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Alfred MA, Lang K, Kirakci K, Stuzhin P, Zimcik P, Labuta J, Novakova V. Subphthalocyanines as fluorescence sensors for metal cations. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:2635-2644. [PMID: 38224238 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03839d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Subphthalocyanines (SubPcs) and their aza-analogues (SubTPyzPzs) are fluorophores with strong orange fluorescence emission; however, their sensing ability towards metal cations remains uncharted. To fill this gap, we have developed an efficient method for introducing aza-crown moieties at the axial position of SubPcs and SubTPyzPzs to investigate the structure-activity relationship for sensing alkali (Li+, Na+, K+) and alkaline earth metal (Ca2+, Mg2+, Ba2+) cations. SubPcs showed better photostability than SubTPyzPzs and even a commonly utilized dye, 6-carboxyfluorescein. Selectivity toward metal cations was driven by the size of the aza-crown, irrespective of the counter anion. The stoichiometry of binding was found to be 1 : 1 in all cases, and the interaction between SubPcs and cations was characterized by the corresponding apparent binding constants (Ka). Notably, an unusually strong interaction of all sensoric SubPcs with Ba2+ compared to other studied cations was demonstrated. The role of the surrounding environment, i.e. the addition of water or methanol, in sensing cations is shown in detail as well. Selectivity towards K+ over Na+ was demonstrated in aqueous media with SubPcs bearing the 1-aza-6-crown-18 moiety in Tween 80 micelles. In this case, a 5-fold increase of the fluorescence quantum yield was observed upon binding K+ ions. The high brightness, photostability, and sensing activity in aqueous media make SubPc macrocycles promising fluorophores for metal cation sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Angelia Alfred
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Ak. Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove, 500 05 Czech Republic.
| | - Kamil Lang
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 250 68 Husinec-Řez, Czech Republic
| | - Kaplan Kirakci
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 250 68 Husinec-Řez, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Stuzhin
- Institute of Macroheterocycles, Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology, Sheremetevskij Pr-t 7, 153000 Ivanovo, Russia
| | - Petr Zimcik
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Ak. Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove, 500 05 Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Labuta
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan.
| | - Veronika Novakova
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Ak. Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove, 500 05 Czech Republic.
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Antipin IS, Alfimov MV, Arslanov VV, Burilov VA, Vatsadze SZ, Voloshin YZ, Volcho KP, Gorbatchuk VV, Gorbunova YG, Gromov SP, Dudkin SV, Zaitsev SY, Zakharova LY, Ziganshin MA, Zolotukhina AV, Kalinina MA, Karakhanov EA, Kashapov RR, Koifman OI, Konovalov AI, Korenev VS, Maksimov AL, Mamardashvili NZ, Mamardashvili GM, Martynov AG, Mustafina AR, Nugmanov RI, Ovsyannikov AS, Padnya PL, Potapov AS, Selektor SL, Sokolov MN, Solovieva SE, Stoikov II, Stuzhin PA, Suslov EV, Ushakov EN, Fedin VP, Fedorenko SV, Fedorova OA, Fedorov YV, Chvalun SN, Tsivadze AY, Shtykov SN, Shurpik DN, Shcherbina MA, Yakimova LS. Functional supramolecular systems: design and applications. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr5011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Lapkina LA, Sinelshchikova AA, Birin KP, Larchenko VE, Grigoriev MS, Tsivadze AY, Gorbunova YG. Cation-Induced Dimerization of Crown-Substituted Gallium Phthalocyanine by Complexing with Alkali Metals: The Crucial Role of a Central Metal. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:1948-1956. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c03408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lyudmila A. Lapkina
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Leninsky pr. 31, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Anna A. Sinelshchikova
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Leninsky pr. 31, Building 4, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Kirill P. Birin
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Leninsky pr. 31, Building 4, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Vladimir E. Larchenko
- JSC Fine Chemicals R&D Center, Krasnobogatyrskaya 42, Building 1, Moscow, 107258, Russia
| | - Mikhail S. Grigoriev
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Leninsky pr. 31, Building 4, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Aslan Yu. Tsivadze
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Leninsky pr. 31, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Leninsky pr. 31, Building 4, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Yulia G. Gorbunova
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Leninsky pr. 31, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Leninsky pr. 31, Building 4, Moscow 119071, Russia
