1
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Bousfiha A, Abidi O, Lemetayer L, Sood N, Tolbatov I, Barrois F, Daher A, Cattey H, Cordier M, Hissler M, Hierso JC, Fleurat-Lessard P, Bouit PA, Roger J. Molecular engineering of 3-arylated tetrazo[1,2- b]indazoles: divergent synthesis and structure-property relationships. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:10737-10743. [PMID: 38872593 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01122h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
The synthetic scope of 3-arylated tetrazo[1,2-b]indazoles is reported based on a Pd-catalyzed Liebeskind-Srogl cross-coupling reaction followed by an N-cyclisation process. The reactivity of the nitrogen atoms was used to further diversify these N-rich polyaromatic tetrazo[1,2-b]indazoles in a panel of reactions (protonation, selective oxidation, metallations). Selective ortho-C-H activation/functionalization on the heterocycle was also demonstrated with three transition metals (TM = Pd, Ir and Rh). The effects of all these molecular engineering strategies, particularly the N-modifications, on the optical and redox properties of the 3-arylated tetrazoindazoles were studied experimentally and theoretically. This study highlights the diversity of molecular structures and electronic properties offered by the tetrazo[1,2-b]indazole platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmae Bousfiha
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR 6302 - Université Bourgogne (UB), 9, Avenue Alain Savary, 21078 Dijon, France.
| | - Oumaima Abidi
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR 6302 - Université Bourgogne (UB), 9, Avenue Alain Savary, 21078 Dijon, France.
| | | | - Navya Sood
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR 6302 - Université Bourgogne (UB), 9, Avenue Alain Savary, 21078 Dijon, France.
| | - Iogann Tolbatov
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR 6302 - Université Bourgogne (UB), 9, Avenue Alain Savary, 21078 Dijon, France.
| | - Fabien Barrois
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR 6302 - Université Bourgogne (UB), 9, Avenue Alain Savary, 21078 Dijon, France.
| | - Ahmad Daher
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR 6302 - Université Bourgogne (UB), 9, Avenue Alain Savary, 21078 Dijon, France.
| | - Hélène Cattey
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR 6302 - Université Bourgogne (UB), 9, Avenue Alain Savary, 21078 Dijon, France.
| | - Marie Cordier
- CNRS, ISCR - UMR 6226, Univ. Rennes, 35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Muriel Hissler
- CNRS, ISCR - UMR 6226, Univ. Rennes, 35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Jean-Cyrille Hierso
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR 6302 - Université Bourgogne (UB), 9, Avenue Alain Savary, 21078 Dijon, France.
| | - Paul Fleurat-Lessard
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR 6302 - Université Bourgogne (UB), 9, Avenue Alain Savary, 21078 Dijon, France.
| | | | - Julien Roger
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR 6302 - Université Bourgogne (UB), 9, Avenue Alain Savary, 21078 Dijon, France.
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2
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Khakimov DV, Fershtat LL, Pivina TS. Substituted tetrazoles with N-oxide moiety: critical assessment of thermochemical properties. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:32071-32077. [PMID: 37982240 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05144g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Modeling of the structure of molecules and simulation of crystal structure followed by the calculation of the enthalpies of formation for 21 salts of three high-energy tetrazole 1N-oxides: 5-nitro-1-hydroxy-1H-tetrazole 1a-1g, 5-trinitromethyl-1-hydroxy-1H-tetrazole 2a-2g and 6-amino-3-(1-hydroxy-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine 1,5-dioxide 3a-3g was performed. The methods of quantum chemistry and the method of atom-atom potentials were used. Structural search for optimal crystal packings was carried out in 11 most common space symmetry groups. The enthalpies of formation were obtained and analyzed using two different approaches: VBT and MICCM methods, which allowed to evaluate the quality of these calculation methods. In addition, the results obtained indicate high values of thermochemical characteristics for some of the considered compounds, which have a positive effect on their explosive properties and unveil their future application potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry V Khakimov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prosp., 47, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation.
| | - Leonid L Fershtat
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prosp., 47, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation.
- National Research University Higher School of Economics, Myasnitskaya str., 20, Moscow 101000, Russian Federation
| | - Tatyana S Pivina
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prosp., 47, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation.
