around 60% of the nerve agent from water samples in a short time. The attractive performance of these magnetic microrobots offers a very promising approach to large-scale water treatment for environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pacheco
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares 28802, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen C Mayorga-Martinez
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Alberto Escarpa
- Chemical Research Institute "Andres M. del Río", University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares 28802, Madrid, Spain
| | - Martin Pumera
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, 40402 Taichung, Taiwan
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, CZ-612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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7
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Wang D, Mukhtar A, Humayun M, Wu K, Du Z, Wang S, Zhang Y. A Critical Review on Nanowire-Motors: Design, Mechanism and Applications. CHEM REC 2022; 22:e202200016. [PMID: 35616156 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202200016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Nanowire-motors (NW-Ms) are promoting the rapid development of emerging biomedicine and environmental governance, and are an important branch of micro-nano motors in the development of nanotechnology. In recent years, huge research breakthroughs have been made in these fields in terms of the fascinating microstructure, conversion efficiency and practical applications of NW-Ms. This review article introduces the latest milestones in NW-Ms research, from production methods, driving mechanisms, control methods to targeted drug delivery, sewage detection, sensors and cell capture. The dynamics and physics of micro-nano devices are reviewed, and finally the current challenges and future research directions in this field are discussed. This review further aims to provide certain guidance for the driving of NW-Ms to meet the urgent needs of emerging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dashuang Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Aiman Mukhtar
- The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, International Research Institute for Steel Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Steels, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, China
| | - Muhammad Humayun
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Engineering Research Center for Functional Ceramics of the Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Kaiming Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, International Research Institute for Steel Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Steels, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, China
| | - Zhilan Du
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Shushen Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, International Research Institute for Steel Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Steels, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
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Microscopic Swarms: From Active Matter Physics to Biomedical and Environmental Applications. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13020295. [PMID: 35208419 PMCID: PMC8876490 DOI: 10.3390/mi13020295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Microscopic swarms consisting of, e.g., active colloidal particles or microorganisms, display emergent behaviors not seen in equilibrium systems. They represent an emerging field of research that generates both fundamental scientific interest and practical technological value. This review seeks to unite the perspective of fundamental active matter physics and the perspective of practical applications of microscopic swarms. We first summarize experimental and theoretical results related to a few key aspects unique to active matter systems: the existence of long-range order, the prediction and observation of giant number fluctuations and motility-induced phase separation, and the exploration of the relations between information and order in the self-organizing patterns. Then we discuss microscopic swarms, particularly microrobotic swarms, from the perspective of applications. We introduce common methods to control and manipulate microrobotic swarms and summarize their potential applications in fields such as targeted delivery, in vivo imaging, biofilm removal, and wastewater treatment. We aim at bridging the gap between the community of active matter physics and the community of micromachines or microrobotics, and in doing so, we seek to inspire fruitful collaborations between the two communities.
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9
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Wang S, Ye H, Wang Y, Ma X. Metal‐Organic‐Framework based Catalytic Micromotor for Enhanced Water Decontamination. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202104034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Wang
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) Guangdong Shenzhen 518055 China
- Flexible Printed Electronic Technology Center Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) Guangdong Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Heng Ye
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) Guangdong Shenzhen 518055 China
- Flexible Printed Electronic Technology Center Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) Guangdong Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Yong Wang
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) Guangdong Shenzhen 518055 China
- Flexible Printed Electronic Technology Center Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) Guangdong Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Xing Ma
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) Guangdong Shenzhen 518055 China
- Flexible Printed Electronic Technology Center Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) Guangdong Shenzhen 518055 China
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11
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Zeng H, Wang Y, Jiang T, Xia H, Gu X, Chen H. Recent progress of biomimetic motions-from microscopic micro/nanomotors to macroscopic actuators and soft robotics. RSC Adv 2021; 11:27406-27419. [PMID: 35480677 PMCID: PMC9037800 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05021d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Motion is a basic behavioral attribute of organisms, and it is a behavioral response of organisms to the external environment and internal state changes. Materials with switchable mechanical properties are widespread in living organisms and play crucial roles in the motion of organisms. Therefore, significant efforts have been made toward mimicking such architectures and motion behaviors by making full use of the properties of stimulus-responsive materials to design smart materials/machines with specific functions. In recent years, the biomimetic motions based on micro/nanomotors, actuators and soft robots constructed from smart response materials have been developed gradually. However, a comprehensive discussion on various categories of biomimetic motions in this field is still missing. This review aims to provide such a panoramic overview. From nano-to macroscales, we summarize various biomimetic motions based on micro/nanomotors, actuators and soft robotics. For each biomimetic motion, we discuss the driving modes and the key functions. The challenges and opportunities of biomimetic motions are also discussed. With rapidly increasing innovation, advanced, intelligent and multifunctional biomimetic motions based on micro/nanomotors, actuators and soft robotics will certainly bring profound impacts and changes for human life in the near future. Biomimetic motions are derived from the many different functional materials and/or intricate and highly organized structure of the biological material from the molecular to the nanoscale, microscale and macroscale.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Yarn Materials Forming and Composite Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Jiaxing University Jiaxing 314001 China
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Yarn Materials Forming and Composite Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Jiaxing University Jiaxing 314001 China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Yarn Materials Forming and Composite Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Jiaxing University Jiaxing 314001 China
| | - Hongqin Xia
- Key Laboratory of Yarn Materials Forming and Composite Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Jiaxing University Jiaxing 314001 China
| | - Xue Gu
- Key Laboratory of Yarn Materials Forming and Composite Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Jiaxing University Jiaxing 314001 China
| | - Hongxu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Yarn Materials Forming and Composite Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Jiaxing University Jiaxing 314001 China .,Nanotechnology Research Institute (NRI), Jiaxing University Jiaxing 314001 China
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12
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Wang Q, Zhou C, Huang L, Wang W. "Ballistic" waves among chemically oscillating micromotors. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:8492-8495. [PMID: 34350918 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02558a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Coordinating a group of chemically powered micromotors holds great importance in potential applications that involve a large population in a complex environment, yet information transmission at a population scale remains challenging. To this end, we demonstrate how propagating waves emerge among a population of spontaneously oscillating micromotors that dash toward a direction prescribed by their Janus orientations (termed a "ballistic" wave). Moreover, chemical communication among these micromotors enables the tuning of the speed and frequency of individual micromotors and their waves, by varying the population density or the viscosity of the medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qizhang Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.
