1
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Gupta S, Nielsen HH, Thiel AM, Klahn EA, Feng E, Cao HB, Hansen TC, Lelièvre-Berna E, Gukasov A, Kibalin I, Dechert S, Demeshko S, Overgaard J, Meyer F. Multi-Technique Experimental Benchmarking of the Local Magnetic Anisotropy of a Cobalt(II) Single-Ion Magnet. JACS AU 2023; 3:429-440. [PMID: 36873706 PMCID: PMC9975825 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive understanding of the ligand field and its influence on the degeneracy and population of d-orbitals in a specific coordination environment are crucial for the rational design and enhancement of magnetic anisotropy of single-ion magnets (SIMs). Herein, we report the synthesis and comprehensive magnetic characterization of a highly anisotropic CoII SIM, [L2Co](TBA)2 (L is an N,N'-chelating oxanilido ligand), that is stable under ambient conditions. Dynamic magnetization measurements show that this SIM exhibits a large energy barrier to spin reversal U eff > 300 K and magnetic blocking up to 3.5 K, and the property is retained in a frozen solution. Low-temperature single-crystal synchrotron X-ray diffraction used to determine the experimental electron density gave access to Co d-orbital populations and a derived U eff, 261 cm-1, when the coupling between the d x 2 - y 2 and dxy orbitals is taken into account, in very good agreement with ab initio calculations and superconducting quantum interference device results. Powder and single-crystal polarized neutron diffraction (PNPD, PND) have been used to quantify the magnetic anisotropy via the atomic susceptibility tensor, revealing that the easy axis of magnetization is pointing along the N-Co-N' bisectors of the N,N'-chelating ligands (3.4° offset), close to the molecular axis, in good agreement with complete active space self-consistent field/N-electron valence perturbation theory to second order ab initio calculations. This study provides benchmarking for two methods, PNPD and single-crystal PND, on the same 3d SIM, and key benchmarking for current theoretical methods to determine local magnetic anisotropy parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep
K. Gupta
- Universität
Göttingen, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Tammannstraße 4, D-37077Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hannah H. Nielsen
- Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Andreas M. Thiel
- Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Emil A. Klahn
- Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Erxi Feng
- Neutron
Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee37831, United States
| | - Huibo B. Cao
- Neutron
Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee37831, United States
| | - Thomas C. Hansen
- Institut
Laue-Langevin (ILL), 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38042Grenoble, France
| | | | - Arsen Gukasov
- Laboratoire
Léon Brillouin (LLB), CEA CE de Saclay, Gif sur Yvette91191, France
| | - Iurii Kibalin
- Laboratoire
Léon Brillouin (LLB), CEA CE de Saclay, Gif sur Yvette91191, France
| | - Sebastian Dechert
- Universität
Göttingen, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Tammannstraße 4, D-37077Göttingen, Germany
| | - Serhiy Demeshko
- Universität
Göttingen, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Tammannstraße 4, D-37077Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jacob Overgaard
- Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Franc Meyer
- Universität
Göttingen, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Tammannstraße 4, D-37077Göttingen, Germany
- Universität
Göttingen, International Center for Advanced Studies of Energy
Conversion (ICASEC), Tammannstraße 6, D-37077Göttingen, Germany
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2
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Ince R, Doudouh A, Claiser N, Furet É, Guizouarn T, Le Pollès L, Kervern G. Determining Local Magnetic Susceptibility Tensors in Paramagnetic Lanthanide Crystalline Powders from Solid-State NMR Chemical Shift Anisotropies. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:1547-1554. [PMID: 36744789 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c06955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Exploring magnetic properties at the molecular level is a challenge that has been met by developing many experimental and theoretical solutions, such as polarized neutron diffraction (PND), muon-spin rotation (μ-SR), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), SQUID-based magnetometry measurements, and advanced modeling on open-shell systems and relativistic calculations. These methods are powerful tools that shed light on the local magnetic response in specifically designed magnetic materials such as contrast agents, for MRI, molecular magnets, magnetic tags for biological NMR, etc. All of these methods have their advantages and disadvantages. In order to complement the possibilities offered by these methods, we propose a new tool that implements a new approach combining simulation and fitting for high-resolution solid-state NMR spectra of lanthanide-based paramagnetic species. This method relies on a rigorous acquisition thanks to short high-power adiabatic pulses (SHAP) of high-resolution solid-state NMR isotropic and anisotropic data on a powdered magnetic material. It is also based on an efficient modeling of this data thanks to a semiempirical model based on a parametrization of the local magnetism and the crystal structure provided by diffraction methods. The efficiency of the calculation relies on a thorough simplification of the electron-nucleus interactions (point-dipole interaction, no Fermi contact) which is validated by experimental analysis. By taking advantage of the efficient calculation possibilities offered by our method, we can compare a great number of simulated spectra to experimental data and find the best-matching local magnetic susceptibility tensor. This method was applied to a series of isostructural lanthanide oxalates which are used as a benchmark system for many analytical methods. We present the results of thorough solid-state NMR and extensive modeling of the hyperfine interaction (including up to 400 paramagnetic centers) that yield local magnetic susceptibility tensor measurements that are self-consistent as well as consistent with bulk susceptibility measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ridvan Ince
- Université de Lorraine, UMR 7036 (UL-CNRS) CRM2, BP 70239 Boulevard des Aiguillettes, F 54506Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Abdelatif Doudouh
- Université de Lorraine, UMR 7036 (UL-CNRS) CRM2, BP 70239 Boulevard des Aiguillettes, F 54506Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Nicolas Claiser
- Université de Lorraine, UMR 7036 (UL-CNRS) CRM2, BP 70239 Boulevard des Aiguillettes, F 54506Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Éric Furet
- ENSCR, UMR 6226 (UL-CNRS) École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, Campus de Beaulieu - Bâtiment 10B, F 35042Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Thierry Guizouarn
- ISCR, UMR 6226 (UL-CNRS) Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu - Bâtiment 10B, F 35042Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Laurent Le Pollès
- ENSCR, UMR 6226 (UL-CNRS) École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, Campus de Beaulieu - Bâtiment 10B, F 35042Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Gwendal Kervern
- Université de Lorraine, UMR 7036 (UL-CNRS) CRM2, BP 70239 Boulevard des Aiguillettes, F 54506Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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3
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Approaching the uniaxiality of magnetic anisotropy in single-molecule magnets. Sci China Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-022-1423-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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4
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Liu Y, Cao H, Rosenkranz S, Frost M, Huegle T, Lin JYY, Torres P, Stoica A, Chakoumakos BC. PIONEER, a high-resolution single-crystal polarized neutron diffractometer. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:073901. [PMID: 35922293 DOI: 10.1063/5.0089524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
