1
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Michel E, Grieser FF, Mackenroth AV, Schukin M, Krämer P, Tahir S, Rominger F, Rudolph M, Hashmi ASK. Light-Induced Metal-Free Generation of Cyanocarbenes from Alkynyl Triazenes for the Synthesis of Nitrile Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309274. [PMID: 37515774 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
The chemistry of alkynyl triazenes is an emerging field for organic chemists and especially acid-induced nucleophilic functionalizations, either directly, or after a prior reaction towards aromatic triazenes under extrusion of nitrogen, paved the way for fruitful strategies. In contrast, the chemical behavior of alkynyl triazenes upon irradiation with light is still unknown. Herein we present the first photoactivation of alkynyl triazenes that triggers an uncommon reactivity pattern involving the cleavage of the N1-N2 bond of the triazene moiety resulting in a unique approach to cyanocarbenes from a readily available, stable, and insensitive precursor. This allows to access various nitrile compounds without the use of a toxic cyanating agent by exploiting the reactivity pattern of carbenes. By variation of the reaction conditions and light sources, different substitution patterns can be obtained selectively in good yields under mild and metal-free conditions, thus introducing the alkynyl triazene unit as a photo accessible methylene nitrile synthon. Using this synthon, subclasses like α-alkoxynitriles, α-aminonitriles and α-cyanohydrazones become easily available. These exhibit synthetically valuable substitution patterns for the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, intermediates for total synthesis and amino acid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Michel
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fabian F Grieser
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexandra V Mackenroth
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Schukin
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Petra Krämer
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Shaista Tahir
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Rudolph
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A Stephen K Hashmi
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Xiao MY, Zheng MM, Peng X, Xue XS, Zhang FG, Ma JA. Catalytic Direct Construction of Cyano-tetrazoles. Org Lett 2020; 22:7762-7767. [PMID: 32966087 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cyano-tetrazole is the first reported compound that bears four nitrogen atoms in a single five-membered ring. This unique molecular scaffold has long been ignored after its discovery in 1885, mainly attributed to the scarcity of available synthetic methods. Indeed, the most popular approach to tetrazoles (that is the cycloaddition reaction between nitriles and azides) has inevitably excluded the possibility of introducing valuable cyano groups to decorate the final heterocyclic cores. Here, we describe a completely different disconnection strategy to the long time-pursued cyano-tetrazoles via a simple, direct, and practical cycloaddition transformation between readily accessible aryl diazonium salts and diazoacetonitrile. This method provides both regioisomers of disubstituted tetrazoles from the same set of starting materials in a metal cation controlled fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yang Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), and Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China.,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, P.R. China
| | - Meng-Meng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
| | - Xing Peng
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), and Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China.,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Song Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
| | - Fa-Guang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), and Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China.,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, P.R. China
| | - Jun-An Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), and Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China.,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
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3
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Song G, Li Z. One-Pot Multi-Component Synthesis of Triarylacrylonitriles Directly by Using CaC2
as a Concise Acetylene Source and K4
[Fe(CN)6
] as an Eco-Friendly Cyanide Source. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201701711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Geyang Song
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Northwest Normal University; 730070 Lanzhou Gansu People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Northwest Normal University; 730070 Lanzhou Gansu People's Republic of China
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4
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Fiedler B, Himmel D, Krossing I, Friedrich J. More Stable Template Localization for an Incremental Focal-Point Approach—Implementation and Application to the Intramolecular Decomposition of Tris-perfluoro- tert-butoxyalane. J Chem Theory Comput 2018; 14:557-571. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.7b00707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Fiedler
- Institut
für Chemie, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Daniel Himmel
- Institut
für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut
für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Joachim Friedrich
- Institut
für Chemie, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
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5
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Al-Huniti MH, Sullivan ZB, Stanley JL, Carson JA, Hyatt IFD, Hairston AC, Croatt MP. Hypervalent Iodonium Alkynyl Triflate Generated Phenylcyanocarbene and Its Reactivity with Aromatic Systems. J Org Chem 2017; 82:11772-11780. [PMID: 28841312 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Phenylcyanocarbene was generated by the reaction of azide with a hypervalent iodonium alkynyl triflate and reacted in situ with 21 different carbocyclic and heterocyclic aromatic compounds. These reactions led to more complex products that frequently underwent subsequent rearrangements. The reactivity was further explored in a mechanistic study to ascertain the chemoselectivity and stereospecificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed H Al-Huniti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro , 435 Sullivan Science Building, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, United States
| | - Zachary B Sullivan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro , 435 Sullivan Science Building, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, United States
| | - Jarrod L Stanley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro , 435 Sullivan Science Building, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, United States
| | - James A Carson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro , 435 Sullivan Science Building, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, United States
| | - I F Dempsey Hyatt
- Department of Chemistry, Adelphi University , 1 South Avenue, Garden City, New York 11530, United States
| | - A Christina Hairston
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro , 435 Sullivan Science Building, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, United States
| | - Mitchell P Croatt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro , 435 Sullivan Science Building, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, United States
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6
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Synthesis, Characterization and Reactions of (Azidoethynyl)trimethylsilane. Molecules 2015; 20:21328-35. [PMID: 26633330 PMCID: PMC6332308 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201219770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthesis of azido(trimethylsilyl)acetylene (6) was performed by treating the iodonium salt 5 with highly soluble hexadecyltributylphosphonium azide (QN3) at −40 °C. Although this product is very unstable, it can nevertheless be trapped by the click reaction with cyclooctyne to give the corresponding 1,2,3-triazole, and also directly characterized by 1H- and 13C-NMR data as well as IR-spectra, which were measured in solution at low temperature and in the gas phase. The thermal or photochemical decay of azide 6 leads to cyano(trimethylsilyl)carbene. This is demonstrated not only by quantum chemical calculations, but also by the trapping reactions with the help of isobutene.
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