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Paurević M, Maršavelski A, Ivanković S, Stojković R, Ribić R. Di-mannosylation enhances the adjuvant properties of adamantane-containing desmuramyl peptides in vivo. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:6506-6519. [PMID: 38884368 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00592a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Muramyl dipeptide (MDP) is the smallest essential peptidoglycan substructure capable of promoting both innate and adaptive immune responses. Herein, we report on the design, synthesis, and in vivo study of the adjuvant properties of two novel MDP analogs containing an achiral adamantyl moiety attached to the desmuramyl dipeptide (DMP) pharmacophore and additionally modified by one mannosyl subunit (derivative 7) or two mannosyl subunits (derivative 11). Mannose substructures were introduced in order to assess how the degree of mannosylation affects the immune response and nucleotide-binding oligomerization-domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2) binding affinity, compared to the reference compound ManAdDMP. Both mannosylated MDP analogs showed improved immunomodulating properties, while the di-mannosylated derivative 11 displayed the highest, statistically significant increase in anti-OVA IgG production. In this study, for the first time, the di-mannosylated DMP derivative was synthesized and immunologically evaluated. Derivative 11 stimulates a Th-2-polarized type of immune reaction, similar to the reference compound ManAdDMP and MDP. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations demonstrate that 11 has a higher NOD2 binding affinity than 7, indicating that introducing the second mannose significantly contributes to the binding affinity. Mannose interacts with key amino acid residues from the LRR hydrophobic pocket of the NOD2 receptor and loop 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Paurević
- Department of Chemistry, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia.
| | - Aleksandra Maršavelski
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Siniša Ivanković
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Ranko Stojković
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Rosana Ribić
- University Center Varaždin, University North, HR-42000 Varaždin, Croatia.
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2
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Kamboj A, Patil MT, Petrovsky N, Salunke DB. Structure-activity relationship in NOD2 agonistic muramyl dipeptides. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 271:116439. [PMID: 38691886 PMCID: PMC11099613 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) is a receptor of the innate immune system that is capable of perceiving bacterial and viral infections. Muramyl dipeptide (MDP, N-acetyl muramyl L-alanyl-d-isoglutamine), identified as the minimal immunologically active component of bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan (PGN) is recognized by NOD2. In terms of biological activities, MDP demonstrated vaccine adjuvant activity and stimulated non-specific protection against bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections and cancer. However, MDP has certain drawbacks including pyrogenicity, rapid elimination, and lack of oral bioavailability. Several detailed structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies around MDP scaffolds are being carried out to identify better NOD2 ligands. The present review elaborates a comprehensive SAR summarizing structural aspects of MDP derivatives in relation to NOD2 agonistic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarzoo Kamboj
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Madhuri T Patil
- Department of Chemistry, Mehr Chand Mahajan DAV College for Women, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, Warradale, Australia; Australian Respiratory and Sleep Medicine Institute, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia.