PIONEER is a high Q-resolution, single-crystal, polarized neutron diffractometer at the Second Target Station (STS), Oak Ridge National Laboratory. It will provide the unprecedented capability of measuring tiny crystals (0.001 mm3, i.e., x-ray diffraction size), ultra-thin films (10 nm thickness), and weak structural and magnetic transitions. PIONEER benefits from the increased peak brightness of STS cold-neutron sources and uses advanced Montel mirrors that are able to deliver a focused beam with a high brilliance transfer, a homogeneous profile, and a low background. Monte Carlo simulations suggest that the optimized instrument has a high theoretical peak brilliance of 2.9 × 1012 n cm-2 sr-1 Å-1 s-1 at 2.5 Å at the sample position, within a 5 × 5 mm2 region and a ±0.3° divergence range. The moderator-to-sample distance is 60 m, providing a nominal wavelength band of 4.3 Å with a wavelength resolution better than 0.2% in the wavelength range of 1.0-6.0 Å. PIONEER is capable of characterizing large-scale periodic structures up to 200 Å. With a sample-to-detector distance of 0.8 m, PIONEER accommodates various sample environments, including low/high temperature, high pressure, and high magnetic/electric field. A large cylindrical detector array (4.0 sr) with a radial collimator is planned to suppress the background scattering from sample environments. Bottom detector banks provide an additional 0.4 sr coverage or can be removed if needed to accommodate special sample environments. We present virtual experimental results to demonstrate the scientific performance of PIONEER in measuring tiny samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaohua Liu
- Second Target Station, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Huibo Cao
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Stephan Rosenkranz
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Matthew Frost
- Neutron Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Thomas Huegle
- Neutron Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Jiao Y Y Lin
- Second Target Station, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Peter Torres
- Second Target Station, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Alexandru Stoica
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Bryan C Chakoumakos
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
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5
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Structures of Dimer-of-Dimers Type Defect Cubane Tetranuclear Copper(II) Complexes with Novel Dinucleating Ligands. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27020576. [PMID: 35056892 PMCID: PMC8780986 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Only a limited number of multinucleating ligands can stably maintain multinuclear metal structures in aqueous solutions. In this study, a water-soluble dinucleating ligand, 2,6-bis{[N-(carboxylatomethyl)-N-methyl-amino]methyl}-4-methylphenolate ((sym-cmp)3−), was prepared and its copper(II) complexes were structurally characterized. Using the single-crystal X-ray diffraction method, their dimer-of-dimers type defect cubane tetranuclear copper(II) structures were characterized for [Cu4(sym-cmp)2Cl2(H2O)2] and [Cu4(sym-cmp)2(CH3O)2(CH3OH)2]. In the complexes, each copper(II) ion has a five-coordinate square-pyramidal coordination geometry. The coordination bond character was confirmed by the density functional theory (DFT) calculation on the basis of the crystal structure, whereby we found the bonding and anti-bonding molecular orbitals. From the cryomagnetic measurement and the magnetic analysis, overall antiferromagnetic interaction was observed, and this magnetic behavior is also explained by the DFT result. Judging from the molar conductance and the electronic spectra, the bridging chlorido ligand dissociates in water, but the dinuclear copper(II) structure was found to be maintained in an aqueous solution. In conclusion, the tetranuclear copper(II) structures were crystallographically characterized, and the dinuclear copper(II) structures were found to be stabilized even in an aqueous solution.
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6
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Polarized Neutron Diffraction: An Excellent Tool to Evidence the Magnetic Anisotropy—Structural Relationships in Molecules. MAGNETOCHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/magnetochemistry7120158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This publication reviews recent advances in polarized neutron diffraction (PND) studies of magnetic anisotropy in coordination compounds comprising d or f elements and having different nuclearities. All these studies illustrate the extent to which PND can provide precise and direct information on the relationship between molecular structure and the shape and axes of magnetic anisotropy of the individual metal sites. It makes this experimental technique (PND) an excellent tool to help in the design of molecular-based magnets and especially single-molecule magnets for which strong uniaxial magnetic anisotropy is required.