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3
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Bystrov DM, Pivkina AN, Fershtat LL. An Alliance of Polynitrogen Heterocycles: Novel Energetic Tetrazinedioxide-Hydroxytetrazole-Based Materials. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27185891. [PMID: 36144627 PMCID: PMC9505947 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27185891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Energetic materials constitute one of the most important subtypes of functional materials used for various applications. A promising approach for the construction of novel thermally stable high-energy materials is based on an assembly of polynitrogen biheterocyclic scaffolds. Herein, we report on the design and synthesis of a new series of high-nitrogen energetic salts comprising the C-C linked 6-aminotetrazinedioxide and hydroxytetrazole frameworks. Synthesized materials were thoroughly characterized by IR and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, single-crystal X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry. As a result of a vast amount of the formed intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonds, prepared ammonium and amino-1,2,4-triazolium salts are thermally stable and have good densities of 1.75–1.78 g·cm−3. All synthesized compounds show high detonation performance, reaching that of benchmark RDX. At the same time, as compared to RDX, investigated salts are less friction sensitive due to the formed net of hydrogen bonds. Overall, reported functional materials represent a novel perspective subclass of secondary explosives and unveil further opportunities for an assembly of biheterocyclic next-generation energetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry M. Bystrov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences 47 Leninsky Prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alla N. Pivkina
- N. N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 3 Kosygin Str., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Leonid L. Fershtat
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences 47 Leninsky Prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
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4
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Searching for high performance asymmetrically substituted teterazine energetic materials based on 3-hydrazino-6-(1H-1,2,3,4-tetrazol-5-ylimino)-s-tetrazine. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.103880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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5
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Zengel ER, Garcia JR, Goodrich DA, Bayse CA. Trigger bond analysis of azo‐based energetic materials. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.4330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R. Zengel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Old Dominion University Norfolk VA USA
| | - Jenna R. Garcia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Old Dominion University Norfolk VA USA
| | - Daja A. Goodrich
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Old Dominion University Norfolk VA USA
| | - Craig A. Bayse
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Old Dominion University Norfolk VA USA
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6
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Chen X, Wang S, Chen Y, Hu Y, Zhang C, Guo Z, Ma H. Alkaline earth metal salts of 3,6‐bis‐nitroguanyl‐1,2,4,5‐tetrazine: Promising perchlorate‐free environmentally friendly pyrotechnic components. Appl Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering/Xi'an Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials Northwest University Xi'an China
| | - Shenghui Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering/Xi'an Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials Northwest University Xi'an China
| | - Yuankai Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering/Xi'an Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials Northwest University Xi'an China
| | - Yongpeng Hu
- School of Chemical Engineering/Xi'an Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials Northwest University Xi'an China
| | - Cong Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering/Xi'an Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials Northwest University Xi'an China
| | - Zhaoqi Guo
- School of Chemical Engineering/Xi'an Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials Northwest University Xi'an China
| | - Haixia Ma
- School of Chemical Engineering/Xi'an Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials Northwest University Xi'an China
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7
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Synthesis of energetic compounds bearing a (3,4-dinitro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-NNO-azoxy group. Russ Chem Bull 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-021-3331-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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8
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Lewis acid catalyzed condensation of 2-aminohetarene N-oxides with N,N-dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-021-03031-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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9
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Zhang Q, He C, Pang S. Synthesis of heterocyclic (triazole, furoxan, furazan) fused pyridazine di- N-oxides via hypervalent iodine oxidation. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj02908a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Use of a mild PIDA oxidation strategy to access heterocyclic (triazole, furoxan, furazan) fused pyridazine di-N-oxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chunlin He
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Yangtze Delta Region Academy of Beijing Institute of Technology, Jiaxing 314019, China
- Chongqing Innovation Center, Beijing Institute of Technology, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Siping Pang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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10
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Zyuzin IN, Gudkova IY, Lempert DB. Energy Abilities of Certain Derivatives of 1,2,4,5-Tetrazine N-Oxides as Components of Solid Composite Rocket Propellants. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990793121040138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Recent Synthetic Efforts towards High Energy Density Materials: How to Design High-Performance Energetic Structures? FIREPHYSCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpc.2021.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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12
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Manzoor S, He P, Yang JQ, Tariq QUN, Jing-Ru L, Hu Y, Cao W, Zhang JG. Synthesis and characterization of energetic compounds based on N-oxidation of 5-Nitroso-2,4,6-triaminopyrimidine. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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13
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Synthesis of energetic compounds containing (3-nitro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-NNO-azoxy moiety. Russ Chem Bull 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-021-3256-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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14
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Rudakov GF, Kozlov IB, Boev NV, Zinchenko SS, Melnikova LY, Egorshev VY, Sinditskii VP. Synthesis and Physicochemical Properties of Energetic 1,2,4,5‐Tetrazinyl Derivatives of 5‐Nitro‐2,4‐dihydro‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐one. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202102160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gennady F. Rudakov
- Chemical Engineering Department Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology 9 Miusskaya Sq. 125047 Moscow Russia
| | - Ivan B. Kozlov
- Chemical Engineering Department Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology 9 Miusskaya Sq. 125047 Moscow Russia
| | - Nikolay V. Boev
- Chemical Engineering Department Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology 9 Miusskaya Sq. 125047 Moscow Russia
| | - Svetlana S. Zinchenko
- Chemical Engineering Department Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology 9 Miusskaya Sq. 125047 Moscow Russia
| | - Lyudmila Ya. Melnikova
- Chemical Engineering Department Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology 9 Miusskaya Sq. 125047 Moscow Russia
| | - Viacheslav Yu. Egorshev
- Chemical Engineering Department Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology 9 Miusskaya Sq. 125047 Moscow Russia
| | - Valery P. Sinditskii
- Chemical Engineering Department Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology 9 Miusskaya Sq. 125047 Moscow Russia
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15
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Liu Y, Qi X, Zhang W, Yin P, Cai Z, Zhang Q. Construction of Bicyclic 1,2,3-Triazine N-Oxides from Aminocyanides. Org Lett 2021; 23:734-738. [PMID: 33320687 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Using a facile and cost-effective method, nine bicyclic 1,2,3-triazine 2-oxides were synthesized from o-aminocyanide substrates through an unusual nitration cyclization. The reaction mechanism was studied experimentally and theoretically. Moreover, nine 1,2,3-triazine 3-oxides were also obtained in good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Liu
