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Hsu CY, Zheng CJ, Wu YY, Fan WH, Lin CH. Exploring the Acid-Catalyzed Reactions of 10,11-Epoxy-Dibenzo[ a, d]cycloheptan-5-ol as the Synthetic Modules toward Polycyclic Aromatic Scaffolds. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:21505-21527. [PMID: 35785270 PMCID: PMC9244947 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The structural diversity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) offers exciting opportunities for their applications. Yet, selective synthesis of such conjugated networks poses a formidable challenge. Compared to the prominence of transition-metal-catalyzed cross-coupling and oxidative Scholl reactions, cationic rearrangement in the synthesis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon is an underexplored subject. In this study, we reveal that cationic intermediate generated from epoxy dibenzocycloheptanol can be transformed into acenes, azulene-embedded PAHs, and dibenzocycloheptanone derivatives. Reactive patterns, including Meinwald rearrangement, Nazarov cyclization, transannular aryl migration, and transannular Friedel-Crafts cyclization were identified. Both substrate structures and reaction temperature affect the reaction pathways in predictable and manageable manners. A mechanistic scheme was postulated as the working model to guide the reactivity for further application. Substrates containing heterocyclic and ferrocenyl groups exhibit similar reactivity profiles. The inquiry culminates in the selective synthesis of 5, 7, 12, 14-tetrasubstituted C 2h and C 2v pentacene derivatives. Our results demonstrate that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons can be selectively prepared with this cation-initiated strategy by methodically tuning the reactivity.
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Nikitin K, Ortin Y, McGlinchey MJ. Dynamics of a Molecular Rotor Exhibiting Local Directional Rotational Preference within Each Enantiomer. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:2061-2068. [PMID: 33666434 PMCID: PMC8154598 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c08476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Directional internal rotation in molecular systems, generally controlled by chirality, is known to occur in natural and artificial systems driven by light or fueled chemically, but spontaneous directional molecular rotation is believed to be forbidden. We have designed a molecular rotor, whereby ferrocene and triptycene linked by a methylene bridge provide two rotational degrees of freedom. On the basis of experimental observations, in conjunction with computational data, we show that the two different modes of rotation are strongly coupled and the spatial orientation of the bistable ferrocene moiety controls the barrier to its own rotation about the triptycene axis. It is proposed that the barrier to clockwise 120° rotation across each individual triptycene blade is lower in the M-enantiomer and for counterclockwise 120° rotation, it is lower in its P-counterpart. These findings demonstrate the possibility of locally preferred thermal directional intramolecular rotation for each dynamically interconverting enantiomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Nikitin
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Yannick Ortin
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Liepuoniute I, Jellen MJ, Garcia-Garibay MA. Correlated motion and mechanical gearing in amphidynamic crystalline molecular machines. Chem Sci 2020; 11:12994-13007. [PMID: 34094484 PMCID: PMC8163207 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04495d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review we highlight the recent efforts towards the development of molecular gears with an emphasis on building molecular gears in the solid state and the role that molecular gearing and correlated motions may play in the function of crystalline molecular machines. We discuss current molecular and crystal engineering strategies, challenges associated with engineering correlated motion in crystals, and outline experimental and theoretical tools to explore gearing dynamics while highlighting key advances made to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ieva Liepuoniute
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles CA 90095-1569 USA
| | - Marcus J Jellen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles CA 90095-1569 USA
| | - Miguel A Garcia-Garibay
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles CA 90095-1569 USA
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4
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McGlinchey MJ, Nikitin K. Palladium-Catalysed Coupling Reactions En Route to Molecular Machines: Sterically Hindered Indenyl and Ferrocenyl Anthracenes and Triptycenes, and Biindenyls. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25081950. [PMID: 32331469 PMCID: PMC7222022 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25081950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Pd-catalysed Stille and Suzuki cross-couplings were used to prepare 9-(3-indenyl)-, 6, and 9-(2-indenyl)-anthracene, 7; addition of benzyne led to the 9-Indenyl-triptycenes, 8 and 9. In 6, [4 + 2] addition also occurred to the indenyl substituent. Reaction of 6 through 9 with Cr(CO)6 or Re2(CO)10 gave their M(CO)3 derivatives, where the Cr or Re was complexed to a six- or five-membered ring, respectively. In the 9-(2-indenyl)triptycene complexes, slowed rotation of the paddlewheel on the NMR time-scale was apparent in the η5-Re(CO)3 case and, when the η6-Cr(CO)3 was deprotonated, the resulting haptotropic shift of the metal tripod onto the five-membered ring also blocked paddlewheel rotation, thus functioning as an organometallic molecular brake. Suzuki coupling of ferrocenylboronic acid to mono- or dibromoanthracene yielded the ferrocenyl anthracenes en route to the corresponding triptycenes in which stepwise hindered rotations of the ferrocenyl groups behaved like molecular dials. CuCl2-mediated coupling of methyl- and phenyl-indenes yielded their rac and meso 2,2′-biindenyls; surprisingly, however, the apparently sterically crowded rac 2,2′-Bis(9-triptycyl)biindenyl functioned as a freely rotating set of molecular gears. The predicted high rotation barrier in 9-phenylanthracene was experimentally validated via the Pd-catalysed syntheses of di(3-fluorophenyl)anthracene and 9-(1-naphthyl)-10-phenylanthracene.
