1
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Fressigné C, Jean A, Sanselme M, Blanchet J, Rouden J, Maddaluno J, De Paolis M. Intra- and Intermolecular Cation-π Interactions between Onium Salts and Alkynes/Acetylene: Experimental and Theoretical Insights. J Org Chem 2023; 88:14494-14503. [PMID: 37819740 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Cation-π interactions between various onium salts, alkynes, and acetylene were studied, taking into account the substituents of the triple bond, the nature of the anions, and the polarity of the solvent, through a combination of MP2 calculations and experiments. In an intramolecular setting, these data (including single-crystal X-ray crystallography) concurred with the stability of folded conformers of alkynyl onium salts, even substituted with electron-withdrawing groups. To examine the contribution of these interactions on the alkyne electronic population, a thorough in silico study was carried out using natural bonding orbital analysis of the conformers. Intramolecular interactions from sulfonium salt tethered to phenylalkyne were highlighted, as illustrated above by the computed folded conformation (MP2) along with noncovalent interaction (NCI) analysis. Furthermore, investigations of intermolecular interactions, involving acetylene or phenylacetylene with various onium ions, revealed the high energy interactions of their complexes with phenyldimethylsulfonium chloride, as illustrated above with the complex PhC≡CH/PhMe2SCl (MP2 calculations and NCI analysis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Fressigné
- Univ Rouen Normandie, INSA Rouen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Univ, COBRA UMR 6014, INC3M FR 3038, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Alexandre Jean
- Univ Rouen Normandie, INSA Rouen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Univ, COBRA UMR 6014, INC3M FR 3038, F-76000 Rouen, France
- LCMT, ENSICAEN et Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, CNRS, 6 bd du Maréchal Juin, 14050 Caen, France
| | - Morgane Sanselme
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Normandie Univ, SMS, UR 3233, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Jérôme Blanchet
- LCMT, ENSICAEN et Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, CNRS, 6 bd du Maréchal Juin, 14050 Caen, France
| | - Jacques Rouden
- LCMT, ENSICAEN et Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, CNRS, 6 bd du Maréchal Juin, 14050 Caen, France
| | - Jacques Maddaluno
- Univ Rouen Normandie, INSA Rouen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Univ, COBRA UMR 6014, INC3M FR 3038, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Michaël De Paolis
- Univ Rouen Normandie, INSA Rouen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Univ, COBRA UMR 6014, INC3M FR 3038, F-76000 Rouen, France
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2
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Xu Z, Mo Y, Li Z, Ban S, Song H. New small-molecule alcohol synthesis by breaking the space limitation of the "aromatic cage" in Pseudomonas sp. AK1 BBOX. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:6397-6404. [PMID: 37497645 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00830d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Fe(II)/2OG-dependent oxygenase γ-butyrobetaine hydroxylase (BBOX) stereoselectively hydroxylates inactive C-H bonds and produces L-carnitine. It has potential applications in the biosynthesis of L-carnitine and the synthesis of other small molecule alcohols. In this paper, we systematically explore the substrate range of Pseudomonas sp. AK1 BBOX (psBBOX), with emphasis on the quaternary ammonium portion of γ-butyrobetaine (γ-BB). The space limitation of the "aromatic cage" in psBBOX in the hydroxylation of large quaternary ammonium analogues was studied, and the role of four aromatic amino acid residues in the substrate binding mode was analyzed. Consequently, the F188A mutant was developed with the ability to hydroxylate cyclic quaternary ammonium analogues and generate new alcohol compounds by breaking the limitation of the "aromatic cage".
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqin Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province 030001, China.
| | - Yaling Mo
- School of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province 030001, China.
| | - Zhengwen Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province 030001, China.
| | - Shurong Ban
- School of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province 030001, China.
| | - Heng Song
- College of Chemistry & Molecular Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China.
