1
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Werner L, Radius U. NHC aluminum chemistry on the rise. Dalton Trans 2024. [PMID: 39225565 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01660b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
This perspective highlights recent developments of the use of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) and cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbenes (cAACs) in alane and aluminum organyl chemistry. Especially in the last few years this flourishing research field led to some remarkable discoveries including various substitution patterns at the central aluminum atom, different oxidation states, neutral and charged compounds with varying coordination numbers and unique reactivities. Thereby NHCs play a vital role in the stabilization of these otherwise highly reactive compounds, which would not be realizable without the use of this intriguing class of ligands. Nevertheless, main group hydrides and especially NHC ligated alanes also tend to undergo NHC decomposition reactions, which are part of ongoing research and provide important information for NHC research in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Werner
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Udo Radius
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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2
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Werner L, Radius U. How to Decarbonize N-Heterocyclic Carbenes (NHCs): The simple Alane Adducts (NHC) ⋅ AlR 3 (R=H, Me, Et). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202403639. [PMID: 38446008 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
The reaction of the amine-stabilized alane (NMe3) ⋅ AlH3 1 with the backbone-saturated N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) SIDipp (SIDipp=1,3-bis-{2,6-di-iso-propyl-phenyl}-imidazolidin-2-ylidene) at 0 °C yielded the NHC alane adduct (SIDipp) ⋅ AlH3 2. Reaction at elevated temperatures or prolonged reaction at room temperature gave the product of a ring expansion reaction (RER) of the NHC, (NMe3) ⋅ AlH(RER-SIDippH2) 3 ⋅ (NMe3). Subsequent reaction of the latter with sterically less hindered NHCs (IMeMe {=1,3,4,5-tetramethyl-imidazolin-2-ylidene}, IiPrMe {=1,3-di-iso-propyl-4,5-dimethyl-imidazolin-2-ylidene}, and IiPr {=1,3-di-iso-propyl-imidazolin-2-ylidene}) afforded the NHC-stabilized RER-products (NHC) ⋅ AlH(RER-SIDippH2) 3 ⋅ (NHC) (NHC=IMeMe, IiPrMe, IiPr), while no reaction was observed with the sterically more demanding NHCs IDipp (=1,3-bis-{2,6-di-iso-propyl-phenyl}-imidazolin-2-ylidene), SIDipp and ItBu (=1,3-di-tert-butyl-imidazolin-2-ylidene). The compounds 3 ⋅ (NHC) were also obtained starting from (SIDipp) ⋅ AlH3 2 and NHC at room temperature. Heating solutions of (SIDipp) ⋅ AlH3 2 without additional base to 95 °C resulted in decarbonization of the NHC and substitution of the carbene carbon atom with aluminum hydride under loss of ethene. Subsequent dimerization afforded cis-[AlH{μ-N(Dipp)CH2CH2N(Dipp)}]2 4_dimer. Heating solutions of the NHC-ligated aluminum alkyls (SIDipp) ⋅ AlR3 2R (R=Me, Et) to 145 °C instead led to complete scission of the NHC backbone with evolution of ethene and isolation of the dialkylaluminium(III) amidinates {DippNC(R)NDipp}AlR2 5R (R=Me, Et).
