1
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Brotsman VA, Troyanov SI. Non-classical (NC), heptagon-containing fullerenes obtained via chlorination-promoted cage transformations: C 76(NC2a)Cl 24 and C 76(NC2b)Cl 28. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:893-896. [PMID: 38165663 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05336a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
High-temperature chlorination of C76 fullerene with SbCl5 proceeds via five Stone-Wales rearrangements, resulting in non-classical (NC) C76(NC1a)Cl24 with two heptagons and 14 pentagons partically fused in pairs and triples. C76(NC2b)Cl28 with isomeric carbon cage was obtained by chlorination-promoted cage shrinkage of C80via two C2 losses. The pathways of skeletal cage trasformations, the chlorination patterns, and formation energies are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor A Brotsman
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Leninskie gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Sergey I Troyanov
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Leninskie gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
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2
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Xie FF, Chen ZC, Zhang M, Xie XM, Chen LF, Tian HR, Deng SL, Xie SY, Zheng LS. Capturing nonclassical C 70 with double heptagons in low-pressure combustion. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:9814-9817. [PMID: 35975480 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc03707f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A double-heptagon-containing C70H6 (dihept-C70H6) was isolated and unambiguously characterized in the soot of low-pressure combustion, which shares the identical heptagonal cage as dihept-C70Cl6 previously identified in the products of carbon arc, and thus represents the first nonclassical fullerene isolable in both carbon arc and combustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Fang Xie
- State Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Zuo-Chang Chen
- State Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Min Zhang
- State Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Xiao-Ming Xie
- State Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Ling-Fang Chen
- State Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Han-Rui Tian
- State Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Shun-Liu Deng
- State Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Su-Yuan Xie
- State Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Lan-Sun Zheng
- State Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
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3
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Fullerenes C100 and C108: new substructures of higher fullerenes. Struct Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-021-01803-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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4
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Theoretical Investigation of Seven Membered Ring C120X6 (X = H2, F2, Cl2, Br2, O, O2, and CH2) Fullerene Derivatives. J CLUST SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-020-01767-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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5
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Wang S, Chang Q, Zhang G, Li F, Wang X, Yang S, Troyanov SI. Structural Studies of Giant Empty and Endohedral Fullerenes. Front Chem 2020; 8:607712. [PMID: 33344423 PMCID: PMC7744686 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.607712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Structure elucidations of giant fullerenes composed of 100 or more carbon atoms are severely hampered by their extremely low yield, poor solubility and huge numbers of possible cage isomers. High-temperature exohedral chlorination followed by X-ray single crystal diffraction studies of the chloro derivatives offers a practical solution for structure elucidations of giant fullerenes. Various isomers of giant fullerenes have been determined by this method, specially, non-classical giant fullerenes containing heptagons generated by the skeletal transformations of carbon cages. Alternatively, giant fullerenes can be also stabilized by encapsulating metal atoms or clusters through intramolecular electron transfer from the encapsulated species to the outer fullerene cage. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview on synthesis, separation and structural elucidation of giant fullerenes. The isomer structures, chlorination patterns of a series of giant fullerenes C2n (2n = 100-108) and heptagon-containing non-classical fullerenes derived from giant fullerenes are summarized. On the other hand, giant endohedral fullerenes bearing different endohedral species are also discussed. At the end, we propose an outlook on the future development of giant fullerenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis & Environmental New Materials, College of Environment and Resources, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qing Chang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis & Environmental New Materials, College of Environment and Resources, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guizhi Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis & Environmental New Materials, College of Environment and Resources, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fukun Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis & Environmental New Materials, College of Environment and Resources, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xingmin Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis & Environmental New Materials, College of Environment and Resources, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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6
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Tamm NB, Markov VY, Goryunkov AA, Troyanov SI. Intermediate Products of C