- School of Material Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.,Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Xiujuan Qi
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Wenquan Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Ping Yin
- School of Material Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ziwu Cai
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
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16
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Politzer P, Murray JS. Oxatriazoles: Potential Frameworks for Energetic Compounds? PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.202000243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Politzer
- Department of Chemistry University of New Orleans New Orleans LA 71048 USA
| | - Jane S. Murray
- Department of Chemistry University of New Orleans New Orleans LA 71048 USA
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17
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Creegan SE, Zeller M, Byrd EFC, Piercey DG. Synthesis and Characterization of the Energetic 3‐Azido‐5‐amino‐6‐nitro‐1,2,4‐triazine. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.202000136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon E. Creegan
- Department of Materials Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering Purdue Energetics Research Center (PERC) Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47904 USA
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette Indiana 47907 USA
| | | | - Davin G. Piercey
- Department of Materials Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering Purdue Energetics Research Center (PERC) Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47904 USA
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18
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Chen X, Guo Z, Zhang C, Zhang J, Ma H. Boosting intermolecular interactions of fused cyclic explosives: the way to thermostable and insensitive energetic materials with high density. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj00924a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Improving the packing efficiency of explosives by strong intermolecular interactions can acquire high density while avoiding the expense of stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering/Xi’an Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials
- Northwest University
- Xi’an 710069
- P. R. China
| | - Zhaoqi Guo
- School of Chemical Engineering/Xi’an Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials
- Northwest University
- Xi’an 710069
- P. R. China
| | - Cong Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering/Xi’an Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials
- Northwest University
- Xi’an 710069
- P. R. China
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- P. R. China
| | - Haixia Ma
- School of Chemical Engineering/Xi’an Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials
- Northwest University
- Xi’an 710069
- P. R. China
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19
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Gulyaev DA, Klenov MS, Churakov AM, Strelenko YA, Fedyanin IV, Lempert DB, Kosareva EK, Kon'kova TS, Matyushin YN, Tartakovsky VA. [(3-Nitro-1 H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)- NNO-azoxy]furazans: energetic materials containing an N(O)N–N fragment. RSC Adv 2021; 11:24013-24021. [PMID: 35479050 PMCID: PMC9036641 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra03919a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The strategy for the synthesis of substituted [(3-nitro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-NNO-azoxy]furazans 4–7, in which the distal nitrogen of the azoxy group is bonded to the nitrogen atom of the azole ring, includes, firstly, the reaction of 1-amino-3-nitro-1H-1,2,4-triazole with 2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(4-nitrosofurazan-3-yl)acetamide in the presence of dibromisocyanuric acid followed by removing of the trifluoroacetyl protecting group to afford aminofurazan (4). Transformation of the amino group in the latter made it possible to synthesize the corresponding nitro (5), azo (6), and methylene dinitramine (7) substituted furazans. The compounds synthesized are thermally stable (decomposition onset temperatures 147–228 °C), exhibit acceptable densities (1.77–1.80 g cm−3) and optimal oxygen balance (the oxidizer excess coefficients α = 0.42–0.71). Their standard enthalpies of formation (576–747 kcal kg−1) were determined experimentally by combustion calorimetry and these compounds have been estimated as potential components of solid composite propellants. In terms of the specific impulse level, model solid composite propellant formulations based on nitro and methylene dinitramine substituted furazans 5 and 7 outperform similar formulations based on CL-20 by 1–4 s, and formulations based on HMX and RDX by 5–8 s. A novel class of energetic compounds with a N(O) N–N fragment, [(3-nitro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-NNO-azoxy]furazans, which exhibit good thermal stability and high experimental enthalpies of formation are estimated as possible components of solid composite propellants.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry A. Gulyaev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow 119991
- Russian Federation
| | - Michael S. Klenov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow 119991
- Russian Federation
| | - Aleksandr M. Churakov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow 119991
- Russian Federation
| | - Yurii A. Strelenko
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow 119991
- Russian Federation
| | - Ivan V. Fedyanin
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow 119991
- Russian Federation
- Plekhanov Russian University of Economics
| | - David B. Lempert
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Chernogolovka
- Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina K. Kosareva
- N. N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow 119991
- Russian Federation
| | - Tatiana S. Kon'kova
- N. N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow 119991
- Russian Federation
| | - Yurii N. Matyushin
- N. N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow 119991
- Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir A. Tartakovsky
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow 119991
- Russian Federation
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20
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Feng Z, Zhang Y, Li Y, Xu K. Adjacent N→O and C–NH 2 groups — a highly efficient amphoteric structure for energetic materials resulting from tautomerization proved by crystal engineering. CrystEngComm 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ce01427c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Adjacent N→O and C–NH2 groups (O←NC–NH2) were found to be a highly efficient and fairly balanced amphoteric energetic structure for energetic materials by crystal engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicun Feng
- School of Chemical Engineering & Integrated Military-Civilian Innovation Center for Energetic Materials
- Northwest University
- Xi'an 710069
- China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering & Integrated Military-Civilian Innovation Center for Energetic Materials
- Northwest University
- Xi'an 710069
- China
| | - Yanan Li
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute
- Xi'an 710065
- China
| | - Kangzhen Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering & Integrated Military-Civilian Innovation Center for Energetic Materials
- Northwest University
- Xi'an 710069
- China
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21
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Tang Y, Li K, Chinnam AK, Staples RJ, Shreeve JM. Mono-N-oxidation of heterocycle-fused pyrimidines. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:2143-2148. [DOI: 10.1039/d0dt03260c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mild oxidation reactions of nitrogen-rich heterocyclic rings lead to the formation of energetic compounds with the mono-N-oxide moiety which show good thermal stabilities and detonation performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxing Tang
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing
- China
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Idaho
| | - Kejia Li
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing
- China
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22
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Cong Z, Xiang C, Yongpeng H, Yang B, Zhaoqi G, Daidi F, Haixia M. A series of guanidine salts of 3,6-bis-nitroguanyl-1,2,4,5-tetrazine: green nitrogen-rich gas-generating agent. RSC Adv 2020; 10:36287-36294. [PMID: 35517921 PMCID: PMC9056960 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra06766k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen-rich energetic materials (EMs) have been widely studied because of their high thermal stability, insensitivity, excellent detonation performance and non-toxic characteristics. In particular, these compounds are well applied as gas-generating agents (GGAs). As a nitrogen-rich heterocyclic framework, 1,2,4,5-tetrazine derivatives have shown great potential in the design of GGAs. The guanidine salts of 3,6-bis-nitroguanyl-1,2,4,5-tetrazine (DNGTz), guanidine (G2DNGTz) (1), aminoguanidine (AG2DNGTz) (2), diaminoguanidine (DAG2DNGTz) (3), and triaminoguanidine (TAG2DNGTz) (4) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis and FT-IR. The crystal structures of 1 and 2 were obtained by X-ray single crystal diffraction. Crystal analysis shows that 1 and 2 arrange through zigzag-chain-like assembly and face-to-face geometries, which is helpful in decreasing mechanical sensitivity. The thermal stability and thermal decomposition kinetics of these four salts were studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Furthermore, the thermogravimetry-Fourier transform infrared-mass spectrometry (TG-FTIR-MS) analysis of thermal decomposition products reveals that the main decomposition gaseous products are H2O, N2O, CO2, NO, N2 and NH3. Then, the cytotoxicity of the four salts was tested by MTT (3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide) method, and it was found that salts 1-4 show slight cytotoxicity in mouse fibroblasts (L929), at a concentration of 0.125 mg ml-1. The insensitivity, low toxicity, and production of clean gases without solid residue after burning of salt 1 indicate that it can be used as a potential green energetic material for GGAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Cong
