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Rocker J, Zähringer TJB, Schmitz M, Opatz T, Kerzig C. Mechanistic investigations of polyaza[7]helicene in photoredox and energy transfer catalysis. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:1236-1245. [PMID: 38887585 PMCID: PMC11181280 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Organic photocatalysts frequently possess dual singlet and triplet photoreactivity and a thorough photochemical characterization is essential for efficient light-driven applications. In this article, the mode of action of a polyazahelicene catalyst (Aza-H) was investigated using laser flash photolysis (LFP). The study revealed that the chromophore can function as a singlet-state photoredox catalyst in the sulfonylation/arylation of styrenes and as a triplet sensitizer in energy transfer catalysis. The singlet lifetime is sufficiently long to exploit the exceptional excited state reduction potential for the activation of 4-cyanopyridine. Photoinduced electron transfer generating the radical cation was directly observed confirming the previously proposed mechanism of a three-component reaction. Several steps of the photoredox cycle were investigated separately, providing deep insights into the complex mechanism. The triplet-excited Aza-H, which was studied with quantitative LFP, is formed with a quantum yield of 0.34. The pronounced triplet formation was exploited for the isomerization reaction of (E)-stilbene to the Z-isomer and the cyclization of cinnamyl chloride. Catalyst degradation mainly occurs through the long-lived Aza-H triplet (28 µs), but the photostability is greatly increased when the triplet efficiently reacts in a catalytic cycle such that turnover numbers exceeding 4400 are achievable with this organocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Rocker
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10–14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Till J B Zähringer
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10–14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Schmitz
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10–14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Till Opatz
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10–14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christoph Kerzig
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10–14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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Lavrova MA, Verzun SA, Mishurinskiy SA, Sirotin MA, Bykova SK, Gontcharenko VE, Mariasina SS, Korshunov VM, Taydakov IV, Belousov YA, Dolzhenko VD. Fine-Tuning of the Optical and Electrochemical Properties of Ruthenium(II) Complexes with 2-Arylbenzimidazoles and 4,4'-Dimethoxycarbonyl-2,2'-bipyridine. Molecules 2023; 28:6541. [PMID: 37764316 PMCID: PMC10536653 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of cyclometalated complexes of ruthenium (II) with four different substituents in the aryl fragment of benzimidazole was synthesized in order to study the effect of substituent donation on the electronic structure of the substances. The resulting complexes were studied using X-ray diffraction, NMR spectroscopy, MALDI mass spectrometry, electron absorption spectroscopy, luminescence spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry as well as DFT/TDDFT was also used to interpret the results. All the complexes have intense absorption in the range of up to 700 nm, the triplet nature of the excited state was confirmed by measurement of luminescence decay. With an increase in substituent donation, a red shift of the absorption and emission bands occurs, and the lifetime of the excited state and the redox potential of the complex decrease. The combination of these properties shows that the complexes are excellent dyes and can be used as photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A. Lavrova
- Chemistry Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory Street, Building 1/3, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (S.A.V.); (S.A.M.); (M.A.S.); (S.S.M.); (Y.A.B.)
| | - Stepan A. Verzun
- Chemistry Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory Street, Building 1/3, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (S.A.V.); (S.A.M.); (M.A.S.); (S.S.M.); (Y.A.B.)
| | - Sergey A. Mishurinskiy
- Chemistry Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory Street, Building 1/3, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (S.A.V.); (S.A.M.); (M.A.S.); (S.S.M.); (Y.A.B.)
| | - Maxim A. Sirotin
- Chemistry Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory Street, Building 1/3, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (S.A.V.); (S.A.M.); (M.A.S.); (S.S.M.); (Y.A.B.)