60
High‐Temperature Chlorination – C
60
Cl
n
(
n
= 8, 10, 14, 20, 24). European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda B. Tamm
- Chemistry Department Moscow State University Leninskie gory 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Vitaliy Yu. Markov
- Chemistry Department Moscow State University Leninskie gory 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Alexey A. Goryunkov
- Chemistry Department Moscow State University Leninskie gory 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Sergey I. Troyanov
- Chemistry Department Moscow State University Leninskie gory 119991 Moscow Russia
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7
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Tamm NB, Brotsman VA, Markov VY, Troyanov SI. Fused-Pentagon C 70Cl 6 and C 70Cl 8 Obtained via Chlorination-Promoted Skeletal Transformation of IPR C 70. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:10400-10403. [PMID: 32648746 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The isolated-pentagon-rule (IPR) D5h-C70 fullerene is least susceptible to skeletal transformations in comparison with higher fullerenes and even C60. A cage transformation in IPR C70 via a one-step Stone-Wales rearrangement was accomplished by high-temperature (440 °C) ampule chlorination with SbCl5. Subsequent dechlorination at 450 °C, followed by high-performance liquid chromatography separation, allowed the isolation of non-IPR C70Cl6 and C70Cl8. X-ray diffraction study revealed the presence of an unprecedented C70 carbon cage, possessing two pairs of fused pentagons and the chlorination patterns located on one cage hemisphere. A high energetic and thermal stability of both non-IPR chlorides was also confirmed by theoretical calculations of formation energies. Pathways of skeletal transformations of IPR C70 in comparison with those in C60 are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda B Tamm
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Leninskie gory, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Victor A Brotsman
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Leninskie gory, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Vitaliy Yu Markov
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Leninskie gory, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Sergey I Troyanov
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Leninskie gory, Moscow 119991, Russia
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8
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Vysochanskaya ON, Brotsman VA, Goryunkov AA, Feiler CG, Troyanov SI. Fused-Pentagon Isomers of C 60 Fullerene Isolated as Chloro and Trifluoromethyl Derivatives. Chemistry 2020; 26:2338-2341. [PMID: 31849115 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The carbon cage of buckminsterfullerene Ih -C60 , which obeys the Isolated-Pentagon Rule (IPR), can be transformed to non-IPR cages in the course of high-temperature chlorination of C60 or C60 Cl30 with SbCl5 . The non-IPR chloro derivatives were isolated chromatographically (HPLC) and characterized crystallographically as 1809 C60 Cl16 , 1810 C60 Cl24 , and 1805 C60 Cl24 , which contain, respectively two, four, and four pairs of fused pentagons in the carbon cage. High-temperature trifluoromethylation of the chlorination products with CF3 I afforded a non-IPR CF3 derivative, 1807 C60 (CF3 )12 , which contains four pairs of fused pentagons in the carbon cage. Addition patterns of non-IPR chloro and CF3 derivatives were compared and discussed in terms of the formation of stabilizing local substructures on fullerene cages. A detailed scheme of the experimentally confirmed non-IPR C60 isomers obtained by Stone-Wales cage transformations is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga N Vysochanskaya
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Leninskie gory, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Victor A Brotsman
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Leninskie gory, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey A Goryunkov
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Leninskie gory, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Christian G Feiler
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Crystallography, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sergey I Troyanov
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Leninskie gory, 119991, Moscow, Russia
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9
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Brotsman VA, Kemnitz E, Troyanov SI. Fused-pentagon C 70Cl 26 obtained via chlorination-promoted Stone-Wales cage transformations of C 70. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:13378-13381. [PMID: 31633714 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc07464c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
High-temperature (360 °C) chlorination of C70 with VCl4 or SbCl5 yields only IPR C70Cl26/28. Chlorination with SbCl5 at 440 °C resulted in a skeletal transformation via a two-step Stone-Wales rearrangement and the formation of non-IPR 8005C70Cl26 with two fused pentagon pairs in the carbon cage which was established by single crystal X-ray diffraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor A Brotsman
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Erhard Kemnitz
- Institute of Chemistry, Humboldt University of Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sergey I Troyanov
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
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10
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Freisetzung der Spannung kondensierter Fünfringe des Fullerenkäfigs durch chemische Funktionalisierung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201901678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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11