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13
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Cabanach P, Pena-Francesch A, Sheehan D, Bozuyuk U, Yasa O, Borros S, Sitti M. Zwitterionic 3D-Printed Non-Immunogenic Stealth Microrobots. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2003013. [PMID: 32864804 PMCID: PMC7610461 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202003013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Microrobots offer transformative solutions for non-invasive medical interventions due to their small size and untethered operation inside the human body. However, they must face the immune system as a natural protection mechanism against foreign threats. Here, non-immunogenic stealth zwitterionic microrobots that avoid recognition from immune cells are introduced. Fully zwitterionic photoresists are developed for two-photon polymerization 3D microprinting of hydrogel microrobots with ample functionalization: tunable mechanical properties, anti-biofouling and non-immunogenic properties, functionalization for magnetic actuation, encapsulation of biomolecules, and surface functionalization for drug delivery. Stealth microrobots avoid detection by macrophage cells of the innate immune system after exhaustive inspection (>90 hours), which has not been achieved in any microrobotic platform to date. These versatile zwitterionic materials eliminate a major roadblock in the development of biocompatible microrobots, and will serve as a toolbox of non-immunogenic materials for medical microrobot and other device technologies for bioengineering and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pol Cabanach
- Physical Intelligence Department Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems Stuttgart 70569, Germany; Grup d‘Enginyeria de Materials Institut Químic de Sarrià Universitat Ramon Llull Barcelona 08017, Spain
| | - Abdon Pena-Francesch
- Physical Intelligence Department Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems Stuttgart 70569, Germany; Department of Materials Science and Engineering Robotics Institute University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Devin Sheehan
- Physical Intelligence Department Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Ugur Bozuyuk
- Physical Intelligence Department Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Oncay Yasa
- Physical Intelligence Department Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Salvador Borros
- Grup d‘Enginyeria de Materials Institut Químic de Sarrià Universitat Ramon Llull Barcelona 08017, Spain
| | - Metin Sitti
- Physical Intelligence Department Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems Stuttgart 70569, Germany; School of Medicine and School of Engineering Koç University Istanbul 34450, Turkey; Institute for Biomedical Engineering ETH Zurich Zurich 8092, Switzerland
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14
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Tezel G, Timur SS, Kuralay F, Gürsoy RN, Ulubayram K, Öner L, Eroğlu H. Current status of micro/nanomotors in drug delivery. J Drug Target 2020; 29:29-45. [PMID: 32672079 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2020.1797052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic micro/nanomotors (MNMs) are novel, self-propelled nano or microscale devices that are widely used in drug transport, cell stimulation and isolation, bio-imaging, diagnostic and monitoring, sensing, photocatalysis and environmental remediation. Various preparation methods and propulsion mechanisms make MNMs "tailormade" nanosystems for the intended purpose or use. As the one of the newest members of nano carriers, MNMs open a new perspective especially for rapid drug transport and gene delivery. Although there exists limited number of in-vivo studies for drug delivery purposes, existence of in-vitro supportive data strongly encourages researchers to move on in this field and benefit from the manoeuvre capability of these novel systems. In this article, we reviewed the preparation and propulsion mechanisms of nanomotors in various fields with special attention to drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Tezel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Selin Seda Timur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Filiz Kuralay
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - R Neslihan Gürsoy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kezban Ulubayram
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Levent Öner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hakan Eroğlu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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15
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Khezri B, Villa K, Novotný F, Sofer Z, Pumera M. Smartdust 3D-Printed Graphene-Based Al/Ga Robots for Photocatalytic Degradation of Explosives. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2002111. [PMID: 32633050 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202002111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Milli/micro/nanorobots are considered smart devices able to convert energy taken from different sources into mechanical movement and accomplish the appointed tasks. Future advances and realization of these tiny devices are mostly limited by the narrow window of material choices, the fuel requirement, multistep surface functionalization, rational structural design, and propulsion ability in complex environments. All these aspects call for intensive improvements that may speed up the real application of such miniaturized robots. 3D-printed graphene-based smartdust robots provided with a magnetic response and filled with aluminum/gallium molten alloy (Al/Ga) for autonomous motion are presented. These robots can swim by reacting with the surrounding environment without adding any fuel. Because their outer surface is coated with a hydrogel/photocatalyst (chitosan/carbon nitride, C3 N4 ) layer, these robots are used for the photocatalytic degradation of the picric acid as an explosive model molecule under visible light. The results show a fast and efficient degradation of picric acid that is attributed to a synergistic effect between the adsorption capability of the chitosan and the photocatalytic activity of C3 N4 particles. This work provides added insight into the large-scale fabrication, easy functionalization, and propulsion of tiny robots for environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Khezri
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Praha 6, Prague, 16822, Czech Republic
| | - Katherine Villa
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Praha 6, Prague, 16822, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Novotný
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Praha 6, Prague, 16822, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Sofer
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Praha 6, Prague, 16822, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Pumera
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Praha 6, Prague, 16822, Czech Republic
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 656/123, Brno, CZ-61600, Czech Republic
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16
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Vyskočil J, Mayorga-Martinez CC, Jablonská E, Novotný F, Ruml T, Pumera M. Cancer Cells Microsurgery via Asymmetric Bent Surface Au/Ag/Ni Microrobotic Scalpels Through a Transversal Rotating Magnetic Field. ACS NANO 2020; 14:8247-8256. [PMID: 32544324 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c01705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The actuation of micro/nanomachines by means of a magnetic field is a promising fuel-free way to transport cargo in microscale dimensions. This type of movement has been extensively studied for a variety of micro/nanomachine designs, and a special magnetic field configuration results in a near-surface walking. We developed "walking" micromachines which transversally move in a magnetic field, and we used them as microrobotic scalpels to enter and exit an individual cancer cell and cut a small cellular fragment. In these microscalpels, the center of mass lies approximately in the middle of their length. The microrobotic scalpels show good propulsion efficiency and high step-out frequencies of the magnetic field. Au/Ag/Ni microrobotic scalpels controlled by a transversal rotating magnetic field can enter the cytoplasm of cancer cells and also are able to remove a piece of the cytosol while leaving the cytoplasmic membrane intact in a microsurgery-like manner. We believe that this concept can be further developed for potential biological or medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Vyskočil
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Carmen C Mayorga-Martinez
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Jablonská
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Novotný
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Ruml
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Pumera
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague 166 28, Czech Republic
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 40402 Taiwan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno 612 00, Czech Republic
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17
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Kong L, Mayorga-Martinez CC, Guan J, Pumera M. Photocatalytic Micromotors Activated by UV to Visible Light for Environmental Remediation, Micropumps, Reversible Assembly, Transportation, and Biomimicry. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1903179. [PMID: 31402632 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201903179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic micromotors are light-induced, chemically powered micromachines based on photocatalytic materials, activated by light illumination, and have redox reactions with environmental solutions to produce chemical gradients and bubbles that propel the micromachines through self-diffusiophoresis, self-electrophoresis, and bubble recoil. Due to the fact that excitation light relates largely to the bandgaps of selected materials, the development of photocatalytic micromotors has experienced an evolution from ultraviolet-light-activated to visible-light-activated and potentially biocompatible systems. Furthermore, due to the strong redox capacity and physical effects caused by the products or product gradients, photocatalytic micromotors have applications in environmental remediation, micropumps, reversible assembly, transportation, and biomimicry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Kong
