1
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Sun Q, Mück-Lichtenfeld C, Kehr G, Erker G. Molecular pyramids - from tetrahedranes to [6]pyramidanes. Nat Rev Chem 2023; 7:732-746. [PMID: 37612459 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-023-00525-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
The study of 3D architectures at a molecular scale has fascinated chemists for generations. This includes molecular pyramids with all-carbon frameworks, such as trigonal, tetragonal and pentagonal pyramidal geometries. A small number of substituted tetrahedranes and all-carbon [4]-[5]pyramidanes have been experimentally generated and studied. Although the hypothetical unsubstituted parent [3]-[6]pyramidanes have only been explored computationally, the formal replacement of carbon vertices with isolobal main group element fragments has provided a number of examples of stable hetero[m]pyramidanes, which have been isolated and amply characterized. In this Review, we highlight the synthesis and chemical properties of [3]-[6]pyramidanes and summarize the progress in the development of chemistry of pyramid-shaped molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu Sun
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Gerald Kehr
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Gerhard Erker
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany.
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2
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Sun Q, Daniliuc CG, Mück‐Lichtenfeld C, Kehr G, Erker G. Formation of a Hybrid 1‐Bora‐3‐boratabenzene Heteroarene Anion Derivative. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202205565. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202205565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiu Sun
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Constantin G. Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Christian Mück‐Lichtenfeld
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Gerald Kehr
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Gerhard Erker
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
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3
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Sun Q, Daniliuc CG, Mück-Lichtenfeld C, Kehr G, Erker G. Formation of a Hybrid 1‐Bora‐3‐boratabenzene Heteroarene Anion Derivative. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202205565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiu Sun
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster: Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster Organisch-Chemisches Institut GERMANY
| | - Constantin G. Daniliuc
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster: Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster Organisch-Chemsiches Institut GERMANY
| | | | - Gerald Kehr
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster: Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster Organisch-Chemisches Institut GERMANY
| | - Gerhard Erker
- Universität Münster Organisch-Chemisches Institut Corrensstr. 40 48149 Münster GERMANY
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4
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Hattori Y, Michail E, Schmiedel A, Moos M, Holzapfel M, Krummenacher I, Braunschweig H, Müller U, Pflaum J, Lambert C. Luminescent Mono-, Di-, and Triradicals: Bridging Polychlorinated Triarylmethyl Radicals by Triarylamines and Triarylboranes. Chemistry 2019; 25:15463-15471. [PMID: 31478580 PMCID: PMC6916318 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Up to three polychlorinated pyridyldiphenylmethyl radicals bridged by a triphenylamine carrying electron withdrawing (CN), neutral (Me), or donating (OMe) groups were synthesized and analogous radicals bridged by tris(2,6-dimethylphenyl)borane were prepared for comparison. All compounds were as stable as common closed-shell organic compounds and showed significant fluorescence upon excitation. Electronic, magnetic, absorption, and emission properties were examined in detail, and experimental results were interpreted using DFT calculations. Oxidation potentials, absorption and emission energies could be tuned depending on the electron density of the bridges. The triphenylamine bridges mediated intramolecular weak antiferromagnetic interactions between the radical spins, and the energy difference between the high spin and low spin states was determined by temperature dependent ESR spectroscopy and DFT calculations. The fluorescent properties of all radicals were examined in detail and revealed no difference for high and low spin states which facilitates application of these dyes in two-photon absorption spectroscopy and OLED devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Hattori
- Institute of Organic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-University WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Evripidis Michail
- Institute of Organic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-University WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Alexander Schmiedel
- Institute of Organic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-University WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Michael Moos
- Institute of Organic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-University WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Marco Holzapfel
- Institute of Organic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-University WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Ivo Krummenacher
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-University WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-University WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Ulrich Müller