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University Xi'an Shaanxi 710069 China
| | - Chen Xiang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University Xi'an Shaanxi 710069 China
| | - Hu Yongpeng
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University Xi'an Shaanxi 710069 China
| | - Bai Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University Xi'an Shaanxi 710069 China
| | - Guo Zhaoqi
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University Xi'an Shaanxi 710069 China
| | - Fan Daidi
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University China
- Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University China
| | - Ma Haixia
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University Xi'an Shaanxi 710069 China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University China
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Yu Q, Yang H, Imler GH, Parrish DA, Cheng G, Shreeve JM. Derivatives of 3,6-Bis(3-aminofurazan-4-ylamino)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine: Excellent Energetic Properties with Lower Sensitivities. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:31522-31531. [PMID: 32545963 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c08526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To find a balance between energy and safety, a series of compounds based on azo-, azoxy-, 1,4,2,5-dioxadiazene-, and 3,6-diamino-1,2,4,5-tetrazine-bridged bis(aminofurazan) were designed and synthesized. These compounds were analyzed by nitro group charges (Qnitro) and bond dissociation energy (BDE) calculations, which are related to sensitivity and stability. Based on the calculated results, derivatives of 3,6-bis(3-aminofurazan-4-ylamino)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine have the largest values for -Qnitro and BDE of all of the bis(aminofurazan) compounds. This shows that compounds based on 3,6-bis(3-aminofurazan-4-ylamino)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine have the lowest sensitivities and best stabilities, which has been substantiated by experiments. Additionally, their explosive properties remain essentially competitive with compounds based on azo-, azoxy-, and 1,4,2,5-dioxadiazene-bridged bis(aminofurazan). Hirshfeld surface calculations were also performed to better understand the relationship between the molecular structure and stability/sensitivity. This work highlights the value of 3,6-diamino-1,2,4,5-tetrazine as a linker to achieve good balance between safety and energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
| | - Hongwei Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Gregory H Imler
- Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, United States
| | - Damon A Parrish
- Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, United States
| | - Guangbin Cheng
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Jean'ne M Shreeve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
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Creegan SE, Piercey DG. Nitroacetonitrile as a versatile precursor in energetic materials synthesis. RSC Adv 2020; 10:39478-39484. [PMID: 35515370 PMCID: PMC9057483 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07579e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitroacetonitrile is the simplest α-nitronitrile; it possesses a single central carbon attached to two strong electronegative, electron-withdrawing groups allowing extensive chemistry through the active methylene center. Free nitroacetonitrile has purification and stability issues, however stable salts of nitroacetonitrile possess the same reactivity as the free acid and are much more stable. Nitroacetonitrile serves as a versatile synthetic precursor in the formation of heterocyclic and polyfunctional aliphatic products and can allow for straightforward conversion to amino, acyl, and other functional groups. A main advantage of using nitroacetonitrile in the formation of heterocyclic-based energetics is its ability to add vicinal amino and nitro moieties onto fused ring structures, a common structural motif in insensitive energetic materials. In this minireview we discuss the preparation of nitroacetonitrile and its stable salts, as well as discuss the range of energetic materials this versatile precursor has found use in. Nitroacetonitrile is a useful synthetic precursor capable of participating in a wide range of reactions and enables the simple synthesis of annulated heterocyclic systems which are rapidly becoming promising new energetic materials.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon E. Creegan
- Department of Materials Engineering
- Purdue Energetics Research Center (PERC)
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
| | - Davin G. Piercey
- Department of Materials Engineering
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Purdue Energetics Research Center (PERC)
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
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25
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Liu Y, Zhao G, Yu Q, Tang Y, Imler GH, Parrish DA, Shreeve JM. Intermolecular Weak Hydrogen Bonding (Het-H-N/O): an Effective Strategy for the Synthesis of Monosubstituted 1,2,4,5-Tetrazine-Based Energetic Materials with Excellent Sensitivity. J Org Chem 2019; 84:16019-16026. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingle Liu
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, 180 Xueyuan Street, Huixing Lu, Zigong 643000, Sichuan, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
| | - Qiong Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
| | - Yongxing Tang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
| | - Gregory H. Imler
- Naval Research Laboratory, Code 6910, 4555 Overlook Avenue, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, United States
| | - Damon A. Parrish
- Naval Research Laboratory, Code 6910, 4555 Overlook Avenue, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, United States
| | - Jean’ne M. Shreeve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
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26
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Gospodinov I, Singer J, Klapötke TM, Stierstorfer J. The Pyridazine Scaffold as a Building Block for Energetic Materials: Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201900146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Gospodinov
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig‐Maximilian University Munich Butenandtstr. 5–13 (D) 81377 München Germany
| | - Johannes Singer
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig‐Maximilian University Munich Butenandtstr. 5–13 (D) 81377 München Germany
| | - Thomas M. Klapötke
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig‐Maximilian University Munich Butenandtstr. 5–13 (D) 81377 München Germany
| | - Jörg Stierstorfer
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig‐Maximilian University Munich Butenandtstr. 5–13 (D) 81377 München Germany
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27
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Xiong H, Yang H, Lei C, Yang P, Hu W, Cheng G. Combinations of furoxan and 1,2,4-oxadiazole for the generation of high performance energetic materials. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:14705-14711. [PMID: 31538636 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt02684c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Several energetic materials, which are composed of furoxan and 1,2,4-oxadiazole backbones, were synthesized by nitrating 3,3'-bis(5-amino-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-4,4'-azofuroxan (2) under 100 wt% HNO3 or 100 wt% HNO3/Ac2O followed by a cation metathesis. All synthesized compounds were fully characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis, while 3,3'-bis(1,2,4-oxadiazol-5(4H)-one-3-yl)-4,4'-azofuroxan (3) and diammonium 3,3'-bis(5-nitramino-1,2,4-oxadiazole-3-yl)-4,4'-azofuroxan (4a) were confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The physicochemical and energetic properties of these compounds including density, thermal stability and sensitivity were investigated. Compounds 3 and 4 have high densities (3: 1.90 g cm-3, 4: 1.92 g cm-3), which are comparable to that of HMX (1.91 g cm-3). All energetic compounds show relatively high calculated heat of formation in the range from 504.79 kJ mol-1 to 1405.62 kJ mol-1. Their detonation properties were evaluated by EXPLO5 code using the measured density and calculated heat of formation. Among them, compounds 3 and 4 have good detonation performance (3: D = 8891 m s-1, P = 34.7 GPa, 4: D = 9505 m s-1, P = 41.3 GPa) and acceptable sensitivities (3: IS = 10 J, 4: IS = 4 J), which indicate their potential applications as high-performance energetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualin Xiong
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China.