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Werner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Udo Radius
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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3
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Philipp MSM, Bertermann R, Radius U. Activation of Ge-H and Sn-H Bonds with N-Heterocyclic Carbenes and a Cyclic (Alkyl)(amino)carbene. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202493. [PMID: 36177710 PMCID: PMC10100474 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A study of the reactivity of several N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) and the cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene 1-(2,6-di-iso-propylphenyl)-3,3,5,5-tetramethyl-pyrrolidin-2-ylidene (cAACMe ) with the group 14 hydrides GeH2 Mes2 and SnH2 Me2 (Me=CH3 , Mes=1,3,5-(CH3 )3 C6 H2 ) is presented. The reaction of GeH2 Mes2 with cAACMe led to the insertion of cAACMe into one Ge-H bond to give cAACMe H-GeHMes2 (1). If 1,3,4,5-tetramethyl-imidazolin-2-ylidene (Me2 ImMe ) was used as the carbene, NHC-mediated dehydrogenative coupling occurred, which led to the NHC-stabilized germylene Me2 ImMe ⋅GeMes2 (2). The reaction of SnH2 Me2 with cAACMe also afforded the insertion product cAACMe H-SnHMe2 (3), and reaction of two equivalents Me2 ImMe with SnH2 Me2 gave the NHC-stabilized stannylene Me2 ImMe ⋅SnMe2 (4). If the sterically more demanding NHCs Me2 ImMe , 1,3-di-isopropyl-4,5-dimethyl-imidazolin-2-ylidene (iPr2 ImMe ) and 1,3-bis-(2,6-di-isopropylphenyl)-imidazolin-2-ylidene (Dipp2 Im) were employed, selective formation of cyclic oligomers (SnMe2 )n (5; n=5-8) in high yield was observed. These cyclic oligomers were also obtained from the controlled decomposition of cAACMe H-SnHMe2 (3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S M Philipp
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Bertermann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Udo Radius
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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4
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Philipp MSM, Bertermann R, Radius U. N-heterocyclic carbene and cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene adducts of plumbanes and plumbylenes. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:13488-13498. [PMID: 35997066 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt02462d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Lewis-acid/base adducts of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) and the cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene cAACMe (1-(2,6-di-iso-propylphenyl)-3,3,5,5-tetramethyl-pyrrolidin-2-ylidene) with selected lead(II) and lead(IV) compounds are presented. The reaction of the NHCs Me2ImMe (1,3,4,5-tetramethyl-imidazolin-2-ylidene), iPr2ImMe (1,3-di-isopropyl-4,5-dimethyl-imidazolin-2-ylidene), Dipp2Im (1,3-bis-(2,6-di-isopropylphenyl)-imidazolin-2-ylidene) and cAACMe (1-(2,6-di-iso-propylphenyl)-3,3,5,5-tetramethyl-pyrrolidin-2-ylidene) with PbI2 yielded the NHC-containing plumbylenes NHC·PbI2 (NHC = Me2ImMe (1), iPr2ImMe (2), Dipp2Im (3) and cAACMe·PbI2 (4)). Using the Pb(IV) compound PbCl2Ph2, the plumbane adducts NHC·PbCl2Ph2 (NHC = Me2ImMe (5), iPr2ImMe (6), Dipp2Im (7)) and cAACMe·PbCl2Ph2 (8)) were isolated in high yields. Reduction of the lead(IV) adducts 5 and 6 with excess KC8 afforded the diaryl substituted plumbylenes Me2ImMe·PbPh2 (9) and iPr2ImMe·PbPh2 (10), which are stable in the solid state but decompose in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S M Philipp
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Rüdiger Bertermann
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Udo Radius
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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5
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Philipp MSM, Bertermann R, Radius U. N‐Heterocyclic Carbene and Cyclic (Alkyl)(amino)carbene Adducts of Germanium(IV) and Tin(IV) Chlorides and Organyl Chlorides. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202200429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. M. Philipp
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg: Julius-Maximilians-Universitat Wurzburg Inorganic Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Rüdiger Bertermann
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg: Julius-Maximilians-Universitat Wurzburg Inorganic Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Udo Radius
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg: Julius-Maximilians-Universitat Wurzburg Institut für Anorganische Chemie Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg GERMANY
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6
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Philipp MSM, Krahfuss MJ, Radacki K, Radius U. N‐Heterocyclic Carbene and Cyclic (Alkyl)(amino)carbene Adducts of Antimony(III). Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. M. Philipp
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Mirjam J. Krahfuss
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Krzysztof Radacki
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Udo Radius
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
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7
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Föhrenbacher SA, Zeh V, Krahfuss MJ, Ignat'ev NV, Finze M, Radius U. Tris(pentafluoroethyl)difluorophosphorane and
N
‐Heterocyclic Carbenes: Adduct Formation and Frustrated
Lewis
Pair Reactivity. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steffen A. Föhrenbacher
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Vivien Zeh
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Mirjam J. Krahfuss
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Nikolai V. Ignat'ev