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi road, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Carmen C Mayorga-Martinez
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jianguo Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi road, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Martin Pumera
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 656/123, CZ-616 00, Brno, Czech Republic
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18
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Ying Y, Pourrahimi AM, Manzanares-Palenzuela CL, Novotny F, Sofer Z, Pumera M. Light-Driven ZnO Brush-Shaped Self-Propelled Micromachines for Nitroaromatic Explosives Decomposition. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1902944. [PMID: 31464380 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201902944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Self-propelled micromachines have recently attracted lots of attention for environmental remediation. Developing a large-scale but template-free fabrication of self-propelled rod/tubular micro/nanomotors is very crucial but still challenging. Here, a new strategy based on vertically aligned ZnO arrays is employed for the large-scale and template-free fabrication of self-propelled ZnO-based micromotors with H2 O2 -free light-driven propulsion ability. Brush-shaped ZnO-based micromotors with different diameters and lengths are fully studied, which present a fast response to multicycles UV light on/off switches with different interval times (2/5 s) in pure water and slow directional motion in aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution in the absence of UV light. Light-induced electrophoretic and self-diffusiophoretic effects are responsible for these two different self-motion behaviors under different conditions, respectively. In addition, the pH of the media and the presence of H2 O2 show important effects on the motion behavior and microstructure of the ZnO-based micromotors. Finally, these novel ZnO-based brush-shaped micromotors are demonstrated in a proof-of-concept study on nitroaromatic explosive degradation, i.e., picric acid. This work opens a completely new avenue for the template-free fabrication of brush-shaped light-responsive micromotors on a large scale based on vertically aligned ZnO arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Ying
- Center for the Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Amir Masoud Pourrahimi
- Center for the Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Carmen Lorena Manzanares-Palenzuela
- Center for the Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Novotny
- Center for the Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Sofer
- Center for the Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Pumera
- Center for the Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 656/123, Brno, CZ-616 00, Czech Republic
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19
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Abstract
Water is an essential part of life and its availability is important for all living creatures. On the other side, the world is suffering from a major problem of drinking water. There are several gases, microorganisms and other toxins (chemicals and heavy metals) added into water during rain, flowing water, etc. which is responsible for water pollution. This review article describes various applications of nanomaterial in removing different types of impurities from polluted water. There are various kinds of nanomaterials, which carried huge potential to treat polluted water (containing metal toxin substance, different organic and inorganic impurities) very effectively due to their unique properties like greater surface area, able to work at low concentration, etc. The nanostructured catalytic membranes, nanosorbents and nanophotocatalyst based approaches to remove pollutants from wastewater are eco-friendly and efficient, but they require more energy, more investment in order to purify the wastewater. There are many challenges and issues of wastewater treatment. Some precautions are also required to keep away from ecological and health issues. New modern equipment for wastewater treatment should be flexible, low cost and efficient for the commercialization purpose.
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20
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Naeem S, Mujtaba J, Naeem F, Xu K, Huang G, Solovev AA, Zhang J, Mei Y. Catalytic/magnetic assemblies of rolled-up tubular nanomembrane-based micromotors. RSC Adv 2020; 10:36526-36530. [PMID: 35517949 PMCID: PMC9057022 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07347d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Nano/-micromotors self-assembling into static and dynamic clusters are of considerable promise to study smart, interactive, responsive, and adaptive nano/-micromaterials that can mimic spatio-temporal patterns, swarming, and collective behaviors widely observed in nature. Previously, the dynamic self-assembly of bubble-propelled catalytic micromotors initiated by capillary forces has been reported. This manuscript shows novel self-assembly modes of magnetic/catalytic Ti/FeNi/Pt tubular micromotors. When chemical fuel (hydrogen peroxide) is added it is decomposed on contact with Pt catalyst into oxygen and water. Here, the non-bubbling motion and autonomous assembly of catalytic/magnetic nanomembranes, i.e. without nucleation/generation of oxygen bubbles, are shown. Moreover, magnetic Ti/FeNi/Pt micromotors are spun using an external magnetic field and they form dynamic clusters balanced by attractive magnetic and repulsive hydrodynamic interactions. Micromotors form dynamic clusters, undergo precession and rapidly propagate through the solution. Ti/FeNi/Pt tubular micromotors self-assemble into static and dynamic clusters during catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide and using an external rotational magnetic field.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumayyah Naeem
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers
- Polymer Material Science and Engineering
- Donghua University
- Shanghai 201620
- China
| | - Jawayria Mujtaba
- Department of Materials Science
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
| | - Farah Naeem
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers
- Polymer Material Science and Engineering
- Donghua University
- Shanghai 201620
- China
| | - Kailiang Xu
- Department of Electronic Engineering
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
| | - Gaoshan Huang
- Department of Materials Science
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
| | | | - Jing Zhang
- College of Science
- Donghua University
- Shanghai 201620
- China
| | - Yongfeng Mei
- Department of Materials Science
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
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21
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Xiao Z, Chen J, Duan S, Lv X, Wang J, Ma X, Tang J, Wang W. Bimetallic coatings synergistically enhance the speeds of photocatalytic TiO2 micromotors. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:4728-4731. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc00212g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A bimetallic cap containing sputtered silver is a better catalyst that significantly improves the performance of catalytically powered micromotors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuyao Xiao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen)
- Shenzhen
- China
| | - Jingyuan Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen)
- Shenzhen
- China
| | - Shifang Duan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen)
- Shenzhen
- China
| | - Xianglong Lv
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen)
- Shenzhen
- China
| | - Jizhuang Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong 999077
- China
| | - Xing Ma
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen)
- Shenzhen
- China
- Flexible Printed Electronic Technology Center
| | - Jinyao Tang
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong 999077
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen)
- Shenzhen
- China
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22
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Toebes BJ, Cao F, Wilson DA. Spatial control over catalyst positioning on biodegradable polymeric nanomotors. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5308. [PMID: 31757958 PMCID: PMC6876569 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13288-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Scientists over the world are inspired by biological nanomotors and try to mimic these complex structures. In recent years multiple nanomotors have been created for various fields, such as biomedical applications or environmental remediation, which require a different design both in terms of size and shape, as well as material properties. So far, only relatively simple designs for synthetic nanomotors have been reported. Herein, we report an approach to create biodegradable polymeric nanomotors with a multivalent design. PEG-PDLLA (poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(D,L-lactide)) stomatocytes with azide handles were created that were selectively reduced on the outside surface by TCEP (tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine) functionalized beads. Thereby, two different functional handles were created, both on the inner and outer surface of the stomatocytes, providing spatial control for catalyst positioning. Enzymes were coupled on the inside of the stomatocyte to induce motion in the presence of fuel, while fluorophores and other molecules can be attached on the outside.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Jelle Toebes
- Systems Chemistry Department, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - F Cao
- Systems Chemistry Department, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Daniela A Wilson
- Systems Chemistry Department, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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23