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Chiu C, Yang J. Photoluminescent and Photoresponsive Iptycene‐Incorporated π‐Conjugated Systems: Fundamentals and Applications. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201900300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun‐Wei Chiu
- Department of ChemistryNational Taiwan University No 1, Sec 4, Roosevelt Rd Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Jye‐Shane Yang
- Department of ChemistryNational Taiwan University No 1, Sec 4, Roosevelt Rd Taipei 10617 Taiwan
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6
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Preuß A, Notz S, Kovalski E, Korb M, Blaudeck T, Hu X, Schuster J, Miesel D, Rüffer T, Hildebrandt A, Schreiter K, Spange S, Schulz SE, Lang H. Ferrocenyl-Pyrenes, Ferrocenyl-9,10-Phenanthrenediones, and Ferrocenyl-9,10-Dimethoxyphenanthrenes: Charge-Transfer Studies and SWCNT Functionalization. Chemistry 2020; 26:2635-2652. [PMID: 31650632 PMCID: PMC7064959 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of 1-Fc- (3), 1-Br-6-Fc- (5 a), 2-Br-7-Fc- (7 a), 1,6-Fc2 - (5 b), 2,7-Fc2 -pyrene (7 b), 3,6-Fc2 -9,10-phenanthrenedione (10), and 3,6-Fc2 -9,10-dimethoxyphenanthrene (12; Fc=Fe(η5 -C5 H4 )(η5 -C5 H5 )) is discussed. Of these compounds, 10 and 12 form 1D or 2D coordination polymers in the solid state. (Spectro)Electrochemical studies confirmed reversible Fc/Fc+ redox events between -130 and 160 mV. 1,6- and 2,7-Substitution in 5 a (E°'=-130 mV) and 7 a (E°'=50 mV) influences the redox potentials, whereas the ones of 5 b and 7 b (E°'=20 mV) are independent. Compounds 5 b, 7 b, 10, and 12 show single Fc oxidation processes with redox splittings between 70 and 100 mV. UV/Vis/NIR spectroelectrochemistry confirmed a weak electron transfer between FeII /FeIII in mixed-valent [5 b]+ and [12]+ . DFT calculations showed that 5 b non-covalently interacts with the single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) sidewalls as proven by, for example, disentangling experiments. In addition, CV studies of the as-obtained dispersions confirmed exohedral attachment of 5 b at the SWCNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Preuß
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Sebastian Notz
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Eduard Kovalski
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Marcus Korb
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany.,Current address: Faculty of Science, School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Thomas Blaudeck
- Center for Microtechnologies (ZfM), Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Electronic Nano Systems (ENAS), Technologie-Campus 3, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Xiao Hu
- Center for Microtechnologies (ZfM), Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Electronic Nano Systems (ENAS), Technologie-Campus 3, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Jörg Schuster
- Center for Microtechnologies (ZfM), Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Electronic Nano Systems (ENAS), Technologie-Campus 3, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany.,Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), 09107, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Dominique Miesel
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Tobias Rüffer
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Alexander Hildebrandt
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Katja Schreiter
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Polymer Chemistry, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Stefan Spange
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Polymer Chemistry, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Stefan E Schulz
- Center for Microtechnologies (ZfM), Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Electronic Nano Systems (ENAS), Technologie-Campus 3, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany.,Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), 09107, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Heinrich Lang
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany.,Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), 09107, Chemnitz, Germany
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Locke GM, Bernhard SSR, Senge MO. Nonconjugated Hydrocarbons as Rigid-Linear Motifs: Isosteres for Material Sciences and Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry. Chemistry 2019; 25:4590-4647. [PMID: 30387906 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Nonconjugated hydrocarbons, like bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane, bicyclo[2.2.2]octane, triptycene, and cubane are a unique class of rigid linkers. Due to their similarity in size and shape they are useful mimics of classic benzene moieties in drugs, so-called bioisosteres. Moreover, they also fulfill an important role in material sciences as linear linkers, in order to arrange various functionalities in a defined spatial manner. In this Review article, recent developments and usages of these special, rectilinear systems are discussed. Furthermore, we focus on covalently linked, nonconjugated linear arrangements and discuss the physical and chemical properties and differences of individual linkers, as well as their application in material and medicinal sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma M Locke