| | - Deepak B Salunke
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India; National Interdisciplinary Centre of Vaccine, Immunotherapeutics and Antimicrobials, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
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3
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Greenblatt CL, Lathe R. Vaccines and Dementia: Part I. Non-Specific Immune Boosting with BCG: History, Ligands, and Receptors. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 98:343-360. [PMID: 38393912 DOI: 10.3233/jad-231315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Vaccines such as Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) can apparently defer dementia onset with an efficacy better than all drugs known to date, as initially reported by Gofrit et al. (PLoS One14, e0224433), now confirmed by other studies. Understanding how and why is of immense importance because it could represent a sea-change in how we manage patients with mild cognitive impairment through to dementia. Given that infection and/or inflammation are likely to contribute to the development of dementias such as Alzheimer's disease (Part II of this work), we provide a historical and molecular background to how vaccines, adjuvants, and their component molecules can elicit broad-spectrum protective effects against diverse agents. We review early studies in which poxvirus, herpes virus, and tuberculosis (TB) infections afford cross-protection against unrelated pathogens, a concept known as 'trained immunity'. We then focus on the attenuated TB vaccine, BCG, that was introduced to protect against the causative agent of TB, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We trace the development of BCG in the 1920 s through to the discovery, by Freund and McDermott in the 1940 s, that extracts of mycobacteria can themselves exert potent immunostimulating (adjuvant) activity; Freund's complete adjuvant based on mycobacteria remains the most potent immunopotentiator reported to date. We then discuss whether the beneficial effects of BCG require long-term persistence of live bacteria, before focusing on the specific mycobacterial molecules, notably muramyl dipeptides, that mediate immunopotentiation, as well as the receptors involved. Part II addresses evidence that immunopotentiation by BCG and other vaccines can protect against dementia development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles L Greenblatt
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Richard Lathe
- Division of Infection Medicine, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, UK
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4
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Mhamane TB, Sambyal S, Vemireddy S, Paturu RSR, Katragadda SB, Syed S, Khan A, Halmuthur M SK. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel lipophilic 2, 5-disubstituted tetrazole analogues of muramyl dipeptide as NOD2 agonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 88-89:117296. [PMID: 37207469 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A focused library of six new 2, 5-disubstituted tetrazole (2, 5-DST) analogues of N-acetylmuramyl-l-alanyl-d-isoglutamine (MDP) as potential immunomodulators were synthesized by the bioisosteric replacement of α-amide of d-isoglutamine with 5-substituted tetrazole (5-ST). Another parameter 'lipophilicity' was also considered to improve the pharmacological properties of MDP through the alkylation of 5-substituted tetrazole during synthesis. In total, six 2, 5-DST analogues of MDP were synthesized and bio-evaluated for the study of human NOD2 stimulation activity in the innate immune response. Interestingly, among the varied lengths of the alkyl chain in 2, 5-disubstituted tetrazole derivatives, the tetrazole analogues 12b bearing the -Butyl (C4) and 12c having -Octyl (C8) chain showed the best NOD2 stimulation potency equivalent with reference compound MDP. These analogues were evaluated for their adjuvanticity against dengue antigen and analogues 12b and 12c have elicited a potent humoral and cell mediated response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tukaram B Mhamane
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, OSPC Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201 002, India
| | - Shainy Sambyal
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, OSPC Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201 002, India
| | - Sravanthi Vemireddy
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, OSPC Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Rama Subba Reddy Paturu
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, OSPC Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201 002, India
| | - Suresh Babu Katragadda
- Center for Natural Products and Traditional Knowledge, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Shafi Syed
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Arif Khan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Sampath Kumar Halmuthur M
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, OSPC Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201 002, India.
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5