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron (ICB) Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Consultant Merck KGaA Frankfurter Straße 250 64293 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Maik Finze
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron (ICB) Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Udo Radius
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
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8
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Zhu K, Dutta S, Han W, Wang C, Lee J, Tan G, Koley D, So CW, Li Y. Si(II) Cation-Promoted Formation of an Abnormal NHC-Bound Silylene and a cAAC-Silanyl Radical Ion. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:7143-7149. [PMID: 33950667 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of amidinatosilylene LSi(:)Cl [L = PhC(NtBu)2] with N-heterocyclic carbene IAr [:C{N(Ar)CH}2, where Ar = 2,6-iPr2C6H3] and NaOTf in tetrahydrofuran (THF) facilely afforded a silicon(II) cation [LSi(:)-aIAr]+OTf- (1+OTf-), where IAr isomerizes to abnormal N-heterocyclic carbene aIAr, coordinating to the silicon(II) center. Its Ge homologue, [LGe(:)-aIAr]+OTf- (2+OTf-), was also accessed via the same protocol. For the formation of 1+, we propose that an in situ-generated Si(II) cation [LSi(:)]+ under the treatment of LSi(:)Cl with NaOTf may isomerize IAr in THF. In contrast, the replacement of IAr with cyclic alkyl(amino) carbene (cAAC) furnished a cAAC-silanyl radical ion [LSi(H)-cAAC]•+(LiOTf2)- [3•+(LiOTf2)-], which may undergo an abstraction of the H radical from THF. All of the products were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance, and X-ray crystallography, and their bonding scenarios were investigated by density functional theory calculations. These studies provide new perspective on carbene-silicon chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keke Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Sayan Dutta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Weichun Han
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Chenfeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Jiawen Lee
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371
| | - Gengwen Tan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Debasis Koley
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Cheuk-Wai So
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371
| | - Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China.,Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371
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9
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Rojisha VC, Purushothaman I, De S, Parameswaran P. Nature of C N bond in N-heterocyclic carbene. Chem Phys Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2020.138312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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10
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Lubitz K, Radius U. The Coupling of N-Heterocyclic Carbenes to Terminal Alkynes at Half Sandwich Cobalt NHC Complexes. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Lubitz
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Udo Radius
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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11
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Seifert TP, Bestgen S, Feuerstein TJ, Lebedkin S, Krämer F, Fengler C, Gamer MT, Kappes MM, Roesky PW. Phosphine-substituted 1,2,3-triazoles as P,C- and P,N-ligands for photoluminescent coinage metal complexes. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:15427-15434. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt01239g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A series of homo- and hetero-polynuclear coinage metal complexes based on a phosphine-substituted 1,2,3-triazole system was synthesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim P. Seifert
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Sebastian Bestgen
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Thomas J. Feuerstein
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Sergei Lebedkin
- Institute of Nanotechnology
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
| | - Felix Krämer
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Christian Fengler
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Michael T. Gamer
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Manfred M. Kappes
- Institute of Nanotechnology
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
- Institute for Physical Chemistry
| | - Peter W. Roesky
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
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12
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Hock A, Schneider H, Krahfuß MJ, Radius U. Hydride Amide and Hydride Phenolate Complexes of NHC Coordinated Aluminum. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201800251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hock
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Heidi Schneider
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Mirjam J. Krahfuß
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Udo Radius
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
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13