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Yurt F, Saka ET, Biyiklioglu Z, Tunçel A, Ozel D, Ocakoglu K. Synthesis of axially disubstituted silicon phthalocyanines and investigation of their in vitro cytotoxic/phototoxic anticancer activities. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2020. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424620500455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, two SiPcs have been selected and the photodynamic therapy potentials were evaluated of the Pcs. Synthesis of Axially 2-decyn-1-oxy disubstituted Es-SiPc-2 was newly synthesized by the reaction of SiPcCl2 with 2-decyn-1-ol in the presence of NaH in toluene. Furthermore, their nuclear imaging potentials were evaluated in human colon adenocarcinoma (HT-29) and human lung fibroblast cell (WI-38) cell lines. The uptake results have indicated that Es-SiPc labeled with [Formula: see text]I radionuclide ([Formula: see text]I-Es-SiPc) was approximately 2-fold higher in the HT-29 cell line than the WI-38 cell line. In other words, the target/non-target tissue ratio is defined as two in the HT-29/WI-38 cell lines. Besides, the uptake values of [Formula: see text]I-Es-SiPc were found to be higher than [Formula: see text]I-Es-SiPc-2. [Formula: see text]I-Es-SiPc and [Formula: see text]I-Es-SiPc-2 are promising for imaging or treating colon adenocarcinoma. In vitrophotodynamic therapy (PDT) studies have shown that both compounds are suitable and can be used in this field. Also, Es-SiPc has been shown to have higher phototoxicity than Es-SiPc-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Yurt
- Institute of Nuclear Science, Department of Nuclear Applications, Ege University, Izmir, 35100, Turkey
| | - Ece Tugba Saka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, 61080, Turkey
| | - Zekeriya Biyiklioglu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, 61080, Turkey
| | - Ayça Tunçel
- Institute of Nuclear Science, Department of Nuclear Applications, Ege University, Izmir, 35100, Turkey
| | - Derya Ozel
- Institute of Nuclear Science, Department of Nuclear Applications, Ege University, Izmir, 35100, Turkey
| | - Kasim Ocakoglu
- Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Tarsus University, Mersin, 33400, Turkey
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Skvortsov IA, Zimcik P, Stuzhin PA, Novakova V. pH-Sensitive subphthalocyanines and subazaphthalocyanines. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:11090-11098. [PMID: 32582891 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01703e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although subphthalocyanines (SubPcs) possess advantageous fluorescence properties and serve as an amazing tool to attach a recognition sensor moiety to the axial position, a limited number of switchable SubPcs have been described so far. Isosteric aza-replacement is known to improve sensing properties in closely related phthalocyanine families; however, pyrazino[2,3-b,g,l]subporphyrazines (SubPyzPzs) have not yet been investigated for use in sensing applications. Therefore, this project focuses on the synthesis and sensing abilities of pH-sensitive SubPcs and SubPyzPzs on the principle of photoinduced electron transfer (PET). 4-Dimethylaminophenoxy (for acidic pH) or 4-hydroxyphenoxy (for basic pH) groups were employed as pH-sensitive axial ligands. Electrochemical studies revealed improvements in the electron-accepting properties of SubPyzPzs (Ered-0.56 V vs. SCE) in comparison to those of SubPcs (Ered-1.0 V vs. SCE). Hydroxy groups on the axial phenoxy ligands of SybPyzPzs and SubPcs have been found to act as donors for PET. The sensing properties under basic conditions could not be studied, since all the SubPcs and SubPyzPzs decomposed under basic conditions, SubPyzPzs were more susceptible to this process. On the other hand, compounds with 4-dimethylaminophenoxy groups as axial ligands showed great potential for sensing applications. These compounds were nonfluorescent (ΦF < 0.01) in acetone due to efficient PET, while their fluorescence steeply increased by two orders of magnitude upon the addition of trifluoroacetic acid, reaching a ΦF value of up to 0.17 (λem range of 563-590 nm). These compounds maintained their sensing properties in aqueous medium after incorporation into microemulsions. The most basic derivative showed pKA = 2.95 with ΦF = 0.10 in the ON state (fluorescence enhancement factor = 46, λem = 577 nm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan A Skvortsov
- Research Institute of Macroheterocycles, Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology, Sheremetevsky Avenue 7, Ivanovo RF-153000, Russia.
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Zubenko AD, Fedorova OA. Aromatic and heteroaromatic azacrown compounds: advantages and disadvantages of rigid macrocyclic ligands. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Current approaches to the synthesis of aromatic and heteroaromatic azamacrocycles and their derivatives are summarized and systematized. The relationship between the structure of azacrown compounds and their complexation behaviour towards metal cations is analyzed. The diversity of practical applications of azamacrocyclic derivatives in medicine, biology and analytical and organic chemistry, as well as for the design of molecular devices is demonstrated.