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Ying Y, Pourrahimi AM, Sofer Z, Matějková S, Pumera M. Radioactive Uranium Preconcentration via Self-Propelled Autonomous Microrobots Based on Metal-Organic Frameworks. ACS NANO 2019; 13:11477-11487. [PMID: 31592633 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b04960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Self-propelled micromachines have recently attracted attention for environmental remediation, yet their use for radioactive waste management has not been addressed. Engineered micromotors that are able to combine highly adsorptive capabilities together with fast autonomous motion in liquid media are promising tools for the removal of nuclear waste, which is one of the most difficult types to manage. Herein, we fabricate self-propelled micromotors based on metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) via template-based interfacial synthesis and show their potential for efficient removal of radioactive uranium. A crucial challenge of the MOF-based motors is their stability in the presence of fuel (hydrogen peroxide) and acidic media. We have ensured their structural stability by Fe doping of zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8). The implementation of magnetic ferroferric oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) and catalytic platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs) results in the magnetically responsive and bubble-propelled micromotors. In the presence of 5 wt % H2O2, these micromotors are propelled at a high speed of ca. 860 ± 230 μm·s-1 (i.e., >60 body lengths per second), which is significantly faster than that of other microrod-based motors in the literature. These micromotors demonstrate a highly efficient removal of uranium (96%) from aqueous solution within 1 h, with the subsequent recovery under magnetic control, as well as stable recycling ability and high selectivity. Such self-propelled magnetically recoverable micromotors could find a role in the management and remediation of radioactive waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Ying
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry , University of Chemistry and Technology Prague , Technická 5 , 166 28 Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Amir Masoud Pourrahimi
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry , University of Chemistry and Technology Prague , Technická 5 , 166 28 Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Sofer
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry , University of Chemistry and Technology Prague , Technická 5 , 166 28 Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Stanislava Matějková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the CAS , Flemingovo nám. 542/2 , 166 10 Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Martin Pumera
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry , University of Chemistry and Technology Prague , Technická 5 , 166 28 Prague , Czech Republic
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital , China Medical University , No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road , Taichung 40402 , Taiwan
- Future Energy and Innovation Lab, Central European Institute of Technology , Brno University of Technology , Purkyňova 656/123 , Brno , CZ-616 00 , Czech Republic
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24
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Wang Y, Li Z, Solovev AA, Huang G, Mei Y. Light-controlled two-dimensional TiO 2 plate micromotors. RSC Adv 2019; 9:29433-29439. [PMID: 35528446 PMCID: PMC9071806 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra06426e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, UV light-controlled two-dimensional (2D) TiO2 plate micromotors are demonstrated for the first time. The 2D TiO2 micromotors are produced by the well-known anodic oxidation method in combination with a cracking and separation process. When the motor is placed in H2O2 aqueous solution under UV irradiation, oxygen bubbles are generated in the holes of the TiO2 membrane. The 2D micromotor thus moves upon O2 bubbles under its own weight. In contrast to bubble-propelled micromotors, which require an addition of surfactants to chemical fuels, the 2D micromotor is capable of moving in aqueous H2O2 solution without surfactants. Moreover, speed of the 2D TiO2 micromotor can be controlled by the intensity of the UV light. Such surfactant-free micromotors and their facile fabrication hold considerable promise for diverse practical applications in the biomedical and energy fields, for example, and in new materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 People's Republic of China
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, Shanghai University of Electric Power Shanghai 201300 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, Shanghai University of Electric Power Shanghai 201300 People's Republic of China
| | - Alexander A Solovev
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 People's Republic of China
| | - Gaoshan Huang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 People's Republic of China
| | - Yongfeng Mei
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 People's Republic of China
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25
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Maric T, Nasir MZM, Mayorga-Martinez CC, Rosli NF, Budanović M, Szőkölová K, Webster RD, Sofer Z, Pumera M. Cloisite Microrobots as Self-Propelling Cleaners for Fast and Efficient Removal of Improvised Organophosphate Nerve Agents. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:31832-31843. [PMID: 31433151 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b08332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Naturally available microclays are well-known materials with great adsorption capabilities that are available in nature in megatons quantities. On the contrary, artificial nanostructures are often available at high cost via precision manufacturing. Such precision nanomanufacturing is also typically used for fabrication of self-propelled micromotors and nanomachines. Herein, we utilized naturally available Cloisite microclays to fabricate autonomous self-propelled microrobots and demonstrated their excellent performances in pesticide removal due to their excellent adsorption capability. Six different modified Cloisite microrobots were investigated by sputtering their microclays with platinum (Pt) for the fabrication of platinum-Cloisite (Pt-C) microrobots. The obtained microrobots displayed fast velocities (v > 110 μm/s) with fast and efficient enhanced removal of the pesticide fenitrothion, which is also considered as improvised nerve agent. The fabricated Pt-C microrobots exhibited low cytotoxicity even at high concentrations when incubated with human lung carcinoma epithelial cells, which make them safe for human handling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijana Maric
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences , Nanyang Technological University , 637371 Singapore
| | - Muhammad Zafir Mohamad Nasir
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences , Nanyang Technological University , 637371 Singapore
| | - Carmen C Mayorga-Martinez
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology , University of Chemistry and Technology Prague , Technická 5 , 166 28 Prague 6 , Czech Republic
| | - Nur Farhanah Rosli
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences , Nanyang Technological University , 637371 Singapore
| | - Maja Budanović
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences , Nanyang Technological University , 637371 Singapore
| | - Kateřina Szőkölová
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology , University of Chemistry and Technology Prague , Technická 5 , 166 28 Prague 6 , Czech Republic
| | - Richard D Webster
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences , Nanyang Technological University , 637371 Singapore
| | - Zdenek Sofer
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology , University of Chemistry and Technology Prague , Technická 5 , 166 28 Prague 6 , Czech Republic
| | - Martin Pumera
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology , University of Chemistry and Technology Prague , Technická 5 , 166 28 Prague 6 , Czech Republic
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology , Brno University of Technology , Purkyňova 656/123 , Brno CZ-616 00 , Czech Republic
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Yonsei University , 50 Yonsei-ro , Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722 , Korea
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26
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Zhan X, Wang J, Xiong Z, Zhang X, Zhou Y, Zheng J, Chen J, Feng SP, Tang J. Enhanced ion tolerance of electrokinetic locomotion in polyelectrolyte-coated microswimmer. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3921. [PMID: 31477723 PMCID: PMC6718642 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11907-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, researchers have endeavored to mimic the naturally motile microorganisms and develop artificial nano/microswimmers, which propel themselves in aqueous media. However, most of these nano/microswimmers are propelled by the self-electrophoretic mechanism, which has one critical incompetency: the inability to operate in a high concentration electrolyte solution, such as the most important body fluid, blood. This ionic quenching behavior is well backed by the classical Helmholtz-Smoluchowski theory and seems to be an insurmountable challenge which has shadowed the otherwise promising biomedical applications for artificial nano/microswimmers. Here, we propose that the active nano/microswimmer's self-electrophoresis is fundamentally different from the passive nanoparticle electrophoresis. By significantly increasing the Dukhin number with polyelectrolyte coating and geometry optimization, a favorable deviation from the Helmholtz-Smoluchowski behavior can be realized, and ion tolerance is enhanced by over 100 times for a visible light-powered self-electrophoretic microswimmer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Zhan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Jizhuang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Ze Xiong
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Jing Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Jianan Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Shien-Ping Feng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Jinyao Tang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China.