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Candian A, Bouwman J, Hemberger P, Bodi A, Tielens AGGM. Dissociative ionisation of adamantane: a combined theoretical and experimental study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:5399-5406. [PMID: 29155909 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp05957d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Diamond nanoparticles, or nanodiamonds, are intriguing carbon-based materials which, maybe surprisingly, are the most abundant constituent of presolar grains. While the spectroscopic properties of even quite large diamondoids have already been explored, little is known about their unimolecular fragmentation processes. In this paper we characterise the dissociative ionisation of adamantane (C10H16) - the smallest member of the diamondoid family - utilising imaging Photoelectron Photoion Coincidence (iPEPICO) spectroscopy and Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. We have found adamantane to dissociatively photoionise via several parallel channels of which H, C3H7 and C4H8 losses are the most important ones. Calculations confirm the existence of a rate-limiting transition state for the multiple C-loss channels, which is located at 10.55 eV with respect to neutral adamantane. In addition, we found dissociation channels leading to small cationic hydrocarbons, which may be relevant in the interstellar medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Candian
- Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9513, 2300-RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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14
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Malan FP, Singleton E, van Rooyen PH, Conradie J, Landman M. Base-free glucose dehydration catalysed by NHC-stabilised heterohalo cyclopentadienyl Cr(iii) complexes. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj04804e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of Cr(iii) NHC complexes for application as catalysts in the dehydration of glucose to form 5-hydroxymethylfurfural.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric Singleton
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Pretoria
- Hatfield
- South Africa
| | | | - Jeanet Conradie
- Department of Chemistry
- University of the Free State
- Bloemfontein 9300
- South Africa
| | - Marilé Landman
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Pretoria
- Hatfield
- South Africa
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15
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Clarke JJ, Eisenberger P, Piotrkowski SS, Crudden CM. Azaborines: synthesis and use in the generation of stabilized boron-substituted carbocations. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:1791-1795. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt01329a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A formal N-heterocyclic carbene insertion into the B–H bond of 9-BBN followed by a ring expansion reaction is reported. NHC-9-BBN adducts were reacted in one or two steps to give the corresponding di- or triazaborines. Hydride abstraction of selected species with [Ph3C]+ is facile, giving rise to 6π-aromatic cations with Lewis acidity comparable to Lewis acids commonly employed in frustrated Lewis pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. J. Clarke
- Department of Chemistry
- Queen's University
- Kingston
- Canada
| | | | | | - C. M. Crudden
- Department of Chemistry
- Queen's University
- Kingston
- Canada
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM)
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16
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Rottschäfer D, Blomeyer S, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Ghadwal RS. Silylene-Functionalized N-Heterocyclic Carbene (Si−NHC). Chemistry 2017; 24:380-387. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Rottschäfer
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse am Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstr. 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Sebastian Blomeyer
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse am Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstr. 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse am Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstr. 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse am Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstr. 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Rajendra S. Ghadwal
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse am Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstr. 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
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17
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Chen WC, Shih WC, Jurca T, Zhao L, Andrada DM, Peng CJ, Chang CC, Liu SK, Wang YP, Wen YS, Yap GPA, Hsu CP, Frenking G, Ong TG. Carbodicarbenes: Unexpected π-Accepting Ability during Reactivity with Small Molecules. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:12830-12836. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b08031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ching Chen
- Institute
of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road, Nangang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wei-Chih Shih
- Institute
of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road, Nangang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Titel Jurca
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Lili Zhao
- Institute
of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering,
Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Diego M. Andrada
- Fachbereich
Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, D-35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Chun-Jung Peng
- Institute
of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road, Nangang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chun-Chi Chang
- Institute
of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road, Nangang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shu-kai Liu
- Institute
of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road, Nangang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yi-Ping Wang
- Institute
of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road, Nangang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yuh-Sheng Wen
- Institute
of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road, Nangang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Glenn P. A. Yap