- Institute of PhysicsJulius-Maximilians-University WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Jens Pflaum
- Institute of PhysicsJulius-Maximilians-University WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Christoph Lambert
- Institute of Organic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-University WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
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5
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Sindlinger CP, Ruth PN. A Neutral "Aluminocene" Sandwich Complex: η 1 - versus η 5 -Coordination Modes of a Pentaarylborole with ECp* (E=Al, Ga; Cp*=C 5 Me 5 ). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:15051-15056. [PMID: 31390132 PMCID: PMC6856865 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201907749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The pentaaryl borole (Ph*C)4 BXylF [Ph*=3,5-tBu2 (C6 H3 ); XylF =3,5-(CF3 )2 (C6 H3 )] reacts with low-valent Group 13 precursors AlCp* and GaCp* by two divergent routes. In the case of [AlCp*]4 , the borole reacts as an oxidising agent and accepts two electrons. Structural, spectroscopic, and computational analysis of the resulting unprecedented neutral η5 -Cp*,η5 -[(Ph*C)4 BXylF ] complex of AlIII revealed a strong, ionic bonding interaction. The formation of the heteroleptic borole-cyclopentadienyl "aluminocene" leads to significant changes in the 13 C NMR chemical shifts within the borole unit. In the case of the less-reductive GaCp*, borole (Ph*C)4 BXylF reacts as a Lewis acid to form a dynamic adduct with a dative 2-center-2-electron Ga-B bond. The Lewis adduct was also studied structurally, spectroscopically, and computationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian P Sindlinger
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Paul Niklas Ruth
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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6
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Sindlinger CP, Ruth PN. Ein neutraler “Aluminocen”‐Sandwich‐Komplex: η
1
‐ vs. η
5
‐Koordination eines Pentaarylborols mit ECp* (E=Al, Ga; Cp*=C
5
Me
5
). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201907749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian P. Sindlinger
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstr. 4 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Paul Niklas Ruth
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstr. 4 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
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7
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Wang Z, Zhou Y, Zhang JX, Krummenacher I, Braunschweig H, Lin Z. DFT Studies on the Reactions of Boroles with Alkynes. Chemistry 2018; 24:9612-9621. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong P.R. China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Chemistry; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong P.R. China
| | - Jing-Xuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong P.R. China
| | - Ivo Krummenacher
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Zhenyang Lin
- Department of Chemistry; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong P.R. China
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8
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Attia AAA, Lupan A, King RB. Tetracarbaboranes: nido structures without bridging hydrogens. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:18541-18551. [PMID: 27812557 DOI: 10.1039/c6dt03507h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The structures and energetics of the tetracarbaboranes C4Bn-4Hn (n = 6 to 13) have been investigated by density functional theory and coupled cluster calculations. In general, the lowest energy structures of the tetracarbaboranes C4Bn-4Hn minimize the number of C-C polyhedral edges as well as the degrees of the carbon vertices. For the C4B2H6 and C4B3H7 systems the lowest energy structures are pyramidal structures having all four carbon atoms located on the base of the pyramid. The lowest energy structure for the 9-vertex C4B5H9 system is a capped square antiprism. The frameworks of the lowest energy C4B4H8 and C4B6H10 structures resemble those of the isoelectronic experimentally known B8H12 and B10H14 structures. However, an experimentally known S4 adamantane-like 10-vertex structure found in Me4C4B6Et6 based on a tetracapped octahedron lies only ∼7 kcal mol-1 in energy above the lowest energy structure. The lowest energy structures for the 11- to 13-vertex C4Bn-4Hn (n = 11, 12, 13) systems can be derived from an (n + 1)-vertex closo deltahedron by removing a high-degree vertex. At least three of the four carbon atoms are located on edges of the resulting pentagonal or hexagonal open face in the low-energy structures. However, the structures of the experimentally known R4C4B8H8 (R = Me, Et) obtained from the dimerization of R2C2B4H42- differ from these low-energy structures. The Me4C4B8H8 polyhedron has a C4 chain and two tetragonal faces whereas the Et4C4B8H8 polyhedron has a hexagonal face with two C2 units. These structures lie within 2 kcal mol-1 of each other thereby accounting for the fluxional properties of these systems observed by NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr A A Attia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania. and National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alexandru Lupan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - R Bruce King
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia30602, USA.