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Pena-Francesch A, Giltinan J, Sitti M. Multifunctional and biodegradable self-propelled protein motors. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3188. [PMID: 31320630 PMCID: PMC6639312 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11141-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A diversity of self-propelled chemical motors, based on Marangoni propulsive forces, has been developed in recent years. However, most motors are non-functional due to poor performance, a lack of control, and the use of toxic materials. To overcome these limitations, we have developed multifunctional and biodegradable self-propelled motors from squid-derived proteins and an anesthetic metabolite. The protein motors surpass previous reports in performance output and efficiency by several orders of magnitude, and they offer control of their propulsion modes, speed, mobility lifetime, and directionality by regulating the protein nanostructure via local and external stimuli, resulting in programmable and complex locomotion. We demonstrate diverse functionalities of these motors in environmental remediation, microrobot powering, and cargo delivery applications. These versatile and degradable protein motors enable design, control, and actuation strategies in microrobotics as modular propulsion sources for autonomous minimally invasive medical operations in biological environments with air-liquid interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdon Pena-Francesch
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Joshua Giltinan
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Metin Sitti
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
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Tu Y, Peng F, Heuvelmans JM, Liu S, Nolte RJM, Wilson DA. Motion Control of Polymeric Nanomotors Based on Host–Guest Interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:8687-8691. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201900917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingfeng Tu
- School of Pharmaceutical ScienceGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug ScreeningSouthern Medical University Guangzhou 510515 China
| | - Fei Peng
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringSun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
| | - Josje M. Heuvelmans
- Institute for Molecules and MaterialsRadboud University Nijmegen 6525 AJ The Netherlands
| | - Shuwen Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical ScienceGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug ScreeningSouthern Medical University Guangzhou 510515 China
| | - Roeland J. M. Nolte
- Institute for Molecules and MaterialsRadboud University Nijmegen 6525 AJ The Netherlands
| | - Daniela A. Wilson
- Institute for Molecules and MaterialsRadboud University Nijmegen 6525 AJ The Netherlands
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29
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Tu Y, Peng F, Heuvelmans JM, Liu S, Nolte RJM, Wilson DA. Motion Control of Polymeric Nanomotors Based on Host–Guest Interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201900917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingfeng Tu
- School of Pharmaceutical ScienceGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug ScreeningSouthern Medical University Guangzhou 510515 China
| | - Fei Peng
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringSun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
| | - Josje M. Heuvelmans
- Institute for Molecules and MaterialsRadboud University Nijmegen 6525 AJ The Netherlands
| | - Shuwen Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical ScienceGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug ScreeningSouthern Medical University Guangzhou 510515 China
| | - Roeland J. M. Nolte
- Institute for Molecules and MaterialsRadboud University Nijmegen 6525 AJ The Netherlands
| | - Daniela A. Wilson
- Institute for Molecules and MaterialsRadboud University Nijmegen 6525 AJ The Netherlands
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30
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Khezri B, Beladi Mousavi SM, Sofer Z, Pumera M. Recyclable nanographene-based micromachines for the on-the-fly capture of nitroaromatic explosives. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:8825-8834. [PMID: 31012898 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr02211b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
It has been more than a decade since nano/micromachines (NMMs) have received the particular attention of scientists in different research fields. They are able to convert chemical energy into mechanical motion in their surrounding environment. Herein, a powerful, efficient and fast strategy of using nanosized reduced graphene oxide flake (n-rGO)-based self-propelled tubular micromachines for the removal of nitroaromatic compounds (NACs) is described. This method relies on the integration of the rGO as a well-known adsorbent of aromatic compounds with chemically powered engines for the removal of explosive compounds such as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (TNP) and 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT). Nanographene oxide reduced electrochemically inside the pores of the polycarbonate membrane to form an outer layer (n-rGO, adsorbent layer) of the micromachines. Subsequent electrodeposition of nickel (Ni, magnetic layer) and platinum (Pt, catalytic layer) resulted in the formation of n-rGO/Ni/Pt micromachines. Notably, the bubble-propelled micromachines were able to remove nitroaromatic compounds with high efficiency (∼90-92%) compared to the efficiency of magnetic-guided (22-42%) and static (2.5-7%) micromachines. Most importantly, the micromachines were regenerated and reused several times. The regeneration is based on an electrochemical method in which electron injection into the machine causes the expulsion of contaminants from the outer layer of the micromachines within a few seconds. The integration of the powerful self-propulsion, high adsorbent capacity of rGO and the introduced ultrafast regeneration procedure are beneficial for the realization of an active platform for water remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Khezri
- Center for the Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, Prague, Czech Republic.