- Wuhan University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518000, China
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3
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Belle R, Kamps JJAG, Poater J, Kumar K, Pieters BJGE, Salah E, Claridge TDW, Paton RS, Bickelhaupt FM, Kawamura A, Schofield CJ, Mecinović J. Reading and erasing of the phosphonium analogue of trimethyllysine by epigenetic proteins. Commun Chem 2022; 5:10.1038/s42004-022-00640-4. [PMID: 36071790 PMCID: PMC7613515 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-022-00640-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
N ε-Methylation of lysine residues in histones plays an essential role in the regulation of eukaryotic transcription. The 'highest' methylation mark, N ε-trimethyllysine, is specifically recognised by N ε-trimethyllysine binding 'reader' domains, and undergoes demethylation, as catalysed by 2-oxoglutarate dependent JmjC oxygenases. We report studies on the recognition of the closest positively charged N ε-trimethyllysine analogue, i.e. its trimethylphosphonium derivative (KPme3), by N ε-trimethyllysine histone binding proteins and Nε-trimethyllysine demethylases. Calorimetric and computational studies with histone binding proteins reveal that H3KP4me3 binds more tightly than the natural H3K4me3 substrate, though the relative differences in binding affinity vary. Studies with JmjC demethylases show that some, but not all, of them can accept the phosphonium analogue of their natural substrates and that the methylation state selectivity can be changed by substitution of nitrogen for phosphorus. The combined results reveal that very subtle changes, e.g. substitution of nitrogen for phosphorus, can substantially affect interactions between ligand and reader domains / demethylases, knowledge that we hope will inspire the development of highly selective small molecules modulating their activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Belle
- Department of Chemistry and the Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA UK
- Chemistry—School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU UK
| | - Jos J. A. G. Kamps
- Department of Chemistry and the Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA UK
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jordi Poater
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica & IQTCUB, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kiran Kumar
- Department of Chemistry and the Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA UK
| | - Bas J. G. E. Pieters
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Eidarus Salah
- Department of Chemistry and the Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA UK
| | - Timothy D. W. Claridge
- Department of Chemistry and the Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA UK
| | - Robert S. Paton
- Department of Chemistry and the Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA UK
| | - F. Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Akane Kawamura
- Department of Chemistry and the Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA UK
- Chemistry—School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU UK
| | - Christopher J. Schofield
- Department of Chemistry and the Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA UK
| | - Jasmin Mecinović
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark
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4
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Parkinson EI, Lakkis HG, Alwali AA, Metcalf MEM, Modi R, Metcalf WW. An Unusual Oxidative Rearrangement Catalyzed by a Divergent Member of the 2-Oxoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase Superfamily during Biosynthesis of Dehydrofosmidomycin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202206173. [PMID: 35588368 PMCID: PMC9296572 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202206173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of the natural product dehydrofosmidomycin involves an unusual transformation in which 2-(trimethylamino)ethylphosphonate is rearranged, desaturated and demethylated by the enzyme DfmD, a divergent member of the 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase superfamily. Although other members of this enzyme family catalyze superficially similar transformations, the combination of all three reactions in a single enzyme has not previously been observed. By characterizing the products of in vitro reactions with labeled and unlabeled substrates, we show that DfmD performs this transformation in two steps, with the first involving desaturation of the substrate to form 2-(trimethylamino)vinylphosphonate, and the second involving rearrangement and demethylation to form methyldehydrofosmidomycin. These data reveal significant differences from the desaturation and rearrangement reactions catalyzed by other family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth I. Parkinson
- Institute for Genomic BiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign1206 W. Gregory Dr.UrbanaIL 61801USA
- Department of ChemistryPurdue UniversityHerbert C. Brown Laboratory of Chemistry, Room 4103E560 Oval Drive, Box 59West LafayetteIN 47907USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular PharmacologyPurdue UniversityHerbert C. Brown Laboratory of Chemistry, Room 4103E560 Oval Drive, Box 59West LafayetteIN 47907USA