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28
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Savastano M, García-Gallarín C, López de la Torre MD, Bazzicalupi C, Bianchi A, Melguizo M. Anion-π and lone pair-π interactions with s-tetrazine-based ligands. Coord Chem Rev 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2019.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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29
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Wang G, Fu Z, Yin H, Chen F. Synthesis and Properties [1,2,4]Triazolo[4,3‐b][1,2,4,5]Tetrazine
N
‐Oxide Explosives. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.201900014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guilong Wang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical EngineeringBeijing Institute of Technology (Liangxiang Campus) No. 8 Liangxiang east road, Fangshan district Beijing 102488 P.R. China
| | - Zhanda Fu
- School of Chemistry & Chemical EngineeringBeijing Institute of Technology (Liangxiang Campus) No. 8 Liangxiang east road, Fangshan district Beijing 102488 P.R. China
- Department of ChemistryTangshan Normal University Tangshan 063000 P.R. China
| | - Hongquan Yin
- School of Chemistry & Chemical EngineeringBeijing Institute of Technology (Liangxiang Campus) No. 8 Liangxiang east road, Fangshan district Beijing 102488 P.R. China
| | - Fu‐Xue Chen
- School of Chemistry & Chemical EngineeringBeijing Institute of Technology (Liangxiang Campus) No. 8 Liangxiang east road, Fangshan district Beijing 102488 P.R. China
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30
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Zhai L, Bi F, Luo Y, Wang N, Zhang J, Wang B. New Strategy for Enhancing Energetic Properties by Regulating Trifuroxan Configuration: 3,4-Bis(3-nitrofuroxan-4-yl)furoxan. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4321. [PMID: 30867447 PMCID: PMC6416340 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39723-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
It is of current development to construct high-performance energetic compounds by aggregation of energetic groups with dense arrangement. In this study, a hydrogen-free high-density energetic 3,4-bis(3-nitrofuroxan-4-yl)furoxan (BNTFO-I) was designed and synthesized in a simple, and straightforward manner. Its isomer, 3,4-bis(4-nitrofuroxan-3-yl)furoxan (BNTFO-IV), was also obtained by isomerization. The structures of BNTFO-I and BNTFO-IV were confirmed by single-crystal X-ray analysis for the first time. Surprisingly, BNTFO-I has a remarkable calculated crystal density of 1983 g cm-3 at 296 K, which is distinctly higher than BNTFO-IV (1.936 g cm-3, 296 K), and ranks highest among azole-based CNO compounds yet reported. It is noteworthy that BNTFO-I exhibits excellent calculated detonation properties (vD, 9867 m s-1, P, 45.0 GPa). The interesting configuration differences of BNTFO-I and BNTFO-IV provide insight into the design of new advanced energetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianjie Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an, 710065, China
| | - Fuqiang Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an, 710065, China
| | - Yifen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an, 710065, China
| | - Naixing Wang
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
| | - Junlin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an, 710065, China
| | - Bozhou Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an, 710065, China.
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31
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Lavoie J, Petre CF, Durand S, Dubois C. Stability and performance of gun propellants incorporating 3,6-dihydrazino-s-tetrazine and 5-aminotetrazolium nitrate. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 363:457-463. [PMID: 30392881 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.09.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The addition of either 3,6-dihydrazino-s-tetrazine (DHT) or 5-aminotetrazolium nitrate (HAT-NO3) to nitrocellulose-based propellants were investigated. At 25% (m/m) concentration, DHT and HAT-NO3 had significant impact on the burning rate of the propellant, up to 80% higher than that of the reference propellant. DHT was found to have very poor compatibility with nitrocellulose and the nitrated esters used in the formulation despite the presence of stabilizer. This lead to a rapid autocatalytic decomposition reaction resulting in a deflagration. HAT-NO3 also had poor compatibility with the same materials. On the contrary, non-ionic tetrazoles were found to be fully compatible with nitrocellulose and nitrated esters based propellants. Most nitrogen-rich energetic molecules have been studied for their explosive characteristics. This study shed light on the potential use of these materials as burning rate modifiers for gun propellant applications, for which very little is known. Moreover, it investigates the stability of the formulations incorporating nitrogen-rich molecules, as a means of assessing the safe use of these novel propellants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Lavoie
- École Polytechnique de Montréal, C.P. 6079, succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3A7 Canada
| | - Catalin-Florin Petre
- Defense Research & Development Canada (DRDC) Valcartier, 2459 de la Bravoure Road, Québec, Québec, G3J 1X5 Canada
| | - Simon Durand
- General Dynamics-OTS Canada, 55 Rue Masson, Salaberry-de-Valleyfield, Québec, J6S 4V9 Canada
| | - Charles Dubois
- École Polytechnique de Montréal, C.P. 6079, succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3A7 Canada.