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31
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Zhou C, Chen X, Han Z, Wang W. Photochemically Excited, Pulsating Janus Colloidal Motors of Tunable Dynamics. ACS NANO 2019; 13:4064-4072. [PMID: 30916919 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b08276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Spontaneous periodicity is widely found in many biological and synthetic systems, and designing colloidal motors that mimic this feature may not only facilitate our understanding of how complexity emerges but also enable applications that benefit from a time-varying activity. However, there is so far no report on a colloidal motor system that shows controllable and spontaneous oscillation in speeds. Inspired by previous studies of oscillating silver microparticles, we report silver-poly(methyl methacrylate) microsphere Janus colloidal motors that moved, interacted with tracers, and exhibited negative gravitaxis all in an oscillatory fashion. Its dynamics, including pulsating speeds and magnitude, as well as whether moving forward in a pulsating or continuous mode, can be systematically modulated by varying chemical concentrations, light intensity, and the way light was applied. A qualitative mechanism is proposed to link the oscillation of Janus colloidal motors to ionic diffusiophoresis, while nonlinearity is suspected to arise from a sequence of autocatalytic decomposition of AgCl and its slow buildup in the presence of H2O2 and light. The generation of light-absorbing Ag nanoparticles is suspected to be the key. This study therefore establishes a robust model system of chemically driven, oscillatory colloidal motors with clear directionality, good tunability, and an improved mechanism, with which complex, emergent phenomena can be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) , Shenzhen , Guangdong 518055 , China
| | - Xi Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) , Shenzhen , Guangdong 518055 , China
| | - Zhiyang Han
- School of Computer Science and Engineering , Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) , Shenzhen , Guangdong 518055 , China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) , Shenzhen , Guangdong 518055 , China
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32
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Khezri B, Pumera M. Metal-Organic Frameworks Based Nano/Micro/Millimeter-Sized Self-Propelled Autonomous Machines. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1806530. [PMID: 30701595 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201806530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic nano/micro/millimeter-sized machines that harvest energy from the surrounding environment and then convert it to motion have had a significant impact on many research areas such as biology (sensing, imaging, and therapy) and environmental applications. Autonomous motion is a key element of these devices. A high surface area is preferable as it leads to increased propellant or cargo-loading capability. Integrating highly ordered and porous metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with self-propelled machines is demonstrated to have a significant impact on the field of nano/micro/millimeter-sized devices for a wide range of applications. MOFs have shown great potential in many research fields due to their tailorable pore size. These fields include energy storage and conversion; catalysis, biomedical application (e.g., drug delivery, imaging, and cancer therapy), and environmental remediation. The marriage of motors and MOFs may provide opportunities for many new applications for synthetic nano/micro/millimeter-sized machines. Herein, MOF-based micro- and nanomachines are reviewed with a focus on the specific properties of MOFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Khezri
- Center for the Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague, 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Pumera
- Center for the Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague, 166 28, Czech Republic
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33
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Abstract
Micro/nanomotors (MNMs) are micro/nanoscale devices that can convert energy from their surroundings into autonomous motion. With this unique ability, they may revolutionize application fields ranging from active drug delivery to biological surgeries, environmental remediation, and micro/nanoengineering. To complete these applications, MNMs are required to have a vital capability to reach their destinations. Employing external fields to guide MNMs to the targets is common and effective way. However, in application scenarios where targets are generally unknown or dynamically change, MNMs must possess the capability of self-navigation or self-targeting. Taking advantage of tactic movements toward or away from signal sources, numerous intelligent MNMs with self-navigation or self-targeting have been demonstrated and attracted much attention during the past few years. In this Account, we elucidate the intelligent response mechanisms of such tactic MNMs, which are summarized as two main models. One is that local vector fields, including those of chemical concentration gradients, gravity, flows, and magnetic fields existing in systems, achieve the overall alignment of asymmetric MNMs via aligning torques, directing the MNMs to swim toward or away from the signal sources. Another is that isotropic MNMs may produce propulsion forces with direction solely determined by the local vector field regardless of their Brownian rotations. Then we discuss and highlight the recent progress in tactic MNMs, including chemotactic, phototactic, rheotactic, gravitactic, and magnetotactic motors. Artificial chemotactic MNMs can be designed with different morphologies and compositions if asymmetric reactions are associated with chemical concentration gradients. In these systems, asymmetric phoretic slip flows are induced, leading to torques that enable the anisotropic particles to align and exhibit chemotaxis. For phototactic MNMs, light irradiation establishes asymmetric fields surrounding the motors via light-induced chemical reactions or physical effects to generate phototactic motion. Shape-asymmetric MNMs reorient in natural fluid flows because of torques applied by the flows, inducing rheotactic movements. MNMs with either the centroid or magnetic components distributed asymmetrically maintain orientation under the torque triggered by gravity or magnetic forces, generating tactic motions. In the end, we envision the future development of synthetic tactic MNMs, including enhancement of the sensitivity of motors to target signals, increasing the diversity of chemical motor systems, and combining multiple mechanisms to endow the tactic motors with multiple functionality. By highlighting the current achievements and offering our perspective on tactic MNMs, we look forward to inspiring the emergence of the next generation of intelligent MNMs with taxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming You
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Chuanrui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Leilei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Fangzhi Mou
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Jianguo Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
- International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
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34
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Chen C, Tang S, Teymourian H, Karshalev E, Zhang F, Li J, Mou F, Liang Y, Guan J, Wang J. Chemical/Light‐Powered Hybrid Micromotors with “On‐the‐Fly” Optical Brakes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:8110-8114. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201803457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanrui Chen
- Department of NanoengineeringUniversity of California, San Diego La Jolla CA 92093 USA
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and ProcessingWuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 P. R. China
| | - Songsong Tang
- Department of NanoengineeringUniversity of California, San Diego La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Hazhir Teymourian
- Department of NanoengineeringUniversity of California, San Diego La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Emil Karshalev
- Department of NanoengineeringUniversity of California, San Diego La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Fangyu Zhang
- Department of NanoengineeringUniversity of California, San Diego La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Jinxing Li
- Department of NanoengineeringUniversity of California, San Diego La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Fangzhi Mou
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and ProcessingWuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 P. R. China
| | - Yuyan Liang
- Department of NanoengineeringUniversity of California, San Diego La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Jianguo Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and ProcessingWuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 P. R. China
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department of NanoengineeringUniversity of California, San Diego La Jolla CA 92093 USA
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35
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Chen C, Tang S, Teymourian H, Karshalev E, Zhang F, Li J, Mou F, Liang Y, Guan J, Wang J. Chemical/Light‐Powered Hybrid Micromotors with “On‐the‐Fly” Optical Brakes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201803457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanrui Chen
- Department of NanoengineeringUniversity of California, San Diego La Jolla CA 92093 USA
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and ProcessingWuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 P. R. China
| | - Songsong Tang
- Department of NanoengineeringUniversity of California, San Diego La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Hazhir Teymourian
- Department of NanoengineeringUniversity of California, San Diego La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Emil Karshalev
- Department of NanoengineeringUniversity of California, San Diego La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Fangyu Zhang
- Department of NanoengineeringUniversity of California, San Diego La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Jinxing Li
- Department of NanoengineeringUniversity of California, San Diego La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Fangzhi Mou
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and ProcessingWuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 P. R. China
| | - Yuyan Liang
- Department of NanoengineeringUniversity of California, San Diego La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Jianguo Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and ProcessingWuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 P. R. China
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department of NanoengineeringUniversity of California, San Diego La Jolla CA 92093 USA
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36