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Kosygina Street 4, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sofya K. Bykova
- Higher Chemical College of RAS, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology, Miusskaya Square, 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Victoria E. Gontcharenko
- Faculty of Chemistry, National Research University Higher School of Economics, 20 Miasnitskaya Street, 101000 Moscow, Russia;
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.M.K.); (I.V.T.)
| | - Sofia S. Mariasina
- Chemistry Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory Street, Building 1/3, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (S.A.V.); (S.A.M.); (M.A.S.); (S.S.M.); (Y.A.B.)
- Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Functional Genomics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladislav M. Korshunov
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.M.K.); (I.V.T.)
- Faculty of Fundamental Sciences, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 105005 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya V. Taydakov
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.M.K.); (I.V.T.)
- Academic Department of Innovational Materials and Technologies Chemistry, G.V. Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, 36 Stremyannoy per., 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yury A. Belousov
- Chemistry Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory Street, Building 1/3, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (S.A.V.); (S.A.M.); (M.A.S.); (S.S.M.); (Y.A.B.)
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.M.K.); (I.V.T.)
| | - Vladimir D. Dolzhenko
- Chemistry Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory Street, Building 1/3, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (S.A.V.); (S.A.M.); (M.A.S.); (S.S.M.); (Y.A.B.)
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Aoki S, Yokoi K, Hisamatsu Y, Balachandran C, Tamura Y, Tanaka T. Post-complexation Functionalization of Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Complexes and Applications to Biomedical and Material Sciences. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2022; 380:36. [PMID: 35948812 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-022-00401-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cyclometalated iridium(III) (Ir(III)) complexes exhibit excellent photophysical properties that include large Stokes shift, high emission quantum yields, and microsecond-order emission lifetimes, due to low-lying metal-to-ligand charge transfer (spin-forbidden singlet-triplet (3MLCT) transition). As a result, analogs have been applied for research not only in the material sciences, such as the development of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), but also for photocatalysts, bioimaging probes, and anticancer reagents. Although a variety of methods for the synthesis and the applications of functionalized cyclometalated iridium complexes have been reported, functional groups are generally introduced to the ligands prior to the complexation with Ir salts. Therefore, it is difficult to introduce thermally unstable functional groups such as peptides and sugars due to the harsh reaction conditions such as the high temperatures used in the complexation with Ir salts. In this review, the functionalization of Ir complexes after the formation of cyclometalated Ir complexes and their biological and material applications are described. These methods are referred to as "post-complexation functionalization (PCF)." In this review, applications of PCF to the design and synthesis of Ir(III) complexes that exhibit blue -red and white color emissions, luminescence pH probes, luminescent probes of cancer cells, compounds that induce cell death in cancer cells, and luminescent complexes that have long emission lifetimes are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Aoki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan. .,Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan. .,Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kenta Yokoi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yosuke Hisamatsu
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chandrasekar Balachandran
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichi Tamura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Tanaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
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Heterometal Grafted Metalla-ynes and Poly(metalla-ynes): A Review on Structure-Property Relationships and Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13213654. [PMID: 34771211 PMCID: PMC8588132 DOI: 10.3390/polym13213654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metalla-ynes and poly(metalla-ynes) have emerged as unique molecular scaffolds with fascinating structural features and intriguing photo-luminescence (PL) properties. Their rigid-rod conducting backbone with tunable photo-physical properties has generated immense research interests for the design and development of application-oriented functional materials. Introducing a second d- or f-block metal fragment in the main-chain or side-chain of a metalla-yne and poly(metalla-yne) was found to further modulate the underlying features/properties. This review focuses on the photo-physical properties and opto-electronic (O-E) applications of heterometal grafted metalla-ynes and poly(metalla-ynes).