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7
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Klahn EA, Thiel AM, Degn RB, Kibalin I, Gukassov A, Wilson C, Canaj AB, Murrie M, Overgaard J. Magnetic anisotropies of Ho(III) and Dy(III) single-molecule magnets experimentally determined via polarized neutron diffraction. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:14207-14215. [PMID: 34550149 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01959g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We present the magnetic anisotropy of two isostructural pentagonal-bipyramidal complexes, [Ln(H2O)5(HMPA)2]I3·2HMPA (HMPA = hexamethylphosphoramide, Ln = Dy, Ho). Using ac magnetic susceptibility measurements, we find magnetic relaxation barriers of 600 K and 270 K for the Dy- and Ho-compounds, respectively. This difference is supported by polarized neutron diffraction (PND) measured at 5 K and 1 T which provides the first experimental evidence that the transverse elements in the magnetic anisotropy of the Ho-analogue are significant, whereas the Dy-analogue has a near-axial magnetic anisotropy with vanishing transverse contributions. The coordination geometries of the two complexes are highly similar, and we attribute the loss of strong magnetic axiality as expressed in the atomic susceptibility tensors from PND, as well as the smaller relaxation barrier in the Ho-complex compared to the Dy-complex, to the less favorable interaction of the pentagonal bipyramidal crystal field with the characteristics of the Ho(III) 4f-charge distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil A Klahn
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Andreas M Thiel
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Rasmus B Degn
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Iurii Kibalin
- Laboratoire Léon Brillouin, CEA-CNRS, CE-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Arsen Gukassov
- Laboratoire Léon Brillouin, CEA-CNRS, CE-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Claire Wilson
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - Angelos B Canaj
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - Mark Murrie
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - Jacob Overgaard
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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8
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Klahn EA, Damgaard-Møller E, Krause L, Kibalin I, Gukasov A, Tripathi S, Swain A, Shanmugam M, Overgaard J. Quantifying magnetic anisotropy using X-ray and neutron diffraction. IUCRJ 2021; 8:833-841. [PMID: 34584744 PMCID: PMC8420765 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252521008290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the magnetic anisotropy in two iso-structural distorted tetrahedral Co(II) complexes, CoX 2tmtu2 [X = Cl(1) and Br(2), tmtu = tetra-methyl-thio-urea] is investigated, using a combination of polarized neutron diffraction (PND), very low-temperature high-resolution synchrotron X-ray diffraction and CASSCF/NEVPT2 ab initio calculations. Here, it was found consistently among all methods that the compounds have an easy axis of magnetization pointing nearly along the bis-ector of the compression angle, with minute deviations between PND and theory. Importantly, this work represents the first derivation of the atomic susceptibility tensor based on powder PND for a single-molecule magnet and the comparison thereof with ab initio calculations and high-resolution X-ray diffraction. Theoretical ab initio ligand field theory (AILFT) analysis finds the d xy orbital to be stabilized relative to the d xz and d yz orbitals, thus providing the intuitive explanation for the presence of a negative zero-field splitting parameter, D, from coupling and thus mixing of d xy and . Experimental d-orbital populations support this interpretation, showing in addition that the metal-ligand covalency is larger for Br-ligated 2 than for Cl-ligated 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Andreasen Klahn
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
| | - Emil Damgaard-Møller
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
| | - Lennard Krause
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
| | - Iurii Kibalin
- LLB, CEA, CE de Saclay, Gif sur Yvette 91191, France
| | - Arsen Gukasov
- LLB, CEA, CE de Saclay, Gif sur Yvette 91191, France
| | - Shalini Tripathi
- Department of Chemistry, IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India
| | - Abinash Swain
- Department of Chemistry, IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India
| | | | - Jacob Overgaard
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
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9
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Ravera E, Gigli L, Suturina EA, Calderone V, Fragai M, Parigi G, Luchinat C. A High-Resolution View of the Coordination Environment in a Paramagnetic Metalloprotein from its Magnetic Properties. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:14960-14966. [PMID: 33595173 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202101149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Metalloproteins constitute a significant fraction of the proteome of all organisms and their characterization is critical for both basic sciences and biomedical applications. A large portion of metalloproteins bind paramagnetic metal ions, and paramagnetic NMR spectroscopy has been widely used in their structural characterization. However, the signals of nuclei in the immediate vicinity of the metal center are often broadened beyond detection. In this work, we show that it is possible to determine the coordination environment of the paramagnetic metal in the protein at a resolution inaccessible to other techniques. Taking the structure of a diamagnetic analogue as a starting point, a geometry optimization is carried out by fitting the pseudocontact shifts obtained from first principles quantum chemical calculations to the experimental ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Ravera