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32
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Zhang J, Yin P, Pan G, Wang Z, Zhang J, Mitchell LA, Parrish DA, Shreeve JM. 5-(4-Azidofurazan-3-yl)-1-hydroxytetrazole and its derivatives: from green primary to secondary explosives. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj03306h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
These new high-nitrogen-content azidofurazan compounds show potential for use as next-generation green primary and secondary explosives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jichuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Shenzhen
- China
- Research Centre of Flexible Printed Electronic Technology
| | - Ping Yin
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Idaho
- Moscow
- USA
| | - Guangxing Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Shenzhen
- China
- Research Centre of Flexible Printed Electronic Technology
| | - Zhenyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Shenzhen
- China
- Research Centre of Flexible Printed Electronic Technology
| | - Jiaheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Shenzhen
- China
- Research Centre of Flexible Printed Electronic Technology
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33
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Hu L, Yin P, Imler GH, Parrish DA, Gao H, Shreeve JM. Fused rings with N-oxide and –NH2: good combination for high density and low sensitivity energetic materials. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:8979-8982. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc04496e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Energetic materials with N-oxide and amino groups suggest a promising alternative for the design of high-energy materials with low sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Hu
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Idaho
- Moscow
- USA
| | - Ping Yin
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Idaho
- Moscow
- USA
| | | | | | - Haixiang Gao
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- China Agricultural University
- Beijing
- China
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34
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Ding ZM, Cao WL, Hang XJ, Ma X, Zheng H, Xu KZ, Huang J. A new coordination compound based on 4-amino-3-(tetrazol-5-yl)-furazan (HAFT): preparation, crystal structure, and thermal properties. J COORD CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2018.1529308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Mei Ding
- School of Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Physico-Inorganic Chemistry, Northwest University, Xi’an, PR China
| | - Wen-Li Cao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Physico-Inorganic Chemistry, Northwest University, Xi’an, PR China
| | - Xiao-Jing Hang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Physico-Inorganic Chemistry, Northwest University, Xi’an, PR China
| | - Xiao Ma
- School of Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Physico-Inorganic Chemistry, Northwest University, Xi’an, PR China
| | - Hui Zheng
- School of Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Physico-Inorganic Chemistry, Northwest University, Xi’an, PR China
| | - Kang-Zhen Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Physico-Inorganic Chemistry, Northwest University, Xi’an, PR China
| | - Jie Huang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Physico-Inorganic Chemistry, Northwest University, Xi’an, PR China
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35
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Ghosh J, Gajapathy H, Konar A, Narasimhaiah GM, Bhattacharya A. Sub-500 fs electronically nonadiabatic chemical dynamics of energetic molecules from the S 1 excited state: Ab initio multiple spawning study. J Chem Phys 2018; 147:204302. [PMID: 29195277 DOI: 10.1063/1.4996956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Energetic materials store a large amount of chemical energy. Different ignition processes, including laser ignition and shock or compression wave, initiate the energy release process by first promoting energetic molecules to the electronically excited states. This is why a full understanding of initial steps of the chemical dynamics of energetic molecules from the excited electronic states is highly desirable. In general, conical intersection (CI), which is the crossing point of multidimensional electronic potential energy surfaces, is well established as a controlling factor in the initial steps of chemical dynamics of energetic molecules following their electronic excitations. In this article, we have presented different aspects of the ultrafast unimolecular relaxation dynamics of energetic molecules through CIs. For this task, we have employed ab initio multiple spawning (AIMS) simulation using the complete active space self-consistent field (CASSCF) electronic wavefunction and frozen Gaussian-based nuclear wavefunction. The AIMS simulation results collectively reveal that the ultrafast relaxation step of the best energetic molecules (which are known to exhibit very good detonation properties) is completed in less than 500 fs. Many, however, exhibit sub-50 fs dynamics. For example, nitro-containing molecules (including C-NO2, N-NO2, and O-NO2 active moieties) relax back to the ground state in approximately 40 fs through similar (S1/S0)CI conical intersections. The N3-based energetic molecule undergoes the N2 elimination process in 40 fs through the (S1/S0)CI conical intersection. Nitramine-Fe complexes exhibit sub-50 fs Fe-O and N-O bond dissociation through the respective (S1/S0)CI conical intersection. On the other hand, tetrazine-N-oxides, which are known to exhibit better detonation properties than tetrazines, undergo internal conversion in a 400-fs time scale, while the relaxation time of tetrazine is very long (about 100 ns). Many other characteristics of sub-500 fs nonadiabatic decay of energetic molecules are discussed. In the end, many unresolved issues associated with the ultrafast nonadiabatic chemical dynamics of energetic molecules are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayanta Ghosh
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Harshad Gajapathy
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Arindam Konar
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Gowrav M Narasimhaiah
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Atanu Bhattacharya
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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36
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Gospodinov I, Klapötke TM, Stierstorfer J. Energetic Functionalization of the Pyridazine Scaffold: Synthesis and Characterization of 3,5-Diamino-4,6-dinitropyridazine-1-Oxide. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Gospodinov
- Department of Chemistry; Ludwig-Maximilian University Munich; Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (D) 81377 München Germany
| | - Thomas M. Klapötke
- Department of Chemistry; Ludwig-Maximilian University Munich; Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (D) 81377 München Germany
| | - Jörg Stierstorfer
- Department of Chemistry; Ludwig-Maximilian University Munich; Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (D) 81377 München Germany
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37
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Tang Y, He C, Imler GH, Parrish DA, Shreeve JM. Energetic 1,2,5‐Oxadiazolo‐Pyridazine and its N‐Oxide. Chemistry 2017; 23:15022-15025. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongxing Tang
- Department of Chemistry University of Idaho Moscow ID 83844-2343 USA
| | - Chunlin He
- Department of Chemistry University of Idaho Moscow ID 83844-2343 USA
| | - Gregory H. Imler
- Naval Research Laboratory 4555 Overlook Avenue Washington DC 20375 USA
| | - Damon A. Parrish
- Naval Research Laboratory 4555 Overlook Avenue Washington DC 20375 USA
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38