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Guan R, Chen M, Jin F, Yang S. Strain Release of Fused Pentagons in Fullerene Cages by Chemical Functionalization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 59:1048-1073. [PMID: 30884036 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201901678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
According to the isolated pentagon rule (IPR), for stable fullerenes, the 12 pentagons should be isolated from one another by hexagons, otherwise the fused pentagons will result in an increase in the local steric strain of the fullerene cage. However, the successful isolation of more than 100 endohedral and exohedral fullerenes containing fused pentagons over the past 20 years has shown that strain release of fused pentagons in fullerene cages is feasible. Herein, we present a general overview on fused-pentagon-containing (i.e. non-IPR) fullerenes through an exhaustive review of all the types of fused-pentagon-containing fullerenes reported to date. We clarify how the strain of fused pentagons can be released in different manners, and provide an in-depth understanding of the role of fused pentagons in the stability, electronic properties, and chemical reactivity of fullerene cages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runnan Guan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Muqing Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Fei Jin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, China
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12
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Zhong Y, Chen Z, Du P, Cui C, Tian H, Shi X, Deng S, Gao F, Zhang Q, Gao C, Zhang X, Xie S, Huang R, Zheng L. Double Negatively Curved C
70
Growth through a Heptagon‐Involving Pathway. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201902154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan‐Yuan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Zuo‐Chang Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Peng Du
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Environment Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology Minnan Normal University Zhangzhou 363000 China
| | - Cun‐Hao Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Han‐Rui Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Xiang‐Mei Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Shun‐Liu Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Fei Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Environment Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology Minnan Normal University Zhangzhou 363000 China
| | - Qianyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Cong‐Li Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Su‐Yuan Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Rong‐Bin Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Lan‐Sun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
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13
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Zhong YY, Chen ZC, Du P, Cui CH, Tian HR, Shi XM, Deng SL, Gao F, Zhang Q, Gao CL, Zhang X, Xie SY, Huang RB, Zheng LS. Double Negatively Curved C 70 Growth through a Heptagon-Involving Pathway. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:14095-14099. [PMID: 31237012 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201902154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
All previously reported C70 isomers have positive curvature and contain 12 pentagons in addition to hexagons. Herein, we report a new C70 species with two negatively curved heptagon moieties and 14 pentagons. This unconventional heptafullerene[70] containing two symmetric heptagons, referred to as dihept-C70 , grows in the carbon arc by a theoretically supported pathway in which the carbon cluster of a previously reported C66 species undergoes successive C2 insertion via a known heptafullerene[68] intermediate with low energy barriers. As identified by X-ray crystallography, the occurrence of heptagons facilitates a reduction in the angle of the π-orbital axis vector in the fused pentagons to stabilize dihept-C70 . Chlorination at the intersection of a heptagon and two adjacent pentagons can greatly enlarge the HOMO-LUMO gap, which makes dihept-C70 Cl6 isolable by chromatography. The synthesis of dihept-C70 Cl6 offers precious clues with respect to the fullerene formation mechanism in the carbon-clustering process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Zuo-Chang Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Peng Du
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.,College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Environment, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, 363000, China
| | - Cun-Hao Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Han-Rui Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Xiang-Mei Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Shun-Liu Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Fei Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.,College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Environment, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, 363000, China
| | - Qianyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Cong-Li Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Su-Yuan Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Rong-Bin Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Lan-Sun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
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14