| | - Hani G. Lakkis
- Department of ChemistryPurdue UniversityHerbert C. Brown Laboratory of Chemistry, Room 4103E560 Oval Drive, Box 59West LafayetteIN 47907USA
| | - Amir A. Alwali
- Department of ChemistryPurdue UniversityHerbert C. Brown Laboratory of Chemistry, Room 4103E560 Oval Drive, Box 59West LafayetteIN 47907USA
| | - Mary Elizabeth M. Metcalf
- Institute for Genomic BiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign1206 W. Gregory Dr.UrbanaIL 61801USA
- Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, B103C&LSL601 S. GoodwinUrbanaIL 61801USA
| | - Ramya Modi
- Department of ChemistryPurdue UniversityHerbert C. Brown Laboratory of Chemistry, Room 4103E560 Oval Drive, Box 59West LafayetteIN 47907USA
| | - William W. Metcalf
- Institute for Genomic BiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign1206 W. Gregory Dr.UrbanaIL 61801USA
- Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, B103C&LSL601 S. GoodwinUrbanaIL 61801USA
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5
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Parkinson EI, Lakkis HG, Alwali AA, Metcalf MEM, Modi R, Metcalf WW. An Unusual Oxidative Rearrangement Catalyzed by a Divergent Member of the 2‐Oxoglutarate‐Dependent Dioxygenase Superfamily during Biosynthesis of Dehydrofosmidomycin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202206173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ramya Modi
- Purdue University Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | - William W. Metcalf
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Microbiology 601 S. GoodwinB103 CLSL 61801 Urbana UNITED STATES
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6
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Systematic Structure-Based Search for Ochratoxin-Degrading Enzymes in Proteomes from Filamentous Fungi. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11071040. [PMID: 34356666 PMCID: PMC8301969 DOI: 10.3390/biom11071040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: ochratoxins are mycotoxins produced by filamentous fungi with important implications in the food manufacturing industry due to their toxicity. Decontamination by specific ochratoxin-degrading enzymes has become an interesting alternative for the treatment of contaminated food commodities. (2) Methods: using a structure-based approach based on homology modeling, blind molecular docking of substrates and characterization of low-frequency protein motions, we performed a proteome mining in filamentous fungi to characterize new enzymes with potential ochratoxinase activity. (3) Results: the proteome mining results demonstrated the ubiquitous presence of fungal binuclear zinc-dependent amido-hydrolases with a high degree of structural homology to the already characterized ochratoxinase from Aspergillus niger. Ochratoxinase-like enzymes from ochratoxin-producing fungi showed more favorable substrate-binding pockets to accommodate ochratoxins A and B. (4) Conclusions: filamentous fungi are an interesting and rich source of hydrolases potentially capable of degrading ochratoxins, and could be used for the detoxification of diverse food commodities.
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7
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Lin YT, Ali HS, de Visser SP. Electrostatic Perturbations from the Protein Affect C-H Bond Strengths of the Substrate and Enable Negative Catalysis in the TmpA Biosynthesis Enzyme. Chemistry 2021; 27:8851-8864. [PMID: 33978257 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The nonheme iron dioxygenase 2-(trimethylammonio)-ethylphosphonate dioxygenase (TmpA) is an enzyme involved in the regio- and chemoselective hydroxylation at the C1 -position of the substrate as part of the biosynthesis of glycine betaine in bacteria and carnitine in humans. To understand how the enzyme avoids breaking the weak C2 -H bond in favor of C1 -hydroxylation, we set up a cluster model of 242 atoms representing the first and second coordination sphere of the metal center and substrate binding pocket, and investigated possible reaction mechanisms of substrate activation by an iron(IV)-oxo species by density functional theory methods. In agreement with experimental product distributions, the calculations predict a favorable C1 -hydroxylation pathway. The calculations show that the selectivity is guided through electrostatic perturbations inside the protein from charged residues, external electric fields and electric dipole moments. In particular, charged residues influence and perturb the homolytic bond strength of the C1 -H and C2 -H bonds of the substrate, and strongly strengthens the C2 -H bond in the substrate-bound orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Ting Lin
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Hafiz Saqib Ali
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Sam P de Visser
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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8
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Khan A, Schofield CJ, Claridge TDW. Reducing Agent-Mediated Nonenzymatic Conversion of 2-Oxoglutarate to Succinate: Implications for Oxygenase Assays. Chembiochem 2020; 21:2898-2902. [PMID: 32478965 PMCID: PMC7693218 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