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Chao-Ping Hsu
- Institute
of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road, Nangang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Institute
of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering,
Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
- Fachbereich
Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, D-35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Tiow-Gan Ong
- Institute
of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road, Nangang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, No. 1001,
Ta Hsueh Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, R.O.C
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18
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Schneider H, Hock A, Bertermann R, Radius U. Reactivity of NHC Alane Adducts towards N-Heterocyclic Carbenes and Cyclic (Alkyl)(amino)carbenes: Ring Expansion, Ring Opening, and Al−H Bond Activation. Chemistry 2017; 23:12387-12398. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Schneider
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Andreas Hock
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Rüdiger Bertermann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Udo Radius
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
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19
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Wu X, Zhou X, Hemberger P, Bodi A. Dissociative Photoionization of Dimethyl Carbonate: The More It Is Cut, the Bigger the Fragment Ion. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:2748-2759. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b00544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangkun Wu
- Hefei
National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department
of Chemical Physics, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xiaoguo Zhou
- Hefei
National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department
of Chemical Physics, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Patrick Hemberger
- Laboratory
for Femtochemistry and Synchrotron Radiation, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Andras Bodi
- Laboratory
for Femtochemistry and Synchrotron Radiation, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
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20
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Anker MD, Colebatch AL, Iversen KJ, Wilson DJD, Dutton JL, García L, Hill MS, Liptrot DJ, Mahon MF. Alane-Centered Ring Expansion of N-Heterocyclic Carbenes. Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathew D. Anker
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2
7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Annie L. Colebatch
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2
7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Kalon J. Iversen
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - David J. D. Wilson
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Jason L. Dutton
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Lucía García
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2
7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Michael S. Hill
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2
7AY, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Liptrot
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2
7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Mary F. Mahon
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2
7AY, United Kingdom
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21
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Schmitt HC, Flock M, Welz E, Engels B, Schneider H, Radius U, Fischer I. Electronic Structure and Excited-State Dynamics of an Arduengo-Type Carbene and its Imidazolone Oxidation Product. Chemistry 2017; 23:3084-3090. [PMID: 28071828 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201605027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We describe an investigation of the excited-state dynamics of isolated 1,3-di-tert-butyl-imidazoline-2-ylidene (tBu2 Im, C11 H20 N2 , m/z=180), an Arduengo-type carbene, by time- and frequency-resolved photoionization using a picosecond laser system. The energies of several singlet and triplet excited states were calculated by time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT). The S1 state of the carbene deactivates on a 100 ps time scale possibly by intersystem crossing. In the experiments we observed an additional signal at m/z=196, that was assigned to the oxidation product 1,3-di-tert-butyl-imidazolone, tBu2 ImO. It shows a well-resolved resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) spectrum with an origin located at 36951 cm-1 . Several low-lying vibrational bands could be assigned, with a lifetime that depends strongly on the excitation energy. At the origin the lifetime is longer than 3 ns, but drops to 49 ps at higher excess energies. To confirm formation of the imidazolone we also performed experiments on benzimidazolone (BzImO) for comparison. Apart from a redshift for BzImO the spectra of the two compounds are very similar. The TD-DFT values display a very good agreement with the experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Christian Schmitt
- Institute of Physical und Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marco Flock
- Institute of Physical und Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Eileen Welz
- Institute of Physical und Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Engels
- Institute of Physical und Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Heidi Schneider
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Udo Radius
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Fischer
- Institute of Physical und Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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22