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination
Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guifeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination
Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination
Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination
Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Changsheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination
Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, People’s Republic of China
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10
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Lin YF, Shen CT, Hsiao YT, Liu YH, Peng SM, Chiu CW. Mechanistic Studies on the Rearrangement of a Boron Cation: From a nido-Carborane to a Planar Boracycle. Organometallics 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.6b00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Fan Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, Taiwan, 10617
| | - Chao-Tang Shen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, Taiwan, 10617
| | - Yu-Ting Hsiao
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, Taiwan, 10617
| | - Yi-Hung Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, Taiwan, 10617
| | - Shie-Ming Peng
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, Taiwan, 10617
| | - Ching-Wen Chiu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, Taiwan, 10617
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11
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Li TT, Jia YH, Huang MH, Wang Y, Luo Y. A crystalline bisindolylmaleimide with strong solid-state fluorescence of red color and its analogous cross-linked polymer without fluorescence. Des Monomers Polym 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/15685551.2015.1136527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Hui Jia
- School of Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Mu-Hua Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yingxiong Wang
- The Biorefinery Research and Engineering Center, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yunjun Luo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
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12
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Imoto H, Kizaki K, Watase S, Matsukawa K, Naka K. Color Tuning of the Aggregation-Induced Emission of Maleimide Dyes by Molecular Design and Morphology Control. Chemistry 2015; 21:12105-11. [PMID: 26179252 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201501519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Aggregation-induced emission (AIE)-active maleimide dyes, namely, 2-p-toluidino-N-p-tolylmaleimide, 3-phenyl-2-toluidino-N-p-tolylmaleimide, 2-p-thiocresyl-3-p-toluidino-N-p-tolylmaleimide, and 2,3-dithiocresyl-N-arylmaleimides, were synthesized by facile synthetic procedures. The dyes show intense emission in the solid state, and emission colors were controlled from green (λmax =527 nm) to orange (λmax =609 nm) by varying the substituents at the 2- and 3-positions of the maleimide and the packing structures in the solid state. 2,3-Disubstituted maleimide dyes effectively underwent redshifts of their emission wavelength. Furthermore, some of the dyes exhibited mechanochromism and polymorphism, and their emission properties were dramatically dependent on the morphology of the solid samples. The mechanisms of the emission behaviors were investigated by X-ray diffraction. The substituent of the nitrogen atom of the maleimide ring affected the intermolecular interactions and short contacts, which were observed by single crystal X-ray crystallography, to result in completely different emission properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Imoto
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Goshokaido-cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585 (Japan)
| | - Kohei Kizaki
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Goshokaido-cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585 (Japan)
| | - Seiji Watase
- Osaka Municipal Technical Research Institute, 1-6-50 Morinomiya, Joto-ku, Osaka 536-8553 (Japan)
| | - Kimihiro Matsukawa
- Osaka Municipal Technical Research Institute, 1-6-50 Morinomiya, Joto-ku, Osaka 536-8553 (Japan)
| | - Kensuke Naka
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Goshokaido-cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585 (Japan).
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Huang K, Martin CD. Ring expansion reactions of pentaphenylborole with dipolar molecules as a route to seven-membered boron heterocycles. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:1869-75. [PMID: 25599271 DOI: 10.1021/ic502784d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Reactions of pentaphenylborole with isocyanates, benzophenone, and benzaldehyde produced new seven-membered heterocycles in high yields. For 1-adamantyl isocyanate, a BNC5 heterocycle was obtained from the insertion of the C-N moiety into the five-membered borole, whereas for 4-methoxyphenyl isocyanate, a BOC5 heterocycle was generated from the insertion of the C-O unit. These reactions are believed to occur via a mechanism wherein coordination of the nucleophile to the borole (1-adamantyl, N-coordination or O-coordination for 4-methoxyphenyl) is followed by ring expansion to afford the observed seven-membered heterocycles. The selectivity to form B-O- or B-N-containing heterocycles is based on the polarization of the isocyanate implying tunable reactivity for the system. Having observed that isocyanates react as 1,2-dipoles with pentaphenylborole, we examined benzophenone and benzaldehyde, which both reacted to insert C-O units into the ring. This represents a new efficient method for preparing rare seven-membered boracycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexuan Huang
- Baylor University , Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, One Bear Place 97348, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
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14
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Imoto H, Nohmi K, Kizaki K, Watase S, Matsukawa K, Yamamoto S, Mitsuishi M, Naka K. Effect of alkyl groups on emission properties of aggregation induced emission active N-alkyl arylaminomaleimide dyes. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra18690k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aggregation induced emission (AIE) active N-alkyl aminomaleimide dyes with various kinds of N-alkyl groups were synthesized in a one pot process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Imoto
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering
- Graduate School of Science and Technology
- Kyoto Institute of Technology
- Kyoto 606-8585
- Japan
| | - Katsuya Nohmi
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering
- Graduate School of Science and Technology
- Kyoto Institute of Technology
- Kyoto 606-8585
- Japan
| | - Kohei Kizaki
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering
- Graduate School of Science and Technology
- Kyoto Institute of Technology
- Kyoto 606-8585
- Japan
| | - Seiji Watase
- Osaka Municipal Technical Research Institute
- Osaka 536-8553
- Japan
| | | | - Shunsuke Yamamoto
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM)
- Tohoku University
- Sendai 980-8577
- Japan
| | - Masaya Mitsuishi
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM)
- Tohoku University
- Sendai 980-8577
- Japan
| | - Kensuke Naka
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering
- Graduate School of Science and Technology
- Kyoto Institute of Technology
- Kyoto 606-8585
- Japan
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