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Yang S, Ioffe IN, Troyanov SI. Chlorination-Promoted Skeletal Transformations of Fullerenes. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:1783-1792. [PMID: 31180640 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Classical fullerenes are built of pentagonal and hexagonal rings, and the conventional syntheses produce only those isomers that obey the isolated-pentagon rule (IPR), where all pentagonal rings are separated from each other by hexagonal rings. Upon exohedral derivatization, the IPR fullerene cages normally retain their connectivity pattern. However, it has been discovered that high-temperature chlorination of fullerenes with SbCl5 or VCl4 can induce skeletal transformations that alter the carbon cage topology, as directly evidenced by single crystal X-ray diffraction studies of the chlorinated products of a series of fullerenes in the broad range of C60 to C102. Two general types of transformations have been identified: (i) the Stone-Wales rearrangement (SWR) that consists of a rotation of a C-C bond by 90°, and (ii) the removal of a C-C bond, i.e., C2 loss (C2L). Single- or multistep SWR and/or C2L transformations afford either classical non-IPR fullerenes bearing fused pentagons (highlighted in red in the TOC picture) or nonclassical (NCx) fullerenes with x = 1-3 heptagonal rings (highlighted in blue in the TOC picture) often flanked by fused pentagons. Several subtypes of the SWR and C2L processes can be further discerned depending on the local topology of the transformed region of the cage. Under the chlorination conditions, the non-IPR and NC carbon cages that would be energetically unfavorable and mostly labile in their pristine state are instantaneously stabilized by chlorination of the pentagon-pentagon junctions and by delimitation of the original spherical π-system into smaller favorable aromatic fragments. The significance of the chlorination-promoted skeletal transformations within the realm of fullerene chemistry is demonstrated by the growing body of examples. To date, these include single- and multistep SWRs in the buckminsterfullerene C60 and in the higher fullerenes C76(1), C78(2), C82(3), and C102(19), single and multistep C2Ls (i.e., cage shrinkage) in C86(16), C88(33), C90(28), C92(50), C96(80), C96(114), and C102(19), and multistep combinations of SWRs and C2Ls in C88(3), C88(33), and C100(18), (IPR isomer numbering in parentheses is according to the spiral algorithm). Remarkably, an IPR precursor can give rise to versatile transformed chlorinated fullerene cages formed via branched pathways. The products can be recovered either in their initial chlorinated form or as more soluble CF3/F derivatives obtained by an additional trifluoromethylation workup. Reconstruction of the skeletal transformation pathways is often complicated due to the lack of the isolable intermediate products in the multistep cases. Therefore, it is usually based on the principle of selecting the shortest pathways between the starting and the final cage. The quantum-chemical calculations illustrate the detailed mechanisms of the SWR and C2L transformations and the thermodynamic driving forces behind them. A particularly important aspect is the interplay between the chlorination patterns and the regiochemistry of the skeletal transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Ilya N. Ioffe
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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15
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Tamm NB, Guan R, Yang S, Kemnitz E, Troyanov SI. Chlorination-Promoted Cage Transformation of IPR C 92 Discovered via Trifluoromethylation under Formation of Non-classical C 92 (NC)(CF 3 ) 22. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:2108-2111. [PMID: 31091007 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201900469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
High-temperature trifluoromethylation of isolated-pentagon-rule (IPR) fullerene C92 chlorination products followed by HPLC separation of C92 (CF3 )n derivatives resulted in the isolation and X-ray structural characterization of IPR C92 (38)(CF3 )18 and non-classical C92 (NC)(CF3 )22 . The formation of C92 (38)(CF3 )18 as the highest CF3 derivative of the known isomer C92 (38) can be expected. The formation of C92 (NC)(CF3 )22 was interpreted as chlorination-promoted cage transformation of C92 (38) followed by trifluoromethylation of non-classical C92 (NC) chloride. Noticeably, C92 (NC)(CF3 )22 shows the highest degree of trifluoromethylation among all known CF3 derivatives of fullerenes. The addition patterns of C92 (38)(CF3 )18 and C92 (NC)(CF3 )22 are discussed and compared to the chlorination patterns of C92 (38)Cln compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda B Tamm
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Runnan Guan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Erhard Kemnitz
- Institute of Chemistry, Humboldt University Berlin, Brook-Taylor.-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sergey I Troyanov
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 119991, Moscow, Russia
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16
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Guan R, Jin F, Yang S, Tamm NB, Troyanov SI. Stable C92(26) and C92(38) as Well as Unstable C92(50) and C92(23) Isolated-Pentagon-Rule Isomers As Revealed by Chlorination of C92 Fullerene. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:5393-5396. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Runnan Guan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Fei Jin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Nadezhda B. Tamm
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Sergey I. Troyanov
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia
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17
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Tian HR, Chen MM, Wang K, Chen ZC, Fu CY, Zhang Q, Li SH, Deng SL, Yao YR, Xie SY, Huang RB, Zheng LS. An Unconventional Hydrofullerene C66H4 with Symmetric Heptagons Retrieved in Low-Pressure Combustion. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:6651-6657. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b01638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Han-Rui Tian
- State Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Miao-Miao Chen
- State Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Kai Wang
- State Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zuo-Chang Chen
- State Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Chao-Yong Fu