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Vacariu CM, Tanner ME. Recent Advances in the Synthesis and Biological Applications of Peptidoglycan Fragments. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200788. [PMID: 35560956 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The biosynthesis, breakdown, and modification of peptidoglycan (PG) play vital roles in both bacterial viability and in the response of human physiology to bacterial infection. Studies on PG biochemistry are hampered by the fact that PG is an inhomogeneous insoluble macromolecule. Chemical synthesis is therefore an important means to obtain PG fragments that may serve as enzyme substrates and elicitors of the human immune response. This review outlines the recent advances in the synthesis and biochemical studies of PG fragments, PG biosynthetic intermediates (such as Park's nucleotides and PG lipids), and PG breakdown products (such as muramyl dipeptides and anhydro-muramic acid-containing fragments). A rich variety of synthetic approaches has been applied to preparing such compounds since carbohydrate, peptide, and phospholipid chemical methodologies must all be applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Condurache M Vacariu
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Martin E Tanner
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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6
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Guo CW, Chen KT, You TY, Lin CC, Cheng WC. Synthesis and Evaluation of Diverse N-Substituted Disaccharide Dipeptides for Human NOD2 Stimulation Activity. Chem Asian J 2021; 17:e202101169. [PMID: 34951523 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202101169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A new strategy for the preparation of distinct N -substituted muropeptides is described. Different orthogonally N -protected disaccharide thioglycosides were designed and synthesized. Among them, compound 4 , qualified as a key intermediate, was utilized for further chemical transformations to develop a series of diverse N -substituted-glucosaminyl N -substituted-muramyl dipeptides (GMDPs). These unique muropeptides were applied for the study of human NOD2 stimulation. Intriguingly, structural modification of the MurNAc residue to N -non-substituted muramic acid (MurNH 2 ) in GMDP dramatically impaired NOD2 stimulatory activity, but GMDPs possessing the glucosamine residue with a free amino group retained NOD2 stimulation activity. This work is the first study to illustrate the impact of both N -substituents of GMDPs on immunostimulatory activities of human NOD2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Wei Guo
- Academia Sinica, Genomics Research Center, 128 Sec. 2, Academia Road, Nankang, 11529, Taipei, TAIWAN
| | - Kuo-Ting Chen
- National Dong Hwa University, Department of Chemistry, 1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Road, Shoufeng, 974301, Hualien, TAIWAN
| | - Ting-Yun You
- Academia Sinica, Genomics Research Center, 128 Sec. 2, Academia Road, Nankang, 11529, Taipei, TAIWAN
| | - Chun-Cheng Lin
- National Tsing Hua University, Department of Chemistry, 101, Sec. 2, Kuang-Fu Road, 300044, Hsinchu, TAIWAN
| | - Wei-Chieh Cheng
- Academia sinica, Genomics research center, 128, Academia road, sec 2,, 115, Taipei, TAIWAN
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7
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Brown AR, Wodzanowski KA, Santiago CC, Hyland SN, Follmar JL, Asare-Okai P, Grimes CL. Protected N-Acetyl Muramic Acid Probes Improve Bacterial Peptidoglycan Incorporation via Metabolic Labeling. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:1908-1916. [PMID: 34506714 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic glycan probes have emerged as an excellent tool to investigate vital questions in biology. Recently, methodology to incorporate metabolic bacterial glycan probes into the cell wall of a variety of bacterial species has been developed. In order to improve this method, a scalable synthesis of the peptidoglycan precursors is developed here, allowing for access to essential peptidoglycan immunological fragments and cell wall building blocks. The question was asked if masking polar groups of the glycan probe would increase overall incorporation, a common strategy exploited in mammalian glycobiology. Here, we show, through cellular assays, that E. coli do not utilize peracetylated peptidoglycan substrates but do employ methyl esters. The 10-fold improvement of probe utilization indicates that (i) masking the carboxylic acid is favorable for transport and (ii) bacterial esterases are capable of removing the methyl ester for use in peptidoglycan biosynthesis. This investigation advances bacterial cell wall biology, offering a prescription on how to best deliver and utilize bacterial metabolic glycan probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley R. Brown
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Kimberly A. Wodzanowski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Cintia C. Santiago
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Stephen N. Hyland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Julianna L. Follmar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - PapaNii Asare-Okai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Catherine Leimkuhler Grimes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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8
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Maršavelski A, Paurević M, Ribić R. Mannosylated adamantane-containing desmuramyl peptide recognition by the NOD2 receptor: a molecular dynamics study. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:7001-7012. [PMID: 34095941 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00679g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) is an intracellular receptor that recognizes the bacterial peptidoglycan fragment muramyl dipeptide (MDP). Our group has synthesized and biologically evaluated desmuramyl peptides containing adamantane and its mannose derivatives. The most active mannosylated derivative, ManAdDMP (Man-OCH2-d-(1-Ad)Gly-l-Ala-d-isoGln), is further characterized in silico in this study. We built intact model structures of the rabbit NOD2 protein, whose crystal structure lacks seven loops, and explored the binding of ManAdDMP. Two main binding sites for ManAdDMP are located within the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) and C-terminal leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domains. Our analysis shows that the dipeptide isoGln moiety of ManAdDMP significantly contributes to the binding, whereas the mannose moiety interacts with modelled loop 7, which is a part of the NOD helical domain 2. The presented results point to the importance of loops 2 and 7 in ligand recognition that could be useful for further investigation of NOD2 activation/inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Maršavelski