The bibliography includes 307 references.
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Skvortsov IA, Fazlyeva AM, Khodov IA, Stuzhin PA. Porphyrazines with annulated diazepine rings. 5. Near-IR-absorbing tetrakis(6,7-dihydro-1 H-1,4-diazepino)porphyrazines and effects of acid solvation on their spectral properties. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj04388e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Novel porphyrazines bearing fused 6,7-dihydro-1H-1,4-diazepine rings were synthesized and their spectral response on the change of medium acidity was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan A. Skvortsov
- Research Institute of Macroheterocycles
- Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology (ISUCT)
- Ivanovo 153000
- Russia
| | - Alina M. Fazlyeva
- Research Institute of Macroheterocycles
- Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology (ISUCT)
- Ivanovo 153000
- Russia
| | - Ilya A. Khodov
- Institute of Solution Chemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences (ISC RAS)
- Ivanovo 153045
- Russia
| | - Pavel A. Stuzhin
- Research Institute of Macroheterocycles
- Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology (ISUCT)
- Ivanovo 153000
- Russia
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Synthesis, aggregation, photocatalytical and electrochemical properties of axially 1-benzylpiperidin-4-oxy units substituted silicon phthalocyanine. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.126994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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9
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Arucu S, Sağlam MB, Özkaya AR. Electrochemical, spectroelectrochemical and electrocatalytic properties of newly synthesized phthalocyanine compounds with 1,1′-thiobis(2-naphthol) groups. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.126883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Lochman L, Machacek M, Miletin M, Uhlířová Š, Lang K, Kirakci K, Zimcik P, Novakova V. Red-Emitting Fluorescence Sensors for Metal Cations: The Role of Counteranions and Sensing of SCN - in Biological Materials. ACS Sens 2019; 4:1552-1559. [PMID: 31094188 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The spatiotemporal sensing of specific cationic and anionic species is crucial for understanding the processes occurring in living systems. Herein, we developed new fluorescence sensors derived from tetrapyrazinoporphyrazines (TPyzPzs) with a recognition moiety that consists of an aza-crown and supporting substituents. Their sensitivity and selectivity were compared by fluorescence titration experiments with the properties of known TPyzPzs (with either one aza-crown moiety or two of these moieties in a tweezer arrangement). Method of standard addition was employed for analyte quantification in saliva. For K+ recognition, the new derivatives had comparable or larger association constants with larger fluorescence enhancement factors compared to that with one aza-crown. Their fluorescence quantum yields in the ON state were 18× higher than that of TPyzPzs with a tweezer arrangement. Importantly, the sensitivity toward cations was strongly dependent on counteranions and increased as follows: NO3- < Br- < CF3SO3- < ClO4- ≪ SCN-. This trend resembles the chaotropic ability expressed by the Hofmeister series. The high selectivity toward KSCN was explained by synergic association of both K+ and SCN- with TPyzPz sensors. The sensing of SCN- was further exploited in a proof of concept study to quantify SCN- levels in the saliva of a smoker and to demonstrate the sensing ability of TPyzPzs under in vitro conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Lochman
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Miloslav Machacek
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Miletin
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Štěpánka Uhlířová
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Lang
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 250 68 Husinec-Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Kaplan Kirakci
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 250 68 Husinec-Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Zimcik
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Novakova
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Martynov AG, Safonova EA, Tsivadze AY, Gorbunova YG. Functional molecular switches involving tetrapyrrolic macrocycles. Coord Chem Rev 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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12
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Novakova V, Donzello MP, Ercolani C, Zimcik P, Stuzhin PA. Tetrapyrazinoporphyrazines and their metal derivatives. Part II: Electronic structure, electrochemical, spectral, photophysical and other application related properties. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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13
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Miletin M, Zimcik P, Novakova V. Photodynamic properties of aza-analogues of phthalocyanines. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2018; 17:1749-1766. [DOI: 10.1039/c8pp00106e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Spectral and photophysical properties and in vitro photodynamic activity of aza-analogues of phthalocyanines are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Miletin
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove
- Charles University
- Hradec Kralove 50005
- Czech Republic
| | - Petr Zimcik
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove
- Charles University
- Hradec Kralove 50005
- Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Novakova
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove
- Charles University
- Hradec Kralove 50005
- Czech Republic