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Kamatsuki T, Bhattacharjee I, Hirata S. The Substituent-Induced Symmetry-Forbidden Electronic Transition Allows Significant Optical Limiting under Weak Sky-Blue Irradiance. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:8675-8681. [PMID: 32991813 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We report a novel material containing a rare metal-free dopant chromophore with controlled electronic symmetry, which exhibits strong optical limiting (OL) capabilities under weak, continuous, sky-blue irradiance. Electron-donating substituents at positions C2 and C7 of pyrene allow significant triplet generation because of the symmetrically forbidden transition between the ground state and the lowest singlet excited state, which leads to accumulation of triplet excitons in the dopant chromophore. This also leads to a small ground state absorption coefficient and induces greater absorption of sky-blue wavelengths when triplet excitons of the chromophore accumulate. Consequently, molecular glass doped with the designed chromophore displays stronger OL characteristics compared with those of the rare element-containing glass that previously demonstrated the greatest OL performance under continuous sky-blue irradiance at sunlight power levels. The described approach to developing cost-effective, state-of-the-art OL materials is crucial for nonlinear optical applications working at a large scale under sunlight or room lights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Kamatsuki
- Department of Engineering Science and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
| | - Indranil Bhattacharjee
- Department of Engineering Science and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
| | - Shuzo Hirata
- Department of Engineering Science and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
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Organometallic complexes for nonlinear optics. 66. Synthesis and quadratic nonlinear optical studies of trans-[Ru{C C{2,5-C4H2S-(E)-CH CH}n-2,5-C4H2S(NO2)}Cl(dppe)2] (n = 0–2). J Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2020.121306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Hörmann FM, Kerzig C, Chung TS, Bauer A, Wenger OS, Bach T. Triplet Energy Transfer from Ruthenium Complexes to Chiral Eniminium Ions: Enantioselective Synthesis of Cyclobutanecarbaldehydes by [2+2] Photocycloaddition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:9659-9668. [PMID: 32166853 PMCID: PMC7318320 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202001634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Chiral eniminium salts, prepared from α,β-unsaturated aldehydes and a chiral proline derived secondary amine, underwent, upon irradiation with visible light, a ruthenium-catalyzed (2.5 mol %) intermolecular [2+2] photocycloaddition to olefins, which after hydrolysis led to chiral cyclobutanecarbaldehydes (17 examples, 49-74 % yield), with high diastereo- and enantioselectivities. Ru(bpz)3 (PF6 )2 was utilized as the ruthenium catalyst and laser flash photolysis studies show that the catalyst operates exclusively by triplet-energy transfer (sensitization). A catalytic system was devised with a chiral secondary amine co-catalyst. In the catalytic reactions, Ru(bpy)3 (PF6 )2 was employed, and laser flash photolysis experiments suggest it undergoes both electron and energy transfer. However, experimental evidence supports the hypothesis that energy transfer is the only productive quenching mechanism. Control experiments using Ir(ppy)3 showed no catalysis for the intermolecular [2+2] photocycloaddition of an eniminium ion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian M. Hörmann
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC)Technische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstraße 485747GarchingGermany
| | - Christoph Kerzig
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BaselSt. Johanns-Ring 194056BaselSwitzerland
| | - Tim S. Chung
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC)Technische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstraße 485747GarchingGermany
| | - Andreas Bauer
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC)Technische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstraße 485747GarchingGermany
| | - Oliver S. Wenger
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BaselSt. Johanns-Ring 194056BaselSwitzerland
| | - Thorsten Bach
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC)Technische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstraße 485747GarchingGermany
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8
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Hörmann FM, Kerzig C, Chung TS, Bauer A, Wenger OS, Bach T. Triplet Energy Transfer from Ruthenium Complexes to Chiral Eniminium Ions: Enantioselective Synthesis of Cyclobutanecarbaldehydes by [2+2] Photocycloaddition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202001634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian M. Hörmann
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC)Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85747 Garching Germany