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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9
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Cheng WC, Liu WJ, Hu KH, Tan YL, Lin YT, Chen WA, Lo LC. Rapid Synthesis of a Natural Product-Inspired Uridine Containing Library. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2020; 22:600-607. [PMID: 32833425 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.0c00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The preparation of natural product-inspired nucleoside analogs using solution-phase parallel synthesis is described. The key intermediates containing alkyne and N-protected amino moieties were developed to allow for further skeleton and substituent diversity using click chemistry and urea or amide bond formation. Rapid purification was accomplished using solid-phase extraction. The obtained library comprised 80 molecules incorporating two diversity positions and one chiral center, each of which was efficiently prepared in good purity and acceptable overall yield. A bacterial morphology study was also performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chieh Cheng
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 600, Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ju Liu
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Kung-Hsiang Hu
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yee-Ling Tan
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Ting Lin
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Wei-An Chen
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Lee-Chiang Lo
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
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10
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Mashayekh S, Bersch KL, Ramsey J, Harmon T, Prather B, Genova LA, Grimes CL. Synthesis of Bacterial-Derived Peptidoglycan Cross-Linked Fragments. J Org Chem 2020; 85:16243-16253. [PMID: 33108204 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan (PG) is the core structural motif of the bacterial cell wall. Fragments released from the PG serve as fundamental recognition elements for the immune system. The structure of the PG, however, encompasses a variety of chemical modifications among different bacterial species. Here, the applicability of organic synthetic methods to address this chemical diversity is explored, and the synthesis of cross-linked PG fragments, carrying biologically relevant amino acid modifications and peptide cross-linkages, is presented using solution and solid phase approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siavash Mashayekh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Klare L Bersch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Jared Ramsey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Thomas Harmon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Benjamin Prather
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Lauren A Genova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Catherine L Grimes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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11
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Juang YP, Liang PH. Biological and Pharmacological Effects of Synthetic Saponins. Molecules 2020; 25:E4974. [PMID: 33121124 PMCID: PMC7663351 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25214974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Saponins are amphiphilic molecules consisting of carbohydrate and either triterpenoid or steroid aglycone moieties and are noted for their multiple biological activities-Fungicidal, antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects have all been observed. Saponins from natural sources have long been used in herbal and traditional medicines; however, the isolation of complexed saponins from nature is difficult and laborious, due to the scarce amount and structure heterogeneity. Chemical synthesis is considered a powerful tool to expand the structural diversity of saponin, leading to the discovery of promising compounds. This review focuses on recent developments in the structure optimization and biological evaluation of synthetic triterpenoid and steroid saponin derivatives. By summarizing the structure-activity relationship (SAR) results, we hope to provide the direction for future development of saponin-based bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pi-Hui Liang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan;
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12