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Villa K, Parmar J, Vilela D, Sánchez S. Metal-Oxide-Based Microjets for the Simultaneous Removal of Organic Pollutants and Heavy Metals. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:20478-20486. [PMID: 29845852 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b04353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Water contamination from industrial and anthropogenic activities is nowadays a major issue in many countries worldwide. To address this problem, efficient water treatment technologies are required. Recent efforts have focused on the development of self-propelled micromotors that provide enhanced micromixing and mass transfer by the transportation of reactive species, resulting in higher decontamination rates. However, a real application of these micromotors is still limited due to the high cost associated to their fabrication process. Here, we present Fe2O3-decorated SiO2/MnO2 microjets for the simultaneous removal of industrial organic pollutants and heavy metals present in wastewater. These microjets were synthesized by low-cost and scalable methods. They exhibit an average speed of 485 ± 32 μm s-1 (∼28 body length per s) at 7% H2O2, which is the highest reported for MnO2-based tubular micromotors. Furthermore, the photocatalytic and adsorbent properties of the microjets enable the efficient degradation of organic pollutants, such as tetracycline and rhodamine B under visible light irradiation, as well as the removal of heavy metal ions, such as Cd2+ and Pb2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Villa
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , Baldiri Reixac 10-12 , 08028 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Jemish Parmar
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , Baldiri Reixac 10-12 , 08028 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Diana Vilela
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , Baldiri Reixac 10-12 , 08028 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Samuel Sánchez
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , Baldiri Reixac 10-12 , 08028 Barcelona , Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avancats (ICREA) , Pg. Lluís Companys 23 , 08010 Barcelona , Spain
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37
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38
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39
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Hermanová S, Pumera M. Polymer platforms for micro- and nanomotor fabrication. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:7332-7342. [PMID: 29638234 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr00836a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Artificial, self-propelled micro- and nanomotors are small devices capable of autonomous movement, which are a powerful scientific innovation for solving various medical and environmental issues. Their design is frequently inspired by complex biological structures which are composed of biopolymers and their composites. The choice of materials for nano- and micromachines is crucial for their shape, mechanism and efficiency of propulsion. In this review, we discuss the utilization and fabrication of polymers as soft components of micro- and nanomotors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soňa Hermanová
- Department of Polymers, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic
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40
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Chen XZ, Jang B, Ahmed D, Hu C, De Marco C, Hoop M, Mushtaq F, Nelson BJ, Pané S. Small-Scale Machines Driven by External Power Sources. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1705061. [PMID: 29443430 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201705061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Micro- and nanorobots have shown great potential for applications in various fields, including minimally invasive surgery, targeted therapy, cell manipulation, environmental monitoring, and water remediation. Recent progress in the design, fabrication, and operation of these miniaturized devices has greatly enhanced their versatility. In this report, the most recent progress on the manipulation of small-scale robots based on power sources, such as magnetic fields, light, acoustic waves, electric fields, thermal energy, or combinations of these, is surveyed. The design and propulsion mechanism of micro- and nanorobots are the focus of this article. Their fabrication and applications are also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Zhong Chen
- Multi-Scale Robotics Lab (MSRL), Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems (IRIS), ETH Zurich, CH, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bumjin Jang
- Multi-Scale Robotics Lab (MSRL), Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems (IRIS), ETH Zurich, CH, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Ahmed
- Multi-Scale Robotics Lab (MSRL), Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems (IRIS), ETH Zurich, CH, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Chengzhi Hu
- Multi-Scale Robotics Lab (MSRL), Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems (IRIS), ETH Zurich, CH, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carmela De Marco
- Multi-Scale Robotics Lab (MSRL), Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems (IRIS), ETH Zurich, CH, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marcus Hoop
- Multi-Scale Robotics Lab (MSRL), Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems (IRIS), ETH Zurich, CH, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fajer Mushtaq
- Multi-Scale Robotics Lab (MSRL), Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems (IRIS), ETH Zurich, CH, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bradley J Nelson
- Multi-Scale Robotics Lab (MSRL), Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems (IRIS), ETH Zurich, CH, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Salvador Pané
- Multi-Scale Robotics Lab (MSRL), Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems (IRIS), ETH Zurich, CH, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
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41
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Xu L, Mou F, Gong H, Luo M, Guan J. Light-driven micro/nanomotors: from fundamentals to applications. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 46:6905-6926. [PMID: 28949354 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00516d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Light, as an external stimulus, is capable of driving the motion of micro/nanomotors (MNMs) with the advantages of reversible, wireless and remote manoeuvre on demand with excellent spatial and temporal resolution. This review focuses on the state-of-the-art light-driven MNMs, which are able to move in liquids or on a substrate surface by converting light energy into mechanical work. The general design strategies for constructing asymmetric fields around light-driven MNMs to propel themselves are introduced as well as the photoactive materials for light-driven MNMs, including photocatalytic materials, photothermal materials and photochromic materials. Then, the propulsion mechanisms and motion behaviors of the so far developed light-driven MNMs are illustrated in detail involving light-induced phoretic propulsion, bubble recoil and interfacial tension gradient, followed by recent progress in the light-driven movement of liquid crystalline elastomers based on light-induced deformation. An outlook is further presented on the future development of light-driven MNMs towards overcoming key challenges after summarizing the potential applications in biomedical, environmental and micro/nanoengineering fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China.
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42
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Vilela D, Cossío U, Parmar J, Martínez-Villacorta AM, Gómez-Vallejo V, Llop J, Sánchez S. Medical Imaging for the Tracking of Micromotors. ACS NANO 2018; 12:1220-1227. [PMID: 29361216 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b07220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Micro/nanomotors are useful tools for several biomedical applications, including targeted drug delivery and minimally invasive microsurgeries. However, major challenges such as in vivo imaging need to be addressed before they can be safely applied on a living body. Here, we show that positron emission tomography (PET), a molecular imaging technique widely used in medical imaging, can also be used to track a large population of tubular Au/PEDOT/Pt micromotors. Chemisorption of an iodine isotope onto the micromotor's Au surface rendered them detectable by PET, and we could track their movements in a tubular phantom over time frames of up to 15 min. In a second set of experiments, micromotors and the bubbles released during self-propulsion were optically tracked by video imaging and bright-field microscopy. The results from direct optical tracking agreed with those from PET tracking, demonstrating that PET is a suitable technique for the imaging of large populations of active micromotors in opaque environments, thus opening opportunities for the use of this mature imaging technology for the in vivo localization of artificial swimmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Vilela
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems Institution , Heisenbergstraße 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Unai Cossío
- Radiochemistry and Nuclear Imaging Group, CIC biomaGUNE , Paseo Miramón 182, 20014 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Jemish Parmar
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems Institution , Heisenbergstraße 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Vanessa Gómez-Vallejo
- Radiochemistry and Nuclear Imaging Group, CIC biomaGUNE , Paseo Miramón 182, 20014 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Jordi Llop
- Radiochemistry and Nuclear Imaging Group, CIC biomaGUNE , Paseo Miramón 182, 20014 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Samuel Sánchez
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems Institution , Heisenbergstraße 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avancats (ICREA) , Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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43
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Ning H, Zhang Y, Zhu H, Ingham A, Huang G, Mei Y, Solovev AA. Geometry Design, Principles and Assembly of Micromotors. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:E75. [PMID: 30393351 PMCID: PMC6187850 DOI: 10.3390/mi9020075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Discovery of bio-inspired, self-propelled and externally-powered nano-/micro-motors, rotors and engines (micromachines) is considered a potentially revolutionary paradigm in nanoscience. Nature knows how to combine different elements together in a fluidic state for intelligent design of nano-/micro-machines, which operate by pumping, stirring, and diffusion of their internal components. Taking inspirations from nature, scientists endeavor to develop the best materials, geometries, and conditions for self-propelled motion, and to better understand their mechanisms of motion and interactions. Today, microfluidic technology offers considerable advantages for the next generation of biomimetic particles, droplets and capsules. This review summarizes recent achievements in the field of nano-/micromotors, and methods of their external control and collective behaviors, which may stimulate new ideas for a broad range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanpo Ning
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, 200433 Shanghai, China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, 200433 Shanghai, China.