| | - Christoph Kerzig
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Tim S. Chung
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC)Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85747 Garching Germany
| | - Andreas Bauer
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC)Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85747 Garching Germany
| | - Oliver S. Wenger
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Thorsten Bach
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC)Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85747 Garching Germany
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Wang L, Cui P, Lystrom L, Lu J, Kilina S, Sun W. Heteroleptic cationic iridium( iii) complexes bearing phenanthroline derivatives with extended π-conjugation as potential broadband reverse saturable absorbers. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj03877a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Fluorenyl substitution at the diimine ligand broadened the excited-state absorption to near-IR, and enhanced reverse saturable absorption at 532 nm for the cationic Ir(iii) complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- North Dakota State University
- Fargo
- USA
| | - Peng Cui
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- North Dakota State University
- Fargo
- USA
- Materials and Nanotechnology Program
| | - Levi Lystrom
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- North Dakota State University
- Fargo
- USA
| | - Jiapeng Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- North Dakota State University
- Fargo
- USA
| | - Svetlana Kilina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- North Dakota State University
- Fargo
- USA
| | - Wenfang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- North Dakota State University
- Fargo
- USA
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Liu B, Lystrom L, Cameron CG, Kilina S, McFarland SA, Sun W. Monocationic Iridium(III) Complexes with Far‐Red Charge‐Transfer Absorption and Near‐IR Emission: Synthesis, Photophysics, and Reverse Saturable Absorption. Eur J Inorg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201900156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bingqing Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry North Dakota State University Fargo North Dakota 58108‐6050 USA
| | - Levi Lystrom
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry North Dakota State University Fargo North Dakota 58108‐6050 USA
| | - Colin G. Cameron
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of North Carolina at Greensboro Greensboro North Carolina 27402‐6170 USA
| | - Svetlana Kilina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry North Dakota State University Fargo North Dakota 58108‐6050 USA
| | - Sherri A. McFarland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of North Carolina at Greensboro Greensboro North Carolina 27402‐6170 USA
| | - Wenfang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry North Dakota State University Fargo North Dakota 58108‐6050 USA
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Quintana C, Morshedi M, Wang H, Du J, Cifuentes MP, Humphrey MG. Exceptional Two-Photon Absorption in Alkynylruthenium-Gold Nanoparticle Hybrids. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:756-760. [PMID: 30620605 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b03825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ruthenium alkynyl "star" complexes with tri(2-thienyl)-, tris(1,2,3-triazolyl)-, or triphenyl-benzene cores stabilize gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Cyclic voltammetry, transmission electron microscopy, molecular modeling, dynamic light scattering, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy studies are consistent with ca. 5 trithienyl- or triazolyl-benzene-cored star complexes decorating the exterior of each AuNP. The ca. 2.5 nm diameter (by transmission electron microscopy) trithienylbenzene-cored gold nanoparticle hybrids are significantly less absorbent than classical Brust nanoparticles stabilized by 1-dodecanethiol; with femtosecond pulsed radiation, they exhibit exceptionally strong saturable absorption and two-photon absorption across the visible range and into the near-infrared region (3 000 000 GM at 500 nm and 46 000 GM at 750 nm; 1 GM is equal to 10-50 cm4 s photon-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristóbal Quintana
- Research School of Chemistry , Australian National University , Canberra , ACT 2601 , Australia
| | - Mahbod Morshedi
- Research School of Chemistry , Australian National University , Canberra , ACT 2601 , Australia
| | - Huan Wang
- Research School of Chemistry , Australian National University , Canberra , ACT 2601 , Australia
| | - Jun Du
- Research School of Chemistry , Australian National University , Canberra , ACT 2601 , Australia
| | - Marie P Cifuentes
- Research School of Chemistry , Australian National University , Canberra , ACT 2601 , Australia
| | - Mark G Humphrey
- Research School of Chemistry , Australian National University , Canberra , ACT 2601 , Australia