l-Ascorbate (l-Asc) is often added to assays with isolated FeII - and 2-oxoglutarate (2OG)-dependent oxygenases to enhance activity. l-Asc is proposed to be important in catalysis by some 2OG oxygenases in vivo. We report observations on the nonenzymatic conversion of 2OG to succinate, which is mediated by hydrogen peroxide generated by the reaction of l-Asc and dioxygen. Slow nonenzymatic oxidation of 2OG to succinate occurs with some, but not all, other reducing agents commonly used in 2OG oxygenase assays. We intend these observations will help in the robust assignment of substrates and inhibitors for 2OG oxygenases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Khan
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
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9
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Leśniak RK, Rydzik AM, Kamps JJAG, Kahn A, Claridge TDW, Schofield CJ. 19F NMR studies on γ-butyrobetaine hydroxylase provide mechanistic insights and suggest a dual inhibition mode. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:14717-14720. [PMID: 31702759 PMCID: PMC6927413 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc06466d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The final step in the biosynthesis of l-carnitine in humans is catalysed by the 2-oxoglutarate and ferrous iron dependent oxygenase, γ-butyrobetaine hydroxylase (BBOX). 1H and 19F NMR studies inform on the BBOX mechanism including by providing evidence for cooperativity between monomers in substrate/some inhibitor binding. The value of the 19F NMR methods is demonstrated by their use in the design of new BBOX inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K. Leśniak
- The Department of Chemistry
, University of Oxford
,
12 Mansfield Road
, Oxford
, OX1 3TA
, UK
.
;
| | - Anna M. Rydzik
- The Department of Chemistry
, University of Oxford
,
12 Mansfield Road
, Oxford
, OX1 3TA
, UK
.
;
| | - Jos J. A. G. Kamps
- The Department of Chemistry
, University of Oxford
,
12 Mansfield Road
, Oxford
, OX1 3TA
, UK
.
;
| | - Amjad Kahn
- The Department of Chemistry
, University of Oxford
,
12 Mansfield Road
, Oxford
, OX1 3TA
, UK
.
;
| | - Timothy D. W. Claridge
- The Department of Chemistry
, University of Oxford
,
12 Mansfield Road
, Oxford
, OX1 3TA
, UK
.
;
| | - Christopher J. Schofield
- The Department of Chemistry
, University of Oxford
,
12 Mansfield Road
, Oxford
, OX1 3TA
, UK
.
;
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10
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Rajakovich LJ, Pandelia ME, Mitchell AJ, Chang WC, Zhang B, Boal AK, Krebs C, Bollinger JM. A New Microbial Pathway for Organophosphonate Degradation Catalyzed by Two Previously Misannotated Non-Heme-Iron Oxygenases. Biochemistry 2019; 58:1627-1647. [PMID: 30789718 PMCID: PMC6503667 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The assignment of biochemical functions to hypothetical proteins is challenged by functional diversification within many protein structural superfamilies. This diversification, which is particularly common for metalloenzymes, renders functional annotations that are founded solely on sequence and domain similarities unreliable and often erroneous. Definitive biochemical characterization to delineate functional subgroups within these superfamilies will aid in improving bioinformatic approaches for functional annotation. We describe here the structural and functional characterization of two non-heme-iron oxygenases, TmpA and TmpB, which are encoded by a genomically clustered pair of genes found in more than 350 species of bacteria. TmpA and TmpB are functional homologues of a pair of enzymes (PhnY and PhnZ) that degrade 2-aminoethylphosphonate but instead act on its naturally occurring, quaternary ammonium analogue, 2-(trimethylammonio)ethylphosphonate (TMAEP). TmpA, an iron(II)- and 2-(oxo)glutarate-dependent oxygenase misannotated as a γ-butyrobetaine (γbb) hydroxylase, shows no activity toward γbb but efficiently hydroxylates TMAEP. The product, ( R)-1-hydroxy-2-(trimethylammonio)ethylphosphonate [( R)-OH-TMAEP], then serves as the substrate for the second enzyme, TmpB. By contrast to its purported phosphohydrolytic activity, TmpB is an HD-domain oxygenase that uses a mixed-valent diiron cofactor to enact oxidative cleavage of the C-P bond of its substrate, yielding glycine betaine and phosphate. The high specificities of TmpA and TmpB for their N-trimethylated substrates suggest that they have evolved specifically to degrade TMAEP, which was not previously known to be subject to microbial catabolism. This study thus adds to the growing list of known pathways through which microbes break down organophosphonates to harvest phosphorus, carbon, and nitrogen in nutrient-limited niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren J. Rajakovich
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Present address: Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Maria-Eirini Pandelia
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Present address: Department of Biochemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02453, United States