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Zhang M, Guo H, Zhang L. Roaming-Mediated CH 2NH Elimination from the Ionization of Aromatic Ethylamines. ChemistryOpen 2017; 6:40-45. [PMID: 28168149 PMCID: PMC5288767 DOI: 10.1002/open.201600144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The ionization of aromatic ethylamines by photons or electrons leads to elimination of CH2NH fragments, supposedly deriving from the McLafferty rearrangement involving intramolecular γ‐hydrogen transfer. Using tryptamine and phenethylamine as examples, the results reported here suggest that the McLafferty mechanism is inadequate for interpreting the observations of CH2NH elimination due to much higher calculated appearance energy than experimentally measured values. Furthermore, by considering the roaming‐mediated effect, the calculated appearance energy for the elimination of CH2NH fragments is reduced and matches well with the experimental results and verifies the existence of roaming‐mediated effect. This effect could potentially be extended to explain the general CH2NH elimination of aromatic ethylamines. Due to the similar hydrogen transfer to that of the McLafferty mechanism, the roaming‐mediated effect was taken into account to suggest a novel mechanism, termed the “roaming‐modified McLafferty rearrangement”, that explains the observations of CH2NH elimination in the ionization of aromatic ethylamines. This is a reasonable modification of the McLafferty rearrangement mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxing Zhang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei Anhui 230029 P.R. China
| | - Huijun Guo
- Vacree Technologies Co., Ltd; Hefei Anhui 230088 P.R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei Anhui 230029 P.R. China
| | - Lidong Zhang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei Anhui 230029 P.R. China
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23
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García L, Al Furaiji KHM, Wilson DJD, Dutton JL, Hill MS, Mahon MF. Ring expansion of a ring expanded carbene. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:12015-12018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt03046k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Reaction of phenylsilane with the ring expanded carbene 6-Mes results in facile Si–H oxidative addition to the carbenic carbon at room temperature and ring opening on heating.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Khalidah H. M. Al Furaiji
- Department of Chemistry and Physics
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science
- La Trobe University
- Melbourne
- Australia
| | - David J. D. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Physics
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science
- La Trobe University
- Melbourne
- Australia
| | - Jason L. Dutton
- Department of Chemistry and Physics
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science
- La Trobe University
- Melbourne
- Australia
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24
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Osborn DL, Hayden CC, Hemberger P, Bodi A, Voronova K, Sztáray B. Breaking through the false coincidence barrier in electron–ion coincidence experiments. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:164202. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4965428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David L. Osborn
- Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - Carl C. Hayden
- Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - Patrick Hemberger
- Laboratory for Femtochemistry and Synchrotron Radiation, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Andras Bodi
- Laboratory for Femtochemistry and Synchrotron Radiation, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Krisztina Voronova
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California 95211, USA
| | - Bálint Sztáray
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California 95211, USA
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25
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Schneider H, Krahfuß MJ, Radius U. To Rearrange or not to Rearrange: Reactivity of NHCs towards Chloro- and HydrostannanesR2SnCl2(R= Me, Ph) and Ph3SnH. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201600271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Schneider
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Mirjam J. Krahfuß
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Udo Radius
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
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26
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Würtemberger-Pietsch S, Schneider H, Marder TB, Radius U. Adduct Formation, B-H Activation and Ring Expansion at Room Temperature from Reactions of HBcat with NHCs. Chemistry 2016; 22:13032-6. [PMID: 27428465 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201603328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We report the reactions of catecholborane (HBcat; 1) with unsaturated and saturated NHCs as well as CAAC(Me) . Mono-NHC adducts of the type HBcat⋅NHC (NHC=nPr2 Im, iPr2 Im, iPr2 Im(Me) , and Dipp2 Im) were obtained by stoichiometric reactions of HBcat with the unsaturated NHCs. The reaction of CAAC(Me) with HBcat yielded the B-H activated product CAAC(Me) (H)Bcat via insertion of the carbine-carbon atom into the B-H bond. The saturated NHC Dipp2 SIm reacted in a 2:2 ratio yielding an NHC ring-expanded product at room temperature forming a six-membered -B-C=N-C=C-N- ring via C-N bond cleavage and further migration of the hydrides from two HBcat molecules to the former carbene-carbon atom.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heidi Schneider
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Todd B Marder
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Udo Radius
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.