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Babgi BA, Kodikara MS, Morshedi M, Wang H, Quintana C, Schwich T, Moxey GJ, Van Steerteghem N, Clays K, Stranger R, Cifuentes MP, Humphrey MG. Linear Optical, Quadratic and Cubic Nonlinear Optical, Electrochemical, and Theoretical Studies of “Rigid‐Rod” Bis‐Alkynyl Ruthenium Complexes. Chempluschem 2018; 83:630-642. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201800093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bandar A. Babgi
- Research School of Chemistry Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Mahesh S. Kodikara
- Research School of Chemistry Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Mahbod Morshedi
- Research School of Chemistry Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Huan Wang
- Research School of Chemistry Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu Province 214122 China
| | - Cristóbal Quintana
- Research School of Chemistry Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Torsten Schwich
- Research School of Chemistry Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Graeme J. Moxey
- Research School of Chemistry Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Nick Van Steerteghem
- Laboratory of Chemical and Biological Dynamics Centre for Research on Molecular Electronics and Photonics Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200D 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Koen Clays
- Laboratory of Chemical and Biological Dynamics Centre for Research on Molecular Electronics and Photonics Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200D 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Robert Stranger
- Research School of Chemistry Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Marie P. Cifuentes
- Research School of Chemistry Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Mark G. Humphrey
- Research School of Chemistry Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
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Du J, Kodikara MS, Moxey GJ, Morshedi M, Barlow A, Quintana C, Wang G, Stranger R, Zhang C, Cifuentes MP, Humphrey MG. Quadratic and cubic hyperpolarizabilities of nitro-phenyl/-naphthalenyl/-anthracenyl alkynyl complexes. Dalton Trans 2018. [PMID: 29513311 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt00155c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
1-Nitronaphthalenyl-4-alkynyl and 9-nitroanthracenyl-10-alkynyl complexes [M](C[triple bond, length as m-dash]C-4-C10H6-1-NO2) ([M] = trans-[RuCl(dppe)2] (6b), trans-[RuCl(dppm)2] (7b), Ru(PPh3)2(η5-C5H5) (8b), Ni(PPh3)(η5-C5H5) (9b), Au(PPh3) (10b)) and [M](C[triple bond, length as m-dash]C-10-C14H8-9-NO2) ([M] = trans-[RuCl(dppe)2] (6c), trans-[RuCl(dppm)2] (7c), Ru(PPh3)2(η5-C5H5) (8c), Ni(PPh3)(η5-C5H5) (9c), Au(PPh3) (10c)) were synthesized and their identities were confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. Electrochemical studies and a comparison to the 1-nitrophenyl-4-alkynyl analogues [M](C[triple bond, length as m-dash]C-4-C6H4-1-NO2) ([M] = trans-[RuCl(dppe)2] (6a), trans-[RuCl(dppm)2] (7a), Ru(PPh3)2(η5-C5H5) (8a), Ni(PPh3)(η5-C5H5) (9a), Au(PPh3) (10a)) reveal a decrease in oxidation potential for ruthenium and nickel complexes on proceeding from the phenyl- to naphthalenyl- and then anthracenyl-containing bridge. HOMO → LUMO transitions characteristic of MC[triple bond, length as m-dash]C-1-C6H4 to 4-C6H4-1-NO2 charge transfer red-shift and gain in intensity on proceeding to the ruthenium complexes; the low-energy transitions have increasing ILCT character on proceeding from the phenyl- to naphthalenyl- and then anthracenyl-containing bridge. Spectroelectrochemical studies of the Ru-containing complexes reveal the appearance of low-energy bands corresponding to chloro-to-RuIII charge transfer that red-shift on proceeding from the phenyl- to naphthalenyl- and then anthracenyl-containing bridge. Second-order nonlinear optical (NLO) studies at 1064 nm employing ns pulses and the hyper-Rayleigh scattering technique reveal an increase in quadratic optical nonlinearity upon introduction of metal to the precursor alkyne to afford alkynyl complexes and on proceeding from ligated-gold to -nickel and then to -ruthenium for a fixed alkynyl ligand. Quadratic NLO data of the gold complexes optically transparent at the second-harmonic wavelength reveal an increase in βHRS on proceeding from the phenyl- to the naphthalenyl-containing complex. Broad spectral range third-order nonlinear optical studies employing fs pulses and the Z-scan technique reveal an increase in two-photon absorption cross-section on replacing ligated-gold by -nickel and then -ruthenium for a fixed alkynyl ligand. Computational studies undertaken using time-dependent density functional theory have been employed to assign the nature of the key optical transitions and suggest that the significant optical nonlinearities observed for the ruthenium-containing complexes correlate with the low-energy formally Ru → NO2 band which possesses strong MLCT character, while the more moderate nonlinearities of the gold complexes correlate with a band higher in energy that is primarily ILCT in character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Du
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China.