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Kamiloğlu AA, Acar İ, Biyiklioglu Z. Synthesis and electrochemical properties of new metal-free and metallophthalocyanines bearing 2,6-dimethylquinoline-4-yl derivatives. Polyhedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2017.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Cidlina A, Miletin M, Fathi-Rasekh M, Nemykin VN, Zimcik P, Novakova V. OFF-ON-OFF Red-Emitting Fluorescent Indicators for a Narrow pH Window. Chemistry 2016; 23:1795-1804. [PMID: 27865014 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201604978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A unique combination of two independent mechanisms of fluorescence quenching, namely intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) from a peripheral donor and protonation of azomethine nitrogen atoms in zinc tetrapyrazinoporphyrazines (TPyzPz), provides a new possibility for sensing pH in a specific range. The pH selectivity was controlled by the different basicities of the donor for ICT (dimethylaminoaryl), which was connected to the macrocycle by π-extended linkers of different lengths. ICT and protonation have been studied in detail by photophysical, spectral (UV/Vis and MCD spectra), and electrochemical measurements, and further supported by theoretical calculations (DFT, TDDFT). The pH-sensing properties of the TPyzPzs have been investigated in THF and in water after anchoring the TPyzPzs to liposomes. The salient pKa values were around 1.3 (azomethine nitrogen) and 2.29-4.76 (donor for ICT). The lead indicators (sensing over a pH range of 1.0-2.5) with fairly steep sensing profiles exhibited increases in fluorescence between the OFF/ON states of more than 20-fold and strong absorption in the red region (Q-band maximum >650 nm, ϵ≈2×106 m-1 cm-1 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonin Cidlina
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove, 500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Miletin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove, 500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Mahtab Fathi-Rasekh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota, Duluth, 1039 University Drive, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA
| | - Victor N Nemykin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota, Duluth, 1039 University Drive, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Petr Zimcik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove, 500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Novakova
- Department of Biophysics and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove, 500 05, Czech Republic
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16
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Cidlina A, Svec J, Ludvová L, Kuneš J, Zimcik P, Novakova V. Predominant effect of connecting atom and position of substituents on azomethine nitrogens’ basicity in phthalocyanines. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2016. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424616500747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The basicity of azomethine nitrogens was studied on a series of phthalocyanines (Pcs) that differed in a position of substituent, [Formula: see text] peripherally ([Formula: see text]-series) and non-peripherally substituted Pcs ([Formula: see text]-series), and in a type of substituent (alkylsulfanyl, alkyloxy or alkyl). Appropriate 3,6- or 4,5-disubstituted phthalonitriles were prepared either by nucleophilic substitution or by Negishi coupling. Target zinc Pcs were synthesized by Linstead method. The basicity was studied by the mean of absorption and1H NMR spectroscopies in chloroform upon titration with trifluoroacetic acid. Equilibrium constants (log [Formula: see text]) indicated significant difference within the series. Basicity decreased as follows: [Formula: see text]-alkyloxy ≫ [Formula: see text]-alkylsulfanyl > [Formula: see text]-alkyloxy > [Formula: see text]-alkyl > [Formula: see text]-alkylsulfanyl ∼ [Formula: see text]-alkyl with log [Formula: see text] higher than 7 down to 2.6 M[Formula: see text]. Increased basicity of [Formula: see text]-alkyloxy and [Formula: see text]-alkylsulfanyl Pcs is caused by the stabilization of trapped hydrogen at azomethine nitrogen via hydrogen bonding and van der Waals interactions, respectively. The basicity of [Formula: see text]-series clearly correlated with the electronic effects of substituents.1H NMR studies confirmed the possibility of the weak bonding interactions in [Formula: see text]-alkyloxy and [Formula: see text]-alkylsulfanyl Pcs, however, the position of the1H NMR signal of azomethine-NH proton was even more influenced by the electronic effects of present substituents than by the weak interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonin Cidlina
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Svec
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Ludvová
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Kuneš
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Zimcik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Novakova
- Department of Biophysics and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Chow SYS, Ng DKP. Synthesis of an ABCD-Type Phthalocyanine by Intramolecular Cyclization Reaction. Org Lett 2016; 18:3234-7. [PMID: 27309120 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b01489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Unsymmetrical phthalocyanines with a low symmetry can exhibit unique and intriguing properties that can facilitate their applications in certain disciplines. The synthesis of these compounds, however, has posed a great difficulty. A novel and unprecedented approach for phthalocyanine synthesis is reported that involves intramolecular cyclization of prelinked tetrakisphthalonitriles. By using this strategy, the first ABCD-type phthalocyanine has been prepared in 7.2% yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Y S Chow
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Dennis K P Ng
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
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