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, and Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metalloproteine (CIRMMP), Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Lucia Gigli
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, and Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metalloproteine (CIRMMP), Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | | | - Vito Calderone
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, and Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metalloproteine (CIRMMP), Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Marco Fragai
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, and Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metalloproteine (CIRMMP), Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Giacomo Parigi
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, and Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metalloproteine (CIRMMP), Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Claudio Luchinat
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, and Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metalloproteine (CIRMMP), Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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10
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Ravera E, Gigli L, Suturina EA, Calderone V, Fragai M, Parigi G, Luchinat C. A High‐Resolution View of the Coordination Environment in a Paramagnetic Metalloprotein from its Magnetic Properties. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202101149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Ravera
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) University of Florence, and Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metalloproteine (CIRMMP) Via L. Sacconi 6 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff” University of Florence Via della Lastruccia 3 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
| | - Lucia Gigli
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) University of Florence, and Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metalloproteine (CIRMMP) Via L. Sacconi 6 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff” University of Florence Via della Lastruccia 3 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
| | | | - Vito Calderone
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) University of Florence, and Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metalloproteine (CIRMMP) Via L. Sacconi 6 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff” University of Florence Via della Lastruccia 3 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
| | - Marco Fragai
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) University of Florence, and Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metalloproteine (CIRMMP) Via L. Sacconi 6 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff” University of Florence Via della Lastruccia 3 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
| | - Giacomo Parigi
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) University of Florence, and Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metalloproteine (CIRMMP) Via L. Sacconi 6 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff” University of Florence Via della Lastruccia 3 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
| | - Claudio Luchinat
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) University of Florence, and Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metalloproteine (CIRMMP) Via L. Sacconi 6 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff” University of Florence Via della Lastruccia 3 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
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11
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Hoch C. Syntheses and crystal structures of solvate complexes of alkaline earth and lanthanoid metal iodides with N,N-dimethylformamide. Z KRIST-CRYST MATER 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/zkri-2020-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The solvate complexes that can be obtained by either dissolving metal iodides in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) or by synthesising them in DMF have the general composition [M(DMF)
x
]I
y
. DMF shows to behave as simple monodentate ligand with low sterical impact, so that x in the composition follows the radius of M
y+. We present here the crystal structures of the alkaline earth and lanthanoid metal iodide complexes [Mg(DMF)6]I2, [Ca(DMF)6]I2, [Sr(DMF)7]I2, [Ba(DMF)8]I2, [La(DMF)9]I3, [Ln(DMF)8]I3 (isotypic series for Ln = Nd, Sm, Eu, Dy, Gd, Er, Yb and Lu) and for the tris-triiodide complex salt [Sc(DMF)6](I3)3. Their different crystal structure types can be compared on the basis of the packing topologies of the nearly spherical cationic entities which show simple sphere packing motifs.
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12
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Meng YS, Qiao YS, Yang MW, Xiong J, Liu T, Zhang YQ, Jiang SD, Wang BW, Gao S. Weak exchange coupling effects leading to fast magnetic relaxations in a trinuclear dysprosium single-molecule magnet. Inorg Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qi01252d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we investigated the magnetic anisotropy and the influence of weak exchange interactions on the magnetic relaxations of a triangular type dysprosium single-molecule magnet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Shan Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