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, 2, Ireland
| | - Stefan S R Bernhard
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, 2, Ireland
| | - Mathias O Senge
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, 2, Ireland
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8
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Nikitin K, O'Gara R. Mechanisms and Beyond: Elucidation of Fluxional Dynamics by Exchange NMR Spectroscopy. Chemistry 2019; 25:4551-4589. [PMID: 30421834 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Detailed mechanistic information is crucial to our understanding of reaction pathways and selectivity. Dynamic exchange NMR techniques, in particular 2D exchange spectroscopy (EXSY) and its modifications, provide indispensable intricate information on the mechanisms of organic and inorganic reactions and other phenomena, for example, the dynamics of interfacial processes. In this Review, key results from exchange NMR studies of small molecules over the last few decades are systemised and discussed. After a brief introduction to the theory, the key types of dynamic processes are identified and fundamental examples given of intra- and intermolecular reactions, which, in turn, could involve, or not, bond-making and bond-breaking events. Following that logic, internal molecular rotation, intramolecular stereomutation and molecular recognition will first be considered because they do not typically involve bond breaking. Then, rearrangements, substitution-type reactions, cyclisations, additions and other processes affecting chemical bonds will be discussed. Finally, interfacial molecular dynamics and unexpected combinations of different types of fluxional processes will also be highlighted. How exchange NMR spectroscopy helps to identify conformational changes, coordination and molecular recognition processes as well as quantify reaction energy barriers and extract detailed mechanistic information by using reaction rate theory in conjunction with computational techniques will be shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Nikitin
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ryan O'Gara
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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9
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Nikitin K, Ortin Y, Müller-Bunz H, Gilheany DG, McGlinchey MJ. Syntheses, Structures and Dynamics of 9-(Ferrocenylmethyl)anthracene and Related Molecular Gears: Phosphorus to the Rescue! European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Nikitin
- School of Chemistry; University College Dublin; 4 Belfield, Dublin Ireland
| | - Yannick Ortin
- School of Chemistry; University College Dublin; 4 Belfield, Dublin Ireland
| | - Helge Müller-Bunz
- School of Chemistry; University College Dublin; 4 Belfield, Dublin Ireland
| | - Declan G. Gilheany
- School of Chemistry; University College Dublin; 4 Belfield, Dublin Ireland
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10
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Harrington LE, Britten JF, Nikitin K, McGlinchey MJ. A Synthetic, X-ray, NMR Spectroscopy and DFT Study of β-Naphthil Dihydrazone, Di(β-naphthyl)acetylene, Tetra(β-naphthyl)cyclopentadienone, and Hexa(β-naphthyl)-benzene: C 6
(C 10
H 7
) 6
Is a Disordered Molecular Propeller. Chempluschem 2017; 82:433-441. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201600512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - James F. Britten
- Department of Chemistry; McMaster University; Hamilton ON L8S 4M1 Canada
| | - Kirill Nikitin
- School of Chemistry; University College Dublin; Belfield Dublin 4 Ireland
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11
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Yuan K, Wang X, Mellerup SK, Wyman I, Schatte G, Ding Z, Wang S. Triarylborane-Supported Polyferrocenyl Systems: Impact of the Linking Unit on Electronic and Electrochemical Properties. Organometallics 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.6b00574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kang Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Soren K. Mellerup
- Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Ian Wyman
- Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Gabriele Schatte
- Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Zhifeng Ding
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Suning Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic
Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People’s Republic of China
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12
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Scottwell SØ, Crowley JD. Ferrocene-containing non-interlocked molecular machines. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:2451-64. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc09569g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ferrocene is chemically robust and readily functionalized which enables its facile incorporation into more complex molecular systems. This coupled with ferrocene's reversible redox properties and ability to function as a “molecular ball bearing” has led to the use of ferrocene as a component in wide range of non-interlocked synthetic molecular machine systems.
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