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, 200433 Shanghai, China.
| | - Andreas Ingham
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 5 Ole Maaløes Vej, DK-2200, 1165 København, Denmark.
| | - Gaoshan Huang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, 200433 Shanghai, China.
| | - Yongfeng Mei
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, 200433 Shanghai, China.
| | - Alexander A Solovev
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, 200433 Shanghai, China.
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Light-Powered Micro/Nanomotors. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:mi9020041. [PMID: 30393317 PMCID: PMC6187517 DOI: 10.3390/mi9020041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Designed micro/nanomotors are micro/nanoscale machines capable of autonomous motion in fluids, which have been emerging in recent decades owing to their great potential for biomedical and environmental applications. Among them, light-powered micro/nanomotors, in which motion is driven by light, exhibit various advantages in their precise motion manipulation and thereby a superior scope for application. This review summarizes recent advances in the design, manufacture and motion manipulation of different types of light-powered micro/nanomotors. Their structural features and motion performance are reviewed and compared. The challenges and opportunities of light-powered micro/nanomotors are also discussed. With rapidly increasing innovation, advanced, intelligent and multifunctional light-powered micro/nanomachines will certainly bring profound impacts and changes for human life in the future.
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Baptista-Pires L, Orozco J, Guardia P, Merkoçi A. Architecting Graphene Oxide Rolled-Up Micromotors: A Simple Paper-Based Manufacturing Technology. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:1702746. [PMID: 29171716 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201702746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A graphene oxide rolled-up tube production process is reported using wax-printed membranes for the fabrication of on-demand engineered micromotors at different levels of oxidation, thickness, and lateral dimensions. The resultant graphene oxide rolled-up tubes can show magnetic and catalytic movement within the addition of magnetic nanoparticles or sputtered platinum in the surface of graphene-oxide-modified wax-printed membranes prior to the scrolling process. As a proof of concept, the as-prepared catalytic graphene oxide rolled-up micromotors are successfully exploited for oil removal from water. This micromotor production technology relies on an easy, operator-friendly, fast, and cost-efficient wax-printed paper-based method and may offer a myriad of hybrid devices and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Baptista-Pires
- Nanobioelectronics and Biosensors Group, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus de la UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jahir Orozco
- Nanobioelectronics and Biosensors Group, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus de la UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo Guardia
- Nanobioelectronics and Biosensors Group, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus de la UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Arben Merkoçi
- Nanobioelectronics and Biosensors Group, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus de la UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Passeig Lluis Companys, 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
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46
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Huang G, Wang J, Liu Z, Zhou D, Tian Z, Xu B, Li L, Mei Y. Rocket-inspired tubular catalytic microjets with grating-structured walls as guiding empennages. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:18590-18596. [PMID: 29165488 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr07006c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Controllable locomotion in the micro-/nanoscale is challenging and attracts increasing research interest. Tubular microjets self-propelled by microbubbles are intensively investigated due to their high energy conversion efficiency, but the imperfection of the tubular geometry makes it harder to realize linear motion. Inspired by the macro rocket, we designed a tubular microjet with a grating-structured wall which mimics the guiding empennage of the macro rocket, and we found that the fluid can be effectively guided by the grooves. Both theoretical simulation and experimental work have been carried out, and the obtained results demonstrate that the stability margin of the grating-structured microjet can be enhanced. Compared with microjets with smooth walls, the structured microjets show an enhanced ability of moving linearly. In 10% H2O2, only 20% of the smooth microjets demonstrate linear trajectories, while 80% of the grating-structured microjets keep moving straight. The grating-structured microjet can maintain linear motion under external disturbance. We further propose to increase the stability by introducing a helical grating structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoshan Huang
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Lab of ASIC and System, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China.
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47
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Two kinds of cobalt–based coordination polymers with excellent catalytic ability for the selective oxidation of cis-cyclooctene. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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48
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Ye Z, Sun Y, Zhang H, Song B, Dong B. A phototactic micromotor based on platinum nanoparticle decorated carbon nitride. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:18516-18522. [PMID: 29164207 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr05896a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we report a unique phototactic (both positive and negative) micromotor based on platinum nanoparticle decorated carbon nitride. The phototaxis relies on the self-diffusiophoretic mechanism and different surface modifications. The micromotor reported in the current study does not require the addition of any external fuels and shows versatile motion behaviour, i.e. start, stop, directional and programmable motion, which is controlled by light. In addition, since the actuation of the precipitated micromotors at the bottom of a solution using light results in the opacity changes from transparent to translucent, we anticipate that the current micromotor may have potential application in the field of smart windows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenrong Ye
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China.
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Bormashenko E, Frenkel M, Bormashenko Y, Chaniel G, Valtsifer V, Binks BP. Superposition of Translational and Rotational Motions under Self-Propulsion of Liquid Marbles Filled with Aqueous Solutions of Camphor. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:13234-13241. [PMID: 29083187 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b03356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Self-locomotion of liquid marbles, coated with lycopodium or fumed fluorosilica powder, filled with a saturated aqueous solution of camphor and placed on a water/vapor interface is reported. Self-propelled marbles demonstrated a complicated motion, representing a superposition of translational and rotational motions. Oscillations of the velocity of the center of mass and the angular velocity of marbles, occurring in the antiphase, were registered and explained qualitatively. Self-propulsion occurs because of the Marangoni solutocapillary flow inspired by the adsorption of camphor (evaporated from the liquid marble) by the water surface. Scaling laws describing translational and rotational motions are proposed and checked. The rotational motion of marbles arises from the asymmetry of the field of the Marangoni stresses because of the adsorption of camphor evaporated from marbles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Viktor Valtsifer
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, UB RAS , Academician Korolev Street, 3, 614013 Perm, Russian Federation
| | - Bernard P Binks
- School of Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Hull , Hull HU67RX, U.K
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50
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García-Carmona L, Moreno-Guzmán M, González MC, Escarpa A. Class enzyme-based motors for “on the fly” enantiomer analysis of amino acids. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 96:275-280. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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