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Cheng WC, You TY, Teo ZZ, Sayyad AA, Maharana J, Guo CW, Liang PH, Lin CS, Meng FC. Further Insights on Structural Modifications of Muramyl Dipeptides to Study the Human NOD2 Stimulating Activity. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:3836-3844. [PMID: 32975372 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202001003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A series of muramyl dipeptide (MDP) analogues with structural modifications at the C4 position of MurNAc and on the d-iso-glutamine (isoGln) residue of the peptide part were synthesized. The C4-diversification of MurNAc was conveniently achieved by using CuAAC click strategy to conjugate an azido muramyl dipeptide precursor with structurally diverse alkynes. d-Glutamic acid (Glu), replaced with isoGln, was applied for the structural diversity through esterification or amidation of the carboxylic acid. In total, 26 MDP analogues were synthesized and bio-evaluated for the study of human NOD2 stimulation activity in the innate immune response. Interestingly, MDP derivatives with an ester moiety are found to be more potent than reference compound MDP itself or MDP analogues containing an amide moiety. Among the varied lengths of the alkyl chain in ester derivatives, the MDP analogue bearing the d-glutamate dodecyl (C12) ester moiety showed the best NOD2 stimulation potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chieh Cheng
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road Sec. 2, Nangang District, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.,Department of Chemistry, National Cheng-Kung University, No.1, University Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.,Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, No. 300, Syuefu Road, Chiayi, 600, Taiwan.,Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, No.100, Shin-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yun You
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road Sec. 2, Nangang District, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Zhen-Zhuo Teo
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road Sec. 2, Nangang District, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.,School of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, No. 17, Xuzhou Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Ashik A Sayyad
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road Sec. 2, Nangang District, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Jitendra Maharana
- Institute of Biological Chemistry Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road Sec. 2, Nangang District, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.,Taiwan International Graduate Program (TIGP), Chemical biology and molecular Biophysics (CBMB), Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road Sec. 2, Nangang District, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.,Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Sec. 2, Guangfu Rd., Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wei Guo
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road Sec. 2, Nangang District, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Pi-Hui Liang
- School of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, No. 17, Xuzhou Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Shun Lin
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road Sec. 2, Nangang District, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Fan-Chun Meng
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road Sec. 2, Nangang District, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
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13
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Ribić R, Stojković R, Milković L, Antica M, Cigler M, Tomić S. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of immunostimulating mannosylated desmuramyl peptides. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:1805-1814. [PMID: 31467600 PMCID: PMC6693374 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Muramyl dipeptide is the minimal structure of peptidoglycan with adjuvant properties. Replacement of the N-acetylmuramyl moiety and increase of lipophilicity are important approaches in the preparation of muramyl dipeptide analogues with improved pharmacological properties. Mannose receptors present on immunocompetent cells are pattern-recognition receptors and by mannose ligands binding they affect the immune system. Here we present the design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel mannosylated desmuramyl peptide derivatives. Mannose was coupled to dipeptides containing a lipophilic adamantane on N- or C-terminus through a glycolyl or hydroxyisobutyryl linker. Adjuvant activities of synthesized compounds were investigated in the mouse model using ovalbumin as an antigen. Their activities were compared to the previously described mannosylated adamantane-containing desmuramyl peptide and peptidoglycan monomer. Tested compounds exhibited adjuvant activity and the strongest enhancement of IgG production was stimulated by compound 21 (Man-OCH2-ᴅ-(1-Ad)Gly-ʟ-Ala-ᴅ-isoGln).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosana Ribić
- University Center Varaždin, University North, Jurja Križanića 31b, HR-42000 Varaždin, Croatia
| | - Ranko Stojković
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lidija Milković
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Marko Cigler
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Srđanka Tomić
- Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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D'Ambrosio EA, Drake WR, Mashayekh S, Ukaegbu OI, Brown AR, Grimes CL. Modulation of the NOD-like receptors NOD1 and NOD2: A chemist's perspective. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:1153-1161. [PMID: 30890292 PMCID: PMC7679954 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system is the body's first defense against invading microorganisms, relying on the recognition of bacterial-derived small molecules by host protein receptors. This recognition event and downstream immune response rely heavily on the specific chemical features of both the innate immune receptors and their bacterial derived ligands. This review presents a chemist's perspective on some of the most crucial and complex components of two receptors (NOD1 and NOD2): starting from the structural and chemical characteristics of bacterial-derived small molecules, to the specific proposed models of molecular recognition of these molecules by immune receptors, to the subsequent post-translational modifications that ultimately dictate downstream immune signaling. Recent advances in the field are discussed, as well as the potential for the development of targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Walter R Drake