| | - Andrew J. Mitchell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Present address: Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Wei-chen Chang
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Present address: Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Present address: REG Life Sciences, LLC, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Amie K. Boal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Carsten Krebs
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - J. Martin Bollinger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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11
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Walport LJ, Schofield CJ. Adventures in Defining Roles of Oxygenases in the Regulation of Protein Biosynthesis. CHEM REC 2018; 18:1760-1781. [PMID: 30151867 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201800056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The 2-oxoglutarate (2OG) dependent oxygenases were first identified as having roles in the post-translational modification of procollagen in animals. Subsequently in plants and microbes, they were shown to have roles in the biosynthesis of many secondary metabolites, including signalling molecules and the penicillin/cephalosporin antibiotics. Crystallographic studies of microbial 2OG oxygenases and related enzymes, coupled to DNA sequence analyses, led to the prediction that 2OG oxygenases are widely distributed in aerobic biology. This personal account begins with examples of the roles of 2OG oxygenases in antibiotic biosynthesis, and then describes efforts to assign functions to other predicted 2OG oxygenases. In humans, 2OG oxygenases have been found to have roles in small molecule metabolism, as well as in the epigenetic regulation of protein and nucleic acid biosynthesis and function. The roles and functions of human 2OG oxygenases are compared, focussing on discussion of their substrate and product selectivities. The account aims to emphasize how scoping the substrate selectivity of, sometimes promiscuous, enzymes can provide insights into their functions and so enable therapeutic work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise J Walport
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Christopher J Schofield
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
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12
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Gao SS, Naowarojna N, Cheng R, Liu X, Liu P. Recent examples of α-ketoglutarate-dependent mononuclear non-haem iron enzymes in natural product biosyntheses. Nat Prod Rep 2018; 35:792-837. [PMID: 29932179 PMCID: PMC6093783 DOI: 10.1039/c7np00067g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2018 α-Ketoglutarate (αKG, also known as 2-oxoglutarate)-dependent mononuclear non-haem iron (αKG-NHFe) enzymes catalyze a wide range of biochemical reactions, including hydroxylation, ring fragmentation, C-C bond cleavage, epimerization, desaturation, endoperoxidation and heterocycle formation. These enzymes utilize iron(ii) as the metallo-cofactor and αKG as the co-substrate. Herein, we summarize several novel αKG-NHFe enzymes involved in natural product biosyntheses discovered in recent years, including halogenation reactions, amino acid modifications and tailoring reactions in the biosynthesis of terpenes, lipids, fatty acids and phosphonates. We also conducted a survey of the currently available structures of αKG-NHFe enzymes, in which αKG binds to the metallo-centre bidentately through either a proximal- or distal-type binding mode. Future structure-function and structure-reactivity relationship investigations will provide crucial information regarding how activities in this large class of enzymes have been fine-tuned in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Shan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | | | - Ronghai Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Xueting Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA. and State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Pinghua Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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13
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Al Temimi AHK, Pieters BJGE, Reddy YV, White PB, Mecinović J. Substrate scope for trimethyllysine hydroxylase catalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 52:12849-12852. [PMID: 27730239 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc07845a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Trimethyllysine hydroxylase (TMLH) is a non-haem Fe(ii) and 2-oxoglutarate dependent oxygenase that catalyses the C-3 hydroxylation of an unactivated C-H bond in l-trimethyllysine in the first step of carnitine biosynthesis. The examination of trimethyllysine analogues as substrates for human TMLH reveals that the enzyme does hydroxylate substrates other than natural l-trimethyllysine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas H K Al Temimi
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Bas J G E Pieters
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Y Vijayendar Reddy
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Paul B White
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jasmin Mecinović