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Hierlinger C, Roisnel T, Cordes DB, Slawin AMZ, Jacquemin D, Guerchais V, Zysman-Colman E. An Unprecedented Family of Luminescent Iridium(III) Complexes Bearing a Six-Membered Chelated Tridentate C^N^C Ligand. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:5182-5188. [PMID: 28394570 PMCID: PMC5417592 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A new family consisting of three luminescent neutral Ir(III) complexes with the unprecedented [Ir(C^N^C)(N^N)Cl] architecture, where C^N^C is a bis(six-membered) chelating tridentate tripod ligand derived from 2-benzhydrylpyridine (bnpy) and N^N is 4,4'-di-tert-butyl-2,2'-bipyridine (dtBubpy), is reported. X-ray crystallography reveals an unexpected and unusual double C-H bond activation of the two distal nonconjugated phenyl rings of the bnpy coupled with a very short Ir-Cl bond trans to the pyridine of the bnpy ligand. Depending on the substitution on the bnpy ligand, phosphorescence, ranging from yellow to red, is observed in dichloromethane solution. A combined study using density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) corroborates the mixed charge-transfer nature of the related excited states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Hierlinger
- Institut des Sciences
Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Thierry Roisnel
- Institut des Sciences
Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - David B. Cordes
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra M. Z. Slawin
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- UMR CNRS 6230, Université de Nantes,
CEISAM, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, 1, Rue Descartes, 75005 Paris Cedex 5, France
| | - Véronique Guerchais
- Institut des Sciences
Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Eli Zysman-Colman
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
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15
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Wang L, Yin H, Jabed MA, Hetu M, Wang C, Monro S, Zhu X, Kilina S, McFarland SA, Sun W. π-Expansive Heteroleptic Ruthenium(II) Complexes as Reverse Saturable Absorbers and Photosensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:3245-3259. [PMID: 28263079 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b02624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Five heteroleptic tris-diimine ruthenium(II) complexes [RuL(N^N)2](PF6)2 (where L is 3,8-di(benzothiazolylfluorenyl)-1,10-phenanthroline and N^N is 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) (1), 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) (2), 1,4,8,9-tetraazatriphenylene (tatp) (3), dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine (dppz) (4), or benzo[i]dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine (dppn) (5), respectively) were synthesized. The influence of π-conjugation of the ancillary ligands (N^N) on the photophysical properties of the complexes was investigated by spectroscopic methods and simulated by density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT. Their ground-state absorption spectra were characterized by intense absorption bands below 350 nm (ligand L localized 1π,π* transitions) and a featureless band centered at ∼410 nm (intraligand charge transfer (1ILCT)/1π,π* transitions with minor contribution from metal-to-ligand charge transfer (1MLCT) transition). For complexes 4 and 5 with dppz and dppn ligands, respectively, broad but very weak absorption (ε < 800 M-1 cm-1) was present from 600 to 850 nm, likely emanating from the spin-forbidden transitions to the triplet excited states. All five complexes showed red-orange phosphorescence at room temperature in CH2Cl2 solution with decreased lifetimes and emission quantum yields, as the π-conjugation of the ancillary ligands increased. Transient absorption (TA) profiles were probed in acetonitrile solutions at room temperature for all of the complexes. Except for complex 5 (which showed dppn-localized 3π,π* absorption with a long lifetime of 41.2 μs), complexes 1-4 displayed similar TA spectral features but with much shorter triplet lifetimes (1-2 μs). Reverse saturable absorption (RSA) was demonstrated for the complexes at 532 nm using 4.1 ns laser pulses, and the strength of RSA decreased in the order: 2 ≥ 1 ≈ 5 > 3 > 4. Complex 5 is particularly attractive as a broadband reverse saturable absorber due to its wide optical window (430-850 nm) and long-lived triplet lifetime in addition to its strong RSA at 532 nm. Complexes 1-5 were also probed as photosensitizing agents for in vitro photodynamic therapy (PDT). Most of them showed a PDT effect, and 5 emerged as the most potent complex with red light (EC50 = 10 μM) and was highly photoselective for melanoma cells (selectivity factor, SF = 13). Complexes 1-5 were readily taken up by cells and