- State Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Qianyan Zhang
- State Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Shu-Hui Li
- State Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Shun-Liu Deng
- State Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yang-Rong Yao
- State Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Su-Yuan Xie
- State Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Rong-Bin Huang
- State Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Lan-Sun Zheng
- State Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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18
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Yamada M, Akasaka T, Nagase S. Gewinnung reaktiver Fullerene aus Ruß durch exohedrale Derivatisierung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201713145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michio Yamada
- Department of Chemistry; Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei; Tokyo 184-8501 Japan
| | - Takeshi Akasaka
- Department of Chemistry; Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei; Tokyo 184-8501 Japan
- Life Science Center of Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance; University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba; Ibaraki 305-8577 Japan
- Foundation for Advancement of International Science, Tsukuba; Ibaraki 305-0821 Japan
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Dye and Mold Technology School of Materials Science and Engineering; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Shigeru Nagase
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry; Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku; Kyoto 606-8103 Japan
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19
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Yamada M, Akasaka T, Nagase S. Salvaging Reactive Fullerenes from Soot by Exohedral Derivatization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:13394-13405. [PMID: 29665229 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201713145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The awesome allotropy of carbon yields innumerable topologically possible cage structures of molecular carbon. This field is also related to endohedral metallofullerenes constructed by metal-atom encapsulation. Stable and soluble empty fullerenes and endohedral metallofullerenes are available in pure form in macroscopic amounts from carbon arc production or other physical processes followed by extraction and subsequent chromatographic separation. However, many other unidentified fullerene species, which must be reactive and insoluble in their pristine forms, remain in soot. These "missing" species must have extremely small HOMO-LUMO gaps and may have unconventional cage structures. Recent progress in this field has demonstrated that reactive fullerenes can be salvaged by exohedral derivatization, which can stabilize the reactive carbon cages. This concept provides a means of preparing macroscopic amounts of unconventional fullerenes as their derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michio Yamada
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8501, Japan
| | - Takeshi Akasaka
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8501, Japan.,Life Science Center of Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan.,Foundation for Advancement of International Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0821, Japan.,State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Dye and Mold Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Shigeru Nagase
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8103, Japan
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20
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Adonin SA, Sokolov MN, Fedin VP. Polyhalide-bonded metal complexes: Structural diversity in an eclectic class of compounds. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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21
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Brotsman VA, Tamm NB, Markov VY, Ioffe IN, Goryunkov AA, Kemnitz E, Troyanov SI. Rebuilding C60: Chlorination-Promoted Transformations of the Buckminsterfullerene into Pentagon-Fused C60 Derivatives. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:8325-8331. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victor A. Brotsman
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Leninskie gory, Russia
| | - Nadezhda B. Tamm
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Leninskie gory, Russia
| | - Vitaliy Yu. Markov
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Leninskie gory, Russia
| | - Ilya N. Ioffe
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Leninskie gory, Russia
| | - Alexey A. Goryunkov
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Leninskie gory, Russia
| | - Erhard Kemnitz
- Institute of Chemistry, Humboldt University of Berlin, Brook-Taylor.-Str.2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sergey I. Troyanov
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Leninskie gory, Russia
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22
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Wang Y, Díaz-Tendero S, Alcamí M, Martín F. Topology-Based Approach to Predict Relative Stabilities of Charged and Functionalized Fullerenes. J Chem Theory Comput 2018; 14:1791-1810. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.7b01048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Departamento de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Díaz-Tendero
- Departamento de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Alcamí
- Departamento de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA-Nanociencia), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Martín
- Departamento de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA-Nanociencia), 28049 Madrid, Spain
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23