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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14
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Al Temimi AHK, Belle R, Kumar K, Poater J, Betlem P, Pieters BJGE, Paton RS, Bickelhaupt FM, Mecinović J. Recognition of shorter and longer trimethyllysine analogues by epigenetic reader proteins. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:2409-2412. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc01009a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Combined thermodynamic data, molecular dynamics simulations, and quantum chemical studies reveal that epigenetic reader proteins efficiently bind trimethylornithine and trimethylhomolysine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas H. K. Al Temimi
- Institute for Molecules and Materials
- Radboud University
- Nijmegen 6525 AJ
- The Netherlands
| | - Roman Belle
- Institute for Molecules and Materials
- Radboud University
- Nijmegen 6525 AJ
- The Netherlands
| | - Kiran Kumar
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- University of Oxford
- Oxford OX1 3TA
- UK
| | - Jordi Poater
- ICREA
- Barcelona 08010
- Spain
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica & IQTCUB
- Universitat de Barcelona
| | - Peter Betlem
- Institute for Molecules and Materials
- Radboud University
- Nijmegen 6525 AJ
- The Netherlands
| | - Bas J. G. E. Pieters
- Institute for Molecules and Materials
- Radboud University
- Nijmegen 6525 AJ
- The Netherlands
| | - Robert S. Paton
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- University of Oxford
- Oxford OX1 3TA
- UK
| | - F. Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Institute for Molecules and Materials
- Radboud University
- Nijmegen 6525 AJ
- The Netherlands
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM)
| | - Jasmin Mecinović
- Institute for Molecules and Materials
- Radboud University
- Nijmegen 6525 AJ
- The Netherlands
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15
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Mirchi A, Sizochenko N, Dinadayalane T, Leszczynski J. Binding of Alkali Metal Ions with 1,3,5-Tri(phenyl)benzene and 1,3,5-Tri(naphthyl)benzene: The Effect of Phenyl and Naphthyl Ring Substitution on Cation−π Interactions Revealed by DFT Study. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:8927-8938. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b08725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mirchi
- Interdisciplinary
Center for Nanotoxicity, Department of Chemistry, Physics and Atmospheric
Sciences, Jackson State University, 1400 J. R. Lynch Street, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, United States
| | - Natalia Sizochenko
- Interdisciplinary
Center for Nanotoxicity, Department of Chemistry, Physics and Atmospheric
Sciences, Jackson State University, 1400 J. R. Lynch Street, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, United States
| | - Tandabany Dinadayalane
- Department
of Chemistry, Clark Atlanta University, 223 James P. Brawley Drive, S.W., Atlanta, Georgia 30314, United States
| | - Jerzy Leszczynski
- Interdisciplinary
Center for Nanotoxicity, Department of Chemistry, Physics and Atmospheric
Sciences, Jackson State University, 1400 J. R. Lynch Street, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, United States
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16
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Mbenza NM, Vadakkedath PG, McGillivray DJ, Leung IKH. NMR studies of the non-haem Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent oxygenases. J Inorg Biochem 2017; 177:384-394. [PMID: 28893416 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2017.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The non-haem Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate (2OG)-dependent oxygenases belong to a superfamily of structurally-related enzymes that play important biological roles in plants, microorganisms and animals. Structural, mechanistic and functional studies of 2OG oxygenases require efficient and effective biophysical tools. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a useful tool to study this enzyme superfamily. It has been applied to obtain information about enzyme kinetics, identify and characterise 2OG oxygenase-catalysed oxidation products, elucidate the catalytic mechanism, monitor ligand binding and study protein dynamics. This review summarises the types of information that NMR spectroscopy can provide in the studies of 2OG oxygenases, highlights the advantages of the technique and describes its drawbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naasson M Mbenza
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Victoria Street West, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Praveen G Vadakkedath
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Victoria Street West, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.; MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Duncan J McGillivray
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Victoria Street West, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.; MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Ivanhoe K H Leung
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Victoria Street West, Auckland 1142, New Zealand..