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Rudakov GF, Moiseenko YA, Spesivtseva NА. Synthesis of monosubstituted 1,2,4,5-tetrazines – 3-amino-1,2,4,5-tetrazines. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-017-2127-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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39
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Keshavarz MH, Abadi YH, Esmaeilpour K, Damiri S, Oftadeh M. Assessment of the effect of N-oxide group in a new high-performance energetic tetrazine derivative on its physicochemical and thermodynamic properties, sensitivity, and combustion and detonation performance. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-017-2126-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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40
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Chavez DE, Parrish DA, Mitchell L, Imler GH. Azido and Tetrazolo 1,2,4,5‐Tetrazine N‐Oxides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201612496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David E. Chavez
- Explosive Science and Shock Physics Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos NM 87545 USA
| | - Damon A. Parrish
- Laboratory for the Structure of Matter Naval Research Laboratory 4555 Overlook Ave. Washington DC 20375 USA
| | - Lauren Mitchell
- Department of Chemistry University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN 55455 USA
| | - Greg H. Imler
- Laboratory for the Structure of Matter Naval Research Laboratory 4555 Overlook Ave. Washington DC 20375 USA
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41
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Chavez DE, Parrish DA, Mitchell L, Imler GH. Azido and Tetrazolo 1,2,4,5‐Tetrazine N‐Oxides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:3575-3578. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201612496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David E. Chavez
- Explosive Science and Shock Physics Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos NM 87545 USA
| | - Damon A. Parrish
- Laboratory for the Structure of Matter Naval Research Laboratory 4555 Overlook Ave. Washington DC 20375 USA
| | - Lauren Mitchell
- Department of Chemistry University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN 55455 USA
| | - Greg H. Imler
- Laboratory for the Structure of Matter Naval Research Laboratory 4555 Overlook Ave. Washington DC 20375 USA
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42
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Myers TW, Brown KE, Chavez DE, Scharff RJ, Veauthier JM. Laser Initiation of Fe(II) Complexes of 4-Nitro-pyrazolyl Substituted Tetrazine Ligands. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:2297-2303. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b02998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W. Myers
- M Division and ‡Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los
Alamos, New Mexico 87544, United States
| | - Kathryn E. Brown
- M Division and ‡Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los
Alamos, New Mexico 87544, United States
| | - David E. Chavez
- M Division and ‡Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los
Alamos, New Mexico 87544, United States
| | - R. Jason Scharff
- M Division and ‡Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los
Alamos, New Mexico 87544, United States
| | - Jacqueline M. Veauthier
- M Division and ‡Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los
Alamos, New Mexico 87544, United States
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43
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Ma Q, Lu Z, Liao L, Huang J, Liu D, Li J, Fan G. 5,6-Di(2-fluoro-2,2-dinitroethoxy)furazano[3,4-b]pyrazine: a high performance melt-cast energetic material and its polycrystalline properties. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra07035g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A new high-energetic and insensitive melt-cast material was synthesized, and its polycrystalline properties were characterized and theoretically investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Ma
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- P. R. China
- Institute of Chemical Materials
| | - Zhipeng Lu
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang 621900
- P. R. China
| | - Longyu Liao
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang 621900
- P. R. China
| | - Jinglun Huang
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang 621900
- P. R. China
| | - Dabin Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- P. R. China
| | - Jinshan Li
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang 621900
- P. R. China
| | - Guijuan Fan
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang 621900
- P. R. China
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44
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Tian J, Xiong H, Lin Q, Cheng G, Yang H. Energetic compounds featuring bi(1,3,4-oxadiazole): a new family of insensitive energetic materials. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj03608b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Energetic compounds featuring bi(1,3,4-oxadiazole) with good detonation performances and acceptable sensitivities were synthesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Tian
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- P. R. China
| | - Hualin Xiong
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- P. R. China
| | - Qiuhan Lin
- School of Materials Science & Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing
- China
| | - Guangbin Cheng
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- P. R. China
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45
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Yu Q, Cheng G, Ju X, Lu C, Lin Q, Yang H. Compounds based on 3-amino-4-(5-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)furazan as insensitive energetic materials. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj03333d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Insensitivity: Derivatives based on 3-amino-4-(5-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)furazan were synthesized and characterized. Most of these compounds are thermally stable and insensitive which make them competitive replacement as insensitive energetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Yu
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Guangbin Cheng
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Xuehai Ju
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Chunxu Lu
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Qiuhan Lin
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology
| | - Hongwei Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing
- China
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46
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Yuan J, Long X, Zhang C. Influence of N-Oxide Introduction on the Stability of Nitrogen-Rich Heteroaromatic Rings: A Quantum Chemical Study. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:9446-9457. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b08852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yuan
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), P.O. Box 919-327, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, China
| | - Xinping Long
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), P.O. Box 919-327, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, China
| | - Chaoyang Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), P.O. Box 919-327, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, China
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47
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Tang Y, He C, Imler GH, Parrish DA, Shreeve JM. Energetic 4,4′‐Oxybis[3,3′‐(1‐hydroxytetrazolyl)]furazan and Its Salts. Chem Asian J 2016; 11:3113-3117. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201601144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongxing Tang