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Sudarkova SM, Mazaleva ON, Konoplev-Esgenburg RA, Troyanov SI, Ioffe IN. Versatility of chlorination-promoted skeletal transformation pathways in C76 fullerene. Dalton Trans 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt00245b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chlorination-promoted cage transformations in C76 produce a new non-IPR C76Cl30 molecule revealing the considerable versatility of concurrently accessible skeletal transformation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. M. Sudarkova
- Department of Chemistry
- Moscow State University
- 119991 Moscow
- Russia
| | - O. N. Mazaleva
- Department of Chemistry
- Moscow State University
- 119991 Moscow
- Russia
| | | | - S. I. Troyanov
- Department of Chemistry
- Moscow State University
- 119991 Moscow
- Russia
| | - I. N. Ioffe
- Department of Chemistry
- Moscow State University
- 119991 Moscow
- Russia
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24
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Mazaleva ON, Ioffe IN, Jin F, Yang S, Kemnitz E, Troyanov SI. Experimental and Theoretical Approach to Variable Chlorination-Promoted Skeletal Transformations in Fullerenes: The Case of C 102. Inorg Chem 2017; 57:4222-4225. [PMID: 29140687 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b02554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The first example of three alternative chlorination-promoted skeletal transformation pathways in the same fullerene cage is presented. Isolated-pentagon-rule (IPR) C102(19) undergoes both Stone-Wales rotations to give non-IPR #283794C102Cl20 and C2 losses to form nonclassical C98 and non-IPR C96. X-ray structural characterization of the transformation products and a theoretical study of their formation pathways are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga N Mazaleva
- Chemistry Department , Moscow State University , Leninskie Gory , 119991 Moscow , Russia
| | - Ilya N Ioffe
- Chemistry Department , Moscow State University , Leninskie Gory , 119991 Moscow , Russia
| | - Fei Jin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion & Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion & Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , China
| | - Erhard Kemnitz
- Institute of Chemistry , Humboldt University of Berlin , Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2 , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Sergey I Troyanov
- Chemistry Department , Moscow State University , Leninskie Gory , 119991 Moscow , Russia
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25
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Brotsman VA, Ignat'eva DV, Troyanov SI. Chlorination-promoted Transformation of Isolated Pentagon Rule C78
into Fused-pentagons- and Heptagons-containing Fullerenes. Chem Asian J 2017; 12:2379-2382. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201701011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victor A. Brotsman
- Department of Chemistry; Moscow State University; 119991 Moscow Leninskie gory Russia
| | - Daria V. Ignat'eva
- Department of Chemistry; Moscow State University; 119991 Moscow Leninskie gory Russia
| | - Sergey I. Troyanov
- Department of Chemistry; Moscow State University; 119991 Moscow Leninskie gory Russia
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26
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Jin F, Yang S, Kemnitz E, Troyanov SI. Skeletal Transformation of a Classical Fullerene C 88 into a Nonclassical Fullerene Chloride C 84Cl 30 Bearing Quaternary Sequentially Fused Pentagons. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:4651-4654. [PMID: 28335594 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b01490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A classical fullerene is composed of hexagons and pentagons only, and its stability is generally determined by the Isolated-Pentagon-Rule (IPR). Herein, high-temperature chlorination of a mixture containing a classical IPR-obeying fullerene C88 resulted in isolation and X-ray crystallographic characterization of non-IPR, nonclassical (NC) fullerene chloride C84(NC2)Cl30 (1) containing two heptagons. The carbon cage in C84(NC2)Cl30 contains 14 pentagons, 12 of which form two pairs of fused pentagons and two groups of quaternary sequentially fused pentagons, which have never been observed in reported carbon cages. All 30 Cl atoms form an unprecedented single chain of ortho attachments on the C84 cage. A reconstruction of the pathway of the chlorination-promoted skeletal transformation revealed that the previously unknown IPR isomer C88(3) is converted into 1 by two losses of C2 fragments followed by two Stone-Wales rearrangements, resulting in the formation of very stable chloride with rather short C-Cl bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Jin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) , Hefei 230026, China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) , Hefei 230026, China
| | - Erhard Kemnitz
- Institute of Chemistry, Humboldt University Berlin Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sergey I Troyanov
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University , 119991 Moscow, Leninskie gory, Russia
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27