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17
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Simó Padial J, Poater J, Nguyen DT, Tinnemans P, Bickelhaupt FM, Mecinović J. Stabilization of 2,6-Diarylanilinum Cation by Through-Space Cation-π Interactions. J Org Chem 2017; 82:9418-9424. [PMID: 28836782 PMCID: PMC5603827 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Energetically
favorable cation−π interactions play
important roles in numerous molecular recognition processes in chemistry
and biology. Herein, we present synergistic experimental and computational
physical–organic chemistry studies on 2,6-diarylanilines that
contain flanking meta/para-substituted
aromatic rings adjacent to the central anilinium ion. A combination
of measurements of pKa values, structural
analyses of 2,6-diarylanilinium cations, and quantum chemical analyses
based on the quantitative molecular orbital theory and a canonical
energy decomposition analysis (EDA) scheme reveal that through-space
cation−π interactions essentially contribute to observed
trends in proton affinities and pKa values
of 2,6-diarylanilines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Simó Padial
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University , Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jordi Poater
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) , Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica and IQTCUB, Universitat de Barcelona , Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - D Thao Nguyen
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University , Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Tinnemans
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University , Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - F Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University , Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jasmin Mecinović
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University , Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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18
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van der Mei FW, Qin C, Morrison RJ, Hoveyda AH. Practical, Broadly Applicable, α-Selective, Z-Selective, Diastereoselective, and Enantioselective Addition of Allylboron Compounds to Mono-, Di-, Tri-, and Polyfluoroalkyl Ketones. J Am Chem Soc 2017. [PMID: 28648084 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b05011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A practical method for enantioselective synthesis of fluoroalkyl-substituted Z-homoallylic tertiary alcohols has been developed. Reactions may be performed with ketones containing a polylfluoro-, trifluoro-, difluoro-, and monofluoroalkyl group along with an aryl, a heteroaryl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, or an alkyl substituent. Readily accessible unsaturated organoboron compounds serve as reagents. Transformations were performed with 0.5-2.5 mol % of a boron-based catalyst, generated in situ from a readily accessible valine-derived aminophenol and a Z- or an E-γ-substituted boronic acid pinacol ester. With a Z organoboron reagent, additions to trifluoromethyl and polyfluoroalkyl ketones proceeded in 80-98% yield, 97:3 to >98:2 α:γ selectivity, >95:5 Z:E selectivity, and 81:19 to >99:1 enantiomeric ratio. In notable contrast to reactions with unsubstituted allylboronic acid pinacol ester, additions to ketones with a mono- or a difluoromethyl group were highly enantioselective as well. Transformations were similarly efficient and α- and Z-selective when an E-allylboronate compound was used, but enantioselectivities were lower. In certain cases, the opposite enantiomer was favored (up to 4:96 er). With a racemic allylboronate reagent that contains an allylic stereogenic center, additions were exceptionally α-selective, affording products expected from γ-addition of a crotylboron compound, in up to 97% yield, 88:12 diastereomeric ratio, and 94:6 enantiomeric ratio. Utility is highlighted by gram-scale preparation of representative products through transformations that were performed without exclusion of air or moisture and through applications in stereoselective olefin metathesis where Z-alkene substrates are required. Mechanistic investigations aided by computational (DFT) studies and offer insight into different selectivity profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farid W van der Mei
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College , Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Changming Qin
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College , Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Ryan J Morrison
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College , Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Amir H Hoveyda
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College , Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
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19
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Reddy YV, Al Temimi AHK, White PB, Mecinović J. Evidence That Trimethyllysine Hydroxylase Catalyzes the Formation of (2S,3S)-3-Hydroxy-N ε-trimethyllysine. Org Lett 2017; 19:400-403. [PMID: 28045275 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b03608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Trimethyllysine hydroxylase (TMLH) is an Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate (2OG) dependent oxygenase involved in the biomedically important carnitine biosynthesis pathway. A combination of synthetic and NMR studies provides direct evidence that human TMLH catalyzes the stereoselective conversion of (2S)-Nε-trimethyllysine to (2S,3S)-3-hydroxy-Nε-trimethyllysine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Vijayendar Reddy