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Siavash Mashayekh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Ophelia I Ukaegbu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Ashley R Brown
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Catherine L Grimes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
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15
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Lazor KM, Zhou J, DeMeester KE, D'Ambrosio EA, Grimes CL. Synthesis and Application of Methyl N,O-Hydroxylamine Muramyl Peptides. Chembiochem 2019; 20:1369-1375. [PMID: 30672111 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune system's interaction with bacterial cells plays a pivotal role in a variety of human diseases. Carbohydrate units derived from a component of bacterial cell wall, peptidoglycan (PG), are known to stimulate an immune response. Nonetheless, access to modified late-stage peptidoglycan intermediates is limited due to their synthetic complexity. A method to rapidly functionalize PG fragments is needed to better understand the natural host-PG interactions. Here methyl N,O-hydroxylamine linkers are incorporated onto a synthetic PG derivative, muramyl dipeptide (MDP). The modification of MDP maintained the ability to stimulate a nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) immune response dependent on the expression of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (Nod2). Intrigued by this modification's maintenance of biological activity, several applications were explored. Methyl N,O-hydroxylamine MDP was amendable to N-hydroxylsuccinimide (NHS) chemistry for bioconjugation to fluorophores as well as a self-assembled monolayer for Nod2 surface plasmon resonance analysis. Finally, linker incorporation was applicable to larger PG fragments, both enzymatically generated from Escherichia coli or chemically synthesized. This methodology provides rapid access to PG probes in one step and allows for the installation of a variety of chemical handles to advance the molecular understanding of PG and the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klare M Lazor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, 140 Brown Lab, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Junhui Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, 140 Brown Lab, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Kristen E DeMeester
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, 140 Brown Lab, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Elizabeth A D'Ambrosio
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, 140 Brown Lab, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Catherine L Grimes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, 140 Brown Lab, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, 140 Brown Lab, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
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16
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Knilans KJ, Hackett KT, Anderson JE, Weng C, Dillard JP, Duncan JA. Neisseria gonorrhoeae Lytic Transglycosylases LtgA and LtgD Reduce Host Innate Immune Signaling through TLR2 and NOD2. ACS Infect Dis 2017; 3:624-633. [PMID: 28585815 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.6b00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Neisseria gonorrhoeae releases anhydro peptidoglycan monomers during growth through the action of two lytic transglycosylases encoded in the N. gonorrhoeae genome, LtgA and LtgD. Because peptidoglycan and peptidoglycan components activate innate immune signaling, we hypothesized that the activity of LtgA and LtgD would influence the host responses to gonococcal infection. N. gonorrhoeae lacking LtgA and LtgD caused increased host production of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α. Culture supernatants from ΔltgA/ΔltgD N. gonorrhoeae contain more shed outer membrane-associated proteins and multimeric peptidoglycan fragments rather than monomers. These culture supernatants were more potent activators of host TLR2 and NOD2 signaling when compared to supernatants from the isogenic parental N. gonorrhoeae strain. Purified peptidoglycan monomers containing anhydro muramic acid produced by LtgA were poor stimulators of NOD2, whereas peptidoglycan monomers containing reducing muramic acid produced by host lysozyme were potent stimulators of NOD2. These data indicate that LtgA and LtgD reduce recognition of N. gonorrhoeae by TLR2 and NOD2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla J. Knilans
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina—Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 4009 Genetic
Medicine Building, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7365, United States
| | - Kathleen T. Hackett
- Department
of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin—Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - James E. Anderson
- Division
of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina—Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Bioinformatics Building, 130 Mason
Farm Road, Chapel Hill, North
Carolina 27599-7030, United States
| | - Chengyu Weng
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina—Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 4009 Genetic