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Wang Y, Díaz-Tendero S, Alcamí M, Martín F. Relative Stability of Empty Exohedral Fullerenes: π Delocalization versus Strain and Steric Hindrance. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:1609-1617. [PMID: 28080042 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b11669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Predicting and understanding the relative stability of exohedral fullerenes is an important aspect of fullerene chemistry, since the experimentally formed structures do not generally follow the rules that govern addition reactions or the making of pristine fullerenes. First-principles theoretical calculations are of limited applicability due to the large number of possible isomeric forms, for example, more than 50 billion for C60X8. Here we propose a simple model, exclusively based on topological arguments, that allows one to predict the relative stability of exohedral fullerenes without the need for electronic structure calculations or geometry optimizations. The model incorporates the effects of π delocalization, cage strain, and steric hindrance. We show that the subtle interplay between these three factors is responsible for (i) the formation of non-IPR (isolated pentagon rule) exohedral fullerenes in contrast with their pristine fullerene counterparts, (ii) the appearance of more pentagon-pentagon adjacencies than predicted by the PAPR (pentagon-adjacency penalty rule), (iii) the changes in regioisomer stability due to the chemical nature of the addends, and (iv) the variations in fullerene cage stability with the progressive addition of chemical species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Departamento de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Díaz-Tendero
- Departamento de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Alcamí
- Departamento de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA-Nanociencia) , 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Martín
- Departamento de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA-Nanociencia) , 28049 Madrid, Spain
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28
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Wang S, Yang S, Kemnitz E, Troyanov SI. New Giant Fullerenes Identified as Chloro Derivatives: Isolated-Pentagon-Rule C108(1771)Cl12 and C106(1155)Cl24 as well as Nonclassical C104Cl24. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:5741-3. [PMID: 27276659 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b00809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
High temperature chlorination of HPLC fractions of higher fullerenes followed by single crystal X-ray diffraction with the use of synchrotron radiation resulted in the structure determination of IPR C106(1155)Cl24 and IPR C108(1771)Cl12. C106(1155)Cl24 is cocrystallized with C104Cl24, a chloride of the nonclassical isomer of C104. The moderately stable isomer C106(1155) and the most stable C108(1771) represent so far the largest pristine fullerenes with known cages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion & Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) , Hefei 230026, China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion & Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) , Hefei 230026, China
| | - Erhard Kemnitz
- Institute of Chemistry, Humboldt University of Berlin , Brook-Taylor.-Str.2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sergey I Troyanov
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University , Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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29
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Wang S, Yang S, Kemnitz E, Troyanov SI. New Isolated-Pentagon-Rule and Skeletally Transformed Isomers of C100
Fullerene Identified by Structure Elucidation of their Chloro Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201511928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Song Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale; CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion; Department of Materials Science and Engineering; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230026 China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale; CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion; Department of Materials Science and Engineering; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230026 China
| | - Erhard Kemnitz
- Institute of Chemistry; Humboldt University Berlin; Brook-Taylor.-Str.2 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Sergey I. Troyanov
- Department of Chemistry; Moscow State University; 119991 Moscow, Leninskie gory Russia
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30
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Wang S, Yang S, Kemnitz E, Troyanov SI. New Isolated-Pentagon-Rule and Skeletally Transformed Isomers of C100 Fullerene Identified by Structure Elucidation of their Chloro Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:3451-4. [PMID: 26848074 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201511928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
High-temperature chlorination of C100 fullerene followed by X-ray structure determination of the chloro derivatives enabled the identification of three isomers of C100 from the fullerene soot, specifically numbers 18, 425, and 417, which obey the isolated pentagon rule (IPR). Among them, isomers C1-C100 (425) and C2-C100 (18) afforded C1-C100 (425)Cl22 and C2-C100 (18)Cl28/30 compounds, respectively, which retain their IPR cage connectivities. In contrast, isomer C2v -C100 (417) gives Cs -C100 (417)Cl28 which undergoes a skeletal transformation by the loss of a C2 fragment, resulting in the formation of a nonclassical (NC) C1-C98 (NC)Cl26 with a heptagon in the carbon cage. Most probably, two nonclassical C1-C100 (NC)Cl18/22 chloro derivatives originate from the IPR isomer C1-C100 (382), although both C1-C100 (344) and even nonclassical C1-C100 (NC) can be also considered as the starting isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
| | - Erhard Kemnitz
- Institute of Chemistry, Humboldt University Berlin, Brook-Taylor.-Str.2, 12489, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Sergey I Troyanov
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Leninskie gory, Russia.
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31
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Yang S, Wei T, Scheurell K, Kemnitz E, Troyanov SI. Chlorination-Promoted Skeletal-Cage Transformations of C88Fullerene by C2Losses and a CC Bond Rotation. Chemistry 2015; 21:15138-41. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201501549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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