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University , Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Abbas H K Al Temimi
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University , Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul B White
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University , Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jasmin Mecinović
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University , Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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20
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Vijayendar Reddy Y, Al Temimi AHK, Mecinović J. Fluorinated trimethyllysine as a 19F NMR probe for trimethyllysine hydroxylase catalysis. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:1350-1354. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob02683d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Human trimethyllysine hydroxylase (TMLH)-catalysed C-3 hydroxylation of Nε-(fluoromethyl)dimethyllysine can be monitored by 19F NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Vijayendar Reddy
- Institute for Molecules and Materials
- Radboud University
- 6525 AJ Nijmegen
- The Netherlands
| | - Abbas H. K. Al Temimi
- Institute for Molecules and Materials
- Radboud University
- 6525 AJ Nijmegen
- The Netherlands
| | - Jasmin Mecinović
- Institute for Molecules and Materials
- Radboud University
- 6525 AJ Nijmegen
- The Netherlands
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21
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Khan A, Leśniak RK, Brem J, Rydzik AM, Choi H, Leung IKH, McDonough MA, Schofield CJ, Claridge TDW. Development and application of ligand-based NMR screening assays for γ-butyrobetaine hydroxylase. MEDCHEMCOMM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6md00004e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A 1H NMR based dual-reporter binding assay for γ-butyrobetaine hydroxylase (BBOX) reveals unexpected structure–activity relationships for isoquinoline-derived inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Khan
- Department of Chemistry
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- University of Oxford
- Oxford
- UK
| | - R. K. Leśniak
- Department of Chemistry
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- University of Oxford
- Oxford
- UK
| | - J. Brem
- Department of Chemistry
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- University of Oxford
- Oxford
- UK
| | - A. M. Rydzik
- Department of Chemistry
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- University of Oxford
- Oxford
- UK
| | - H. Choi
- Department of Chemistry
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- University of Oxford
- Oxford
- UK
| | - I. K. H. Leung
- Department of Chemistry
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- University of Oxford
- Oxford
- UK
| | - M. A. McDonough
- Department of Chemistry
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- University of Oxford
- Oxford
- UK
| | - C. J. Schofield
- Department of Chemistry
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- University of Oxford
- Oxford
- UK
| | - T. D. W. Claridge
- Department of Chemistry
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- University of Oxford
- Oxford
- UK
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22
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Kamps JJAG, Khan A, Choi H, Lesniak RK, Brem J, Rydzik AM, McDonough MA, Schofield CJ, Claridge TDW, Mecinović J. Cation-π Interactions Contribute to Substrate Recognition in γ-Butyrobetaine Hydroxylase Catalysis. Chemistry 2015; 22:1270-6. [PMID: 26660433 PMCID: PMC4736438 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
γ-Butyrobetaine hydroxylase (BBOX) is a non-heme Fe(II) - and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent oxygenase that catalyzes the stereoselective hydroxylation of an unactivated C-H bond of γ-butyrobetaine (γBB) in the final step of carnitine biosynthesis. BBOX contains an aromatic cage for the recognition of the positively charged trimethylammonium group of the γBB substrate. Enzyme binding and kinetic analyses on substrate analogues with P and As substituting for N in the trimethylammonium group show that the analogues are good BBOX substrates, which follow the efficiency trend N(+) >P(+) >As(+). The results reveal that an uncharged carbon analogue of γBB is not a BBOX substrate, thus highlighting the importance of the energetically favorable cation-π interactions in productive substrate recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jos J A G Kamps
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Amjad Khan
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Hwanho Choi
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Robert K Lesniak
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Jürgen Brem
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Anna M Rydzik
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Michael A McDonough
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Christopher J Schofield
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Timothy D W Claridge
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Jasmin Mecinović
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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