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27
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Zhong W, Fei Z, Scopelliti R, Dyson PJ. Alcohol-Induced C−N Bond Cleavage of Cyclometalated N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands with a Methylene-Linked Pendant Imidazolium Ring. Chemistry 2016; 22:12138-44. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhong
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques; Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL); 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering; Jiaxing University; Jiaxing 314001 China
| | - Zhaofu Fei
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques; Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL); 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Rosario Scopelliti
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques; Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL); 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Paul J. Dyson
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques; Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL); 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
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28
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Kostko O, Bandyopadhyay B, Ahmed M. Vacuum Ultraviolet Photoionization of Complex Chemical Systems. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2016; 67:19-40. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-040215-112553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Kostko
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720;
| | - Biswajit Bandyopadhyay
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720;
| | - Musahid Ahmed
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720;
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29
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Heringa MF, Slowik JG, Prévôt ASH, Baltensperger U, Hemberger P, Bodi A. Dissociative Ionization Mechanism and Appearance Energies in Adipic Acid Revealed by Imaging Photoelectron Photoion Coincidence, Selective Deuteration, and Calculations. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:3397-405. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b00908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maarten F. Heringa
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Laboratory
for Synchrotron Radiation and Femtochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen
PSI, Switzerland
| | - Jay G. Slowik
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - André S. H. Prévôt
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Urs Baltensperger
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Hemberger
- Laboratory
for Synchrotron Radiation and Femtochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen
PSI, Switzerland
| | - Andras Bodi
- Laboratory
for Synchrotron Radiation and Femtochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen
PSI, Switzerland
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30
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Voronova K, Mozaffari Easter CM, Torma KG, Bodi A, Hemberger P, Sztáray B. Bifurcated dissociative photoionization mechanism of acetic acid anhydride revealed by imaging photoelectron photoion coincidence spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:25161-25168. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp05370j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PEPICO allows us a peek beyond the transition state to identify bifurcated reaction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Andras Bodi
- Laboratory for Femtochemistry and Synchrotron Radiation
- Paul Scherrer Institute
- Villigen 5232
- Switzerland
| | - Patrick Hemberger
- Laboratory for Femtochemistry and Synchrotron Radiation
- Paul Scherrer Institute
- Villigen 5232
- Switzerland
| | - Bálint Sztáray
- Department of Chemistry
- University of the Pacific
- Stockton
- USA
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31
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Würtemberger-Pietsch S, Radius U, Marder TB. 25 years of N-heterocyclic carbenes: activation of both main-group element-element bonds and NHCs themselves. Dalton Trans 2015; 45:5880-95. [PMID: 26675582 DOI: 10.1039/c5dt04106f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) are widely used ligands and reagents in modern inorganic synthesis as well as in homogeneous catalysis and organocatalysis. However, NHCs are not always innocent bystanders. In the last few years, more and more examples were reported of reactions of NHCs with main-group elements which resulted in modification of the NHC. Many of these reactions lead to ring expansion and the formation of six-membered heterocyclic rings involving insertion of the heteroatom into the C-N bond and migration of hydrides, phenyl groups or boron-containing fragments. Furthermore, a few related NHC rearrangements were observed some decades ago. In this Perspective, we summarise the history of NHC ring expansion reactions from the 1960s till the present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Würtemberger-Pietsch
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany. u.radius@uni-wuerzburg
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32
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Voronova K, Mozaffari Easter CM, Covert KJ, Bodi A, Hemberger P, Sztáray B. Dissociative Photoionization of Diethyl Ether. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:10654-63. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b08091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina Voronova
- Department
of Chemistry, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California 95211, United States
| | | | - Kyle J. Covert
- Department
of Chemistry, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California 95211, United States
| | - Andras Bodi
- Molecular
Dynamics Group, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Hemberger
- Molecular
Dynamics Group, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Bálint Sztáray
- Department
of Chemistry, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California 95211, United States
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33
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Collins LR, Riddlestone IM, Mahon MF, Whittlesey MK. A Comparison of the Stability and Reactivity of Diamido‐ and Diaminocarbene Copper Alkoxide and Hydride Complexes. Chemistry 2015; 21:14075-84. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201502476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lee R. Collins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY (UK), Fax: (+44) 1225‐386‐231
| | - Ian M. Riddlestone
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY (UK), Fax: (+44) 1225‐386‐231
| | - Mary F. Mahon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY (UK), Fax: (+44) 1225‐386‐231
| | - Michael K. Whittlesey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY (UK), Fax: (+44) 1225‐386‐231
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34
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Schneider H, Schmidt D, Radius U. The reductive P–P coupling of primary and secondary phosphines mediated by N-heterocyclic carbenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:10138-41. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc02517f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
P–P bond formation! The reaction of an NHC with primary and secondary phosphines leads to dehydrocoupling of the phosphines with the formation of iPr2ImH2 and the corresponding carbene-phosphinidene adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Schneider
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg
- D-97074 Würzburg
- Germany
| | - David Schmidt
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg
- D-97074 Würzburg
- Germany
| | - Udo Radius
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg
- D-97074 Würzburg
- Germany
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