| | - Yu-Sen Qiao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
- P. R. China
| | - Mu-Wen Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
- P. R. China
| | - Jin Xiong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
- P. R. China
| | - Tao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- P. R. China
| | - Yi-Quan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for NSLSCS
- School of Physical Science and Technology
- Nanjing Normal University
- Nanjing 210023
- P. R. China
| | - Shang-Da Jiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
- P. R. China
| | - Bing-Wu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
- P. R. China
| | - Song Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
- P. R. China
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13
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Guégan F, Jung J, Le Guennic B, Riobé F, Maury O, Gillon B, Jacquot JF, Guyot Y, Morell C, Luneau D. Evidencing under-barrier phenomena in a Yb(iii) SMM: a joint luminescence/neutron diffraction/SQUID study. Inorg Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qi00726a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis, spectroscopic and magnetic characterisation and ab initio investigation of a new Yb based complex, [YbTp2NO3], are reported and exploited to rationalise its field-induced SMM behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Guégan
- Université de Lyon
- Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces (UMR 5615 CNRS
- Université Lyon 1)
- 69622 Villeurbanne
- France
| | - Julie Jung
- Univ Rennes
- CNRS
- ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226
- 35000 Rennes
- France
| | - Boris Le Guennic
- Univ Rennes
- CNRS
- ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226
- 35000 Rennes
- France
| | | | - Olivier Maury
- Université de Lyon
- Ens de Lyon
- CNRS UMR 5182
- Lyon
- France
| | - Béatrice Gillon
- CEA Saclay
- Laboratoire Léon Brillouin (UMR 12 CNRS
- CEA)
- 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette
- France
| | | | - Yannick Guyot
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1
- Institut Lumière Matière (UMR 5306 CNRS - Université Lyon 1)
- 69622 Villeurbanne
- France
| | - Christophe Morell
- Université de Lyon
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques
- UMR 5280
- CNRS
- F-69100 Villeurbanne
| | - Dominique Luneau
- Université de Lyon
- Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces (UMR 5615 CNRS
- Université Lyon 1)
- 69622 Villeurbanne
- France
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14
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Klahn EA, Gao C, Gillon B, Gukasov A, Fabrèges X, Piltz RO, Jiang SD, Overgaard J. Mapping the Magnetic Anisotropy at the Atomic Scale in Dysprosium Single-Molecule Magnets. Chemistry 2018; 24:16576-16581. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201803300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emil A. Klahn
- Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Chen Gao
- Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Beatrice Gillon
- Laboratorie Léon Brillouin; CEA Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CE-Saclay; Gif-sur-Yvette 91191 France
| | - Arsen Gukasov
- Laboratorie Léon Brillouin; CEA Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CE-Saclay; Gif-sur-Yvette 91191 France
| | - Xavier Fabrèges
- Laboratorie Léon Brillouin; CEA Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CE-Saclay; Gif-sur-Yvette 91191 France
| | - Ross O. Piltz
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering; Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation; Locked Bag 2001 Kirrawee DC NSW 2232 Australia
| | - Shang-Da Jiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| | - Jacob Overgaard
- Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
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15
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Morita T, Damjanović M, Katoh K, Kitagawa Y, Yasuda N, Lan Y, Wernsdorfer W, Breedlove BK, Enders M, Yamashita M. Comparison of the Magnetic Anisotropy and Spin Relaxation Phenomenon of Dinuclear Terbium(III) Phthalocyaninato Single-Molecule Magnets Using the Geometric Spin Arrangement. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:2995-3007. [PMID: 29400960 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b12667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Herein we report the synthesis and characterization of a dinuclear TbIII single-molecule magnet (SMM) with two [TbPc2]0 units connected via a fused-phthalocyaninato ligand. The stable and robust complex [(obPc)Tb(Fused-Pc)Tb(obPc)] (1) was characterized by using synchrotron radiation measurements and other spectroscopic techniques (ESI-MS, FT-IR, UV). The magnetic couplings between the TbIII ions and the two π radicals present in 1 were explored by means of density functional theory (DFT). Direct and alternating current magnetic susceptibility measurements were conducted on magnetically diluted and nondiluted samples of 1, indicating this compound to be an SMM with improved properties compared to those of the well-known [TbPc2]-/0/+ and the axially symmetric dinuclear TbIII phthalocyaninato triple-decker complex (Tb2(obPc)3). Assuming that the probability of quantum tunneling of the magnetization (QTM) occurring in one TbPc2 unit is PQTM, the probability of QTM simultaneously occurring in 1 is PQTM2, meaning that QTM is effectively suppressed. Furthermore, nondiluted samples of 1 underwent slow magnetic relaxation times (τ ≈ 1000 s at 0.1 K), and the blocking