Medicine Building, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7365, United States
| | - Joseph P. Dillard
- Department
of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin—Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Joseph A. Duncan
- Division
of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina—Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Bioinformatics Building, 130 Mason
Farm Road, Chapel Hill, North
Carolina 27599-7030, United States
- Lineberger
Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina—Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 450 West Drive, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7295, United States
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17
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Understanding the molecular differential recognition of muramyl peptide ligands by LRR domains of human NOD receptors. Biochem J 2017; 474:2691-2711. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Human nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain proteins, hNOD1 and hNOD2, are host intracellular receptors with C-terminal leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domains, which recognize specific bacterial peptidoglycan (PG) fragments as their ligands. The specificity of this recognition is dependent on the third amino acid of the stem peptide of the PG ligand, which is usually meso-diaminopimelic acid (mesoDAP) or l-lysine (l-Lys). Since the LRR domains of hNOD receptors had been experimentally shown to confer the PG ligand-sensing specificity, we developed three-dimensional structures of hNOD1-LRR and the hNOD2-LRR to understand the mechanism of differential recognition of muramyl peptide ligands by hNOD receptors. The hNOD1-LRR and hNOD2-LRR receptor models exhibited right-handed curved solenoid shape. The hot-spot residues experimentally proved to be critical for ligand recognition were located in the concavity of the NOD-LRR and formed the recognition site. Our molecular docking analyses and molecular electrostatic potential mapping studies explain the activation of hNOD-LRRs, in response to effective molecular interactions of PG ligands at the recognition site; and conversely, the inability of certain PG ligands to activate hNOD-LRRs, by deviations from the recognition site. Based on molecular docking studies using PG ligands, we propose few residues — G825, D826 and N850 in hNOD1-LRR and L904, G905, W931, L932 and S933 in hNOD2-LRR, evolutionarily conserved across different host species, which may play a major role in ligand recognition. Thus, our integrated experimental and computational approach elucidates the molecular basis underlying the differential recognition of PG ligands by hNOD receptors.
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18
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Lin CK, Hou CC, Guo YY, Cheng WC. Design and Synthesis of Orthogonally Protected d- and l-β-Hydroxyenduracididines from d-lyxono-1,4-Lactone. Org Lett 2016; 18:5216-5219. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b02444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Kun Lin
- Genomics
Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Chien Hou
- Genomics
Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Yong Guo
- Genomics
Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chieh Cheng
- Genomics
Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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Human NOD2 Recognizes Structurally Unique Muramyl Dipeptides from Mycobacterium leprae. Infect Immun 2016; 84:2429-38. [PMID: 27297389 PMCID: PMC4995902 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00334-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system recognizes microbial pathogens via pattern recognition receptors. One such receptor, NOD2, via recognition of muramyl dipeptide (MDP), triggers a distinct network of innate immune responses, including the production of interleukin-32 (IL-32), which leads to the differentiation of monocytes into dendritic cells (DC). NOD2 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of human leprosy, yet it is not clear whether Mycobacterium leprae, which has a distinct MDP structure, can activate this pathway. We investigated the effect of MDP structure on the innate immune response, finding that infection of monocytes with M. leprae induces IL-32 and DC differentiation in a NOD2-dependent manner. The presence of the proximal l-Ala instead of Gly in the common configuration of the peptide side chain of M. leprae did not affect recognition by NOD2 or cytokine production. Furthermore, amidation of the d-Glu residue did not alter NOD2 activation. These data provide experimental evidence that NOD2 recognizes naturally occurring structural variants of MDP.
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20
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Lin CK, Yun WY, Lin LT, Cheng WC. A concise approach to the synthesis of the uniqueN-mannosyld-β-hydroxyenduracididine moiety in the mannopeptimycin series of natural products. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:4054-60. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00644b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The asymmetric synthesis of the orthogonally protectedN-mannosyld-β-hydroxyenduracididine (N-Man-d-βhEnd) is described, starting from enantiopure silylated (S)-serinol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wen-Yi Yun
- Genomics Research Center
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei
- Taiwan
| | - Lin-Ting Lin
- Department of Chemistry
- National Cheng Kung University
- Tainan City
- Taiwan
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