- Department of Chemistry University of Idaho Moscow ID 83844-2343 USA
| | - Chunlin He
- Department of Chemistry University of Idaho Moscow ID 83844-2343 USA
| | - Gregory H. Imler
- Naval Research Laboratory 4555 Overlook Avenue Washington, D.C. 20375 USA
| | - Damon A. Parrish
- Naval Research Laboratory 4555 Overlook Avenue Washington, D.C. 20375 USA
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48
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Myers TW, Brown KE, Chavez DE, Scharff RJ, Veauthier JM. Correlating the Structural, Electronic, and Explosive Sensitivity Properties of CuII Tetrazine Complexes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201600344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W. Myers
- M and Chemistry DivisionsLos Alamos National LaboratoryMS C92087544Los AlamosNMUSA
| | - Kathryn E. Brown
- M and Chemistry DivisionsLos Alamos National LaboratoryMS C92087544Los AlamosNMUSA
| | - David E. Chavez
- M and Chemistry DivisionsLos Alamos National LaboratoryMS C92087544Los AlamosNMUSA
| | - R. Jason Scharff
- M and Chemistry DivisionsLos Alamos National LaboratoryMS C92087544Los AlamosNMUSA
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49
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Myers TW, Bjorgaard JA, Brown KE, Chavez DE, Hanson SK, Scharff RJ, Tretiak S, Veauthier JM. Energetic Chromophores: Low-Energy Laser Initiation in Explosive Fe(II) Tetrazine Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:4685-92. [PMID: 26986744 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b02155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of air stable Fe(II) coordination complexes with tetrazine and triazolo-tetrazine ligands and perchlorate counteranions have been achieved. Time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) was used to model the structural, electrochemical, and optical properties of these materials. These compounds are secondary explosives that can be initiated with Nd:YAG laser light at lower energy thresholds than those of PETN. Furthermore, these Fe(II) tetrazine complexes have significantly lower sensitivity than PETN toward mechanical stimuli such as impact and friction. The lower threshold for laser initiation was achieved by altering the electronic properties of the ligand scaffold to tune the metal ligand charge transfer (MLCT) bands of these materials from the visible into the near-infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Unprecedented decrease in both the laser initiation threshold and the mechanical sensitivity makes these materials the first explosives that are both safer to handle and easier to initiate than PETN with NIR lasers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Myers
- M Division, ‡Theoretical Division, §W Division, and ∥Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory , P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Josiah A Bjorgaard
- M Division, ‡Theoretical Division, §W Division, and ∥Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory , P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Kathryn E Brown
- M Division, ‡Theoretical Division, §W Division, and ∥Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory , P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - David E Chavez
- M Division, ‡Theoretical Division, §W Division, and ∥Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory , P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Susan K Hanson
- M Division, ‡Theoretical Division, §W Division, and ∥Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory , P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - R Jason Scharff
- M Division, ‡Theoretical Division, §W Division, and ∥Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory , P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Sergei Tretiak
- M Division, ‡Theoretical Division, §W Division, and ∥Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory , P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Jacqueline M Veauthier
- M Division, ‡Theoretical Division, §W Division, and ∥Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory , P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
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50
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Yin P, Zhang Q, Shreeve JM. Dancing with Energetic Nitrogen Atoms: Versatile N-Functionalization Strategies for N-Heterocyclic Frameworks in High Energy Density Materials. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:4-16. [PMID: 26717271 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen-rich heterocycles represent a unique class of energetic frameworks featuring high heats of formation and high nitrogen content, which have generated considerable research interest in the field of high energy density materials (HEDMs). Although traditional C-functionalization methodology of aromatic hydrocarbons has been fully established, studies on N-functionalization strategies of nitrogen-containing heterocycles still have great potential to be exploited by virtue of forming diverse N-X bonds (X = C, N, O, B, halogen, etc.), which are capable of regulating energy performance and the stability of the resulting energetic compounds. In this sense, versatile N-functionalization of N-heterocyclic frameworks offers a flexible strategy to meet the requirements of developing new-generation HEDMs. In this Account, the role of strategic N-functionalization in designing new energetic frameworks, including the formation of N-C, N-N, N-O, N-B and N-halogen bonds, is emphasized. In the family of N-functionalized HEDMs, energetic derivatives, by virtue of forming N-C bonds, are the most widely used type due to the good nucleophilic capacity of most heterocyclic backbones. Although introduction of carbon tends to decrease energetic performance, significant improvement in material sensitivity makes this strategy attractive for safety concerns. More importantly, most "explosophores" can be readily introduced into the N-C linkage, thus providing a promising route to various HEDMs. Formation of additional N-N bonds typically gives rise to higher heats of formation, implying the potential enhancement in detonation performance. In many cases, the increased hydrogen bonding interactions within N-N functionalized heterocycles also improve thermal stability accordingly. Introduction of a single N,N'-azo bridge into several azole moieties leads to an extended nitrogen chain, demonstrating a new strategy for designing high-nitrogen compounds. The strategy of N-O functionalization has become an increasingly efficient tool for exploring new HEDMs with both high energy and low sensitivity. As a highly dense building block, introduction of oxygen not only improves density significantly but also gives rise to a better oxygen balance. Furthermore, the N-O functionalized strategy is highly suitable for a broad variety of N-heterocycles including five-membered azoles and six-membered azines. Newly explored N-halogen and N-B functionalization strategies have endowed the resulting HEDMs with some new energetic characteristics. Typical examples include the N-halogenated fused triazole and FOX-7 as potential hypergolic oxidizers with very short ignition delay times. In addition, some exploratory studies of N-B functionalized heterocycles have expanded energetic applications as hypergolic ionic liquids, green pyrotechnic colorants, and high-oxygen carriers. Overall, flexible N-functionalization methodologies involving different N-X bond formation have not only provided an efficient approach to diverse energetic ingredients but also expanded the application scope of energetic materials. Discussion and perspectives of N-functionalized protocols are given to summarize possible structure-property correlations, thus providing efficient guidelines for future design of new HEDMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Jean’ne M. Shreeve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
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