temperature (TB) was determined to be ca. 16 K with an energy barrier for spin reversal (Ueff) of 588 cm-1 (847 K) due to D4d geometry and weak inter- and intramolecular magnetic interactions as an exchange bias (Hbias), reducing QTM. Four hyperfine steps were observed by micro-SQUID measurement. Furthermore, solution NMR measurements (one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and dynamic) were done on 1, which led to the determination of the high rotation barrier (83 ± 10 kJ/mol) of the obPc ligand. A comparison with previously reported TbIII triple-decker compounds shows that ambient temperature NMR measurements can indicate improvements in the design of coordination environments for SMMs. A large Ueff causes strong uniaxial magnetic anisotropy in 1, leading to a χax value (1.39 × 10-30 m3) that is larger than that for Tb2(obPc)3 (0.86 × 10-30 m3). Controlling the coordination environment and spin arrangement is an effective technique for suppressing QTM in TbPc2-based SMMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaumi Morita
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University , 6-3, Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Marko Damjanović
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Heidelberg University , Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Physikalisches Institut and Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Wolfgang-Gaede-Strasse 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Keiichi Katoh
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University , 6-3, Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Kitagawa
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University , 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Yasuda
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI) , 1-1-1, Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Yanhua Lan
- Physikalisches Institut and Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Wolfgang-Gaede-Strasse 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wernsdorfer
- Physikalisches Institut and Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Wolfgang-Gaede-Strasse 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.,CNRS and Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut Néel , 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Brian K Breedlove
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University , 6-3, Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Markus Enders
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Heidelberg University , Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Masahiro Yamashita
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University , 6-3, Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan.,WPI Research Center, Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University , 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University , Tianjin 300350, China
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16
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Lemes MA, Magnan F, Gabidullin B, Brusso J. Impact of nuclearity and topology on the single molecule magnet behaviour of hexaazatrinaphtylene-based cobalt complexes. Dalton Trans 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt00324f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A hexaazatrinaphtylene-based transition metal complex that exhibits single molecule magnet behaviour is reported herein. This study reveals the influence of both nuclearity and topology on the magnetic properties of hexaazatrinaphtylene-based complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maykon A. Lemes
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences
- University of Ottawa
- Ottawa
- Canada
| | - François Magnan
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences
- University of Ottawa
- Ottawa
- Canada
| | - Bulat Gabidullin
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences
- University of Ottawa
- Ottawa
- Canada
| | - Jaclyn Brusso
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences
- University of Ottawa
- Ottawa
- Canada
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17
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18
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Perfetti M. Cantilever torque magnetometry on coordination compounds: from theory to experiments. Coord Chem Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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19
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Mapping the Magnetic Anisotropy inside a Ni4 Cubane Spin Cluster Using Polarized Neutron Diffraction. MAGNETOCHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/magnetochemistry3030025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Sakiyama H, Sudo R, Abiko T, Yoshioka D, Mitsuhashi R, Omote M, Mikuriya M, Yoshitake M, Koikawa M. Magneto-structural correlation of hexakis-dmso cobalt(ii) complex. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:16306-16314. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt03269b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The magnetostructural correlation of the hexakis-dmso cobalt(ii) complex, [Co(dmso)6](BPh4)2 (dmso: dimethylsulfoxide), was investigated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction study and magnetic measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Sakiyama
- Department of Science
- Faculty of Science
- Yamagata University
- Yamagata 990-8560
- Japan
| | - Reiji Sudo
- Department of Science
- Faculty of Science
- Yamagata University
- Yamagata 990-8560
- Japan
| | - Takaaki Abiko
- Department of Science
- Faculty of Science
- Yamagata University
- Yamagata 990-8560
- Japan
| | - Daisuke Yoshioka
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment
- School of Science and Technology
- Kwansei Gakuin University
- Sanda 669-1337
- Japan
| | - Ryoji Mitsuhashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment
- School of Science and Technology
- Kwansei Gakuin University
- Sanda 669-1337
- Japan
| | - Masataka Omote
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment
- School of Science and Technology
- Kwansei Gakuin University
- Sanda 669-1337
- Japan
| | - Masahiro Mikuriya
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment
- School of Science and Technology
- Kwansei Gakuin University
- Sanda 669-1337
- Japan
| | - Megumi Yoshitake
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering
- Saga University
- Saga 840-8502
- Japan
| | - Masayuki Koikawa
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering
- Saga University
- Saga 840-8502
- Japan
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21
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Comba P, Enders M, Großhauser M, Hiller M, Müller D, Wadepohl H. Solution and solid state structures and magnetism of a series of linear trinuclear compounds with a hexacoordinate Ln III and two terminal Ni II centers. Dalton Trans 2016; 46:138-149. [PMID: 27924993 DOI: 10.1039/c6dt03488h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reported are the syntheses, structures and magnetic properties, also by NMR spectroscopy in solution, of a series of 13 linear trinuclear 3d-4f compounds with a lanthanide(iii) surrounded by two NiII ions, NiLnIII, where the central LnIII is hexacoordinate. For three of the crystal structures, an additional H2O molecule is coordinated to the central LnIII ion, leading to a monocapped trigonal prismatic structure. However, NMR spectroscopy indicates that in solution, these complexes also have a hexacoordinate LnIII center. The solution magnetic anisotropies, determined by NMR spectroscopy, indicate that the axial components of the anisotropies are relatively small and that the DyIII derivative might therefore not exhibit single molecule magnetism. The axial anisotropies determined by NMR spectroscopy are in good agreement with the expectations based on the distorted trigonal prismatic ligand field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Comba
- Universität Heidelberg, Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut INF 270, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany. and Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Wissenschaftliches Rechnen, IWR, INF 270, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Enders
- Universität Heidelberg, Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut INF 270, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Michael Großhauser
- Universität Heidelberg, Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut INF 270, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Markus Hiller
- Universität Heidelberg, Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut INF 270, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Dennis Müller
- Universität Heidelberg, Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut INF 270, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany. and Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Wissenschaftliches Rechnen, IWR, INF 270, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hubert Wadepohl
- Universität Heidelberg, Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut INF 270, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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22
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Perspectives on Neutron Scattering in Lanthanide-Based Single-Molecule Magnets and a Case Study of the Tb2(μ-N2) System. MAGNETOCHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/magnetochemistry2040045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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23
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Sakiyama H, Abiko T, Ito M, Mitsuhashi R, Mikuriya M, Waki K. Conformational analysis of an octahedral zinc(II) complex with six dimethylsulfoxide. Polyhedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2016.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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ITO M, MITSUHASHI R, MIKURIYA M, SAKIYAMA H. Crystal Structure of a Trigonally Compressed Hexakis-DMF Zinc(II) Complex. X-RAY STRUCTURE ANALYSIS ONLINE 2016. [DOI: 10.2116/xraystruct.32.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Misaki ITO
- Department of Material and Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yamagata University
| | - Ryoji MITSUHASHI
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University
| | - Masahiro MIKURIYA
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University
| | - Hiroshi SAKIYAMA
- Department of Material and Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yamagata University
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25
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SAKIYAMA H, ITO M, MITSUHASHI R, MIKURIYA M. The Effect of the Anions in the Crystal on the Structure of [Mg(DMF)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>2+</sup>. JOURNAL OF COMPUTER CHEMISTRY-JAPAN 2016. [DOI: 10.2477/jccj.2016-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi SAKIYAMA
- Department of Material and Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yamagata University
| | - Misaki ITO
- Department of Material and Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yamagata University
| | - Ryoji MITSUHASHI
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University
| | - Masahiro MIKURIYA
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University
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