tracked by their intracellular luminescence before and after a light treatment. Diagnostic intracellular luminescence increased with increased π-conjugation of the ancillary N^N ligands despite diminishing cell-free phosphorescence in that order. All of the complexes penetrated the nucleus and caused DNA condensation in cell-free conditions in a concentration-dependent manner, which was not influenced by the identity of N^N ligands. Although the mechanism for photobiological activity was not established, complexes 1-5 were shown to exhibit potential as theranostic agents. Together the RSA and PDT studies indicate that developing new agents with long intrinsic triplet lifetimes, high yields for triplet formation, and broad ground-state absorption to near-infrared (NIR) in tandem is a viable approach to identifying promising agents for these applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Huimin Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Acadia University , 6 University Avenue, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - Mohammed A Jabed
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Marc Hetu
- Department of Chemistry, Acadia University , 6 University Avenue, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - Chengzhe Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Susan Monro
- Department of Chemistry, Acadia University , 6 University Avenue, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - Xiaolin Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Svetlana Kilina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Sherri A McFarland
- Department of Chemistry, Acadia University , 6 University Avenue, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro, North Carolina 27402-6170, United States
| | - Wenfang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
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16
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Wei D, Kodikara MS, Morshedi M, Moxey GJ, Wang H, Wang G, Quintana C, Zhang C, Stranger R, Cifuentes MP, Humphrey MG. Syntheses and Optical Properties of Azo‐Functionalized Ruthenium Alkynyl Complexes. Chempluschem 2016; 81:621-628. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201600222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dilan Wei
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu Province 214122 P. R. China
| | - Mahesh S. Kodikara
- Research School of Chemistry Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Mahbod Morshedi
- Research School of Chemistry Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Graeme J. Moxey
- Research School of Chemistry Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Huan Wang
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu Province 214122 P. R. China
| | - Genmiao Wang
- Research School of Chemistry Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Cristóbal Quintana
- Research School of Chemistry Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Chi Zhang
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu Province 214122 P. R. China
| | - Rob Stranger
- Research School of Chemistry Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Marie P. Cifuentes
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu Province 214122 P. R. China
- Research School of Chemistry Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Mark G. Humphrey
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu Province 214122 P. R. China
- Research School of Chemistry Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
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17
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Li Z, Li H, Gifford BJ, Peiris WDN, Kilina S, Sun W. Synthesis, photophysics, and reverse saturable absorption of 7-(benzothiazol-2-yl)-9,9-di(2-ethylhexyl)-9H-fluoren-2-yl tethered [Ir(bpy)(ppy)2]PF6 and Ir(ppy)3 complexes (bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine, ppy = 2-phenylpyridine). RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra20084a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Both the charges and benzothiazolylfluorenyl pendant on the 2-phenylpyridine ligand influence the photophysics and reverse saturable absorption of Ir(iii) complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjing Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- North Dakota State University
- Fargo
- USA
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- North Dakota State University
- Fargo
- USA
| | - Brendan J. Gifford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- North Dakota State University
- Fargo
- USA
| | | | - Svetlana Kilina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- North Dakota State University
- Fargo
- USA
| | - Wenfang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- North Dakota State University
- Fargo
- USA
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