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Tschernuth FS, Kostenko A, Stigler S, Gradenegger A, Inoue S. A neutral germanium-centred hard and soft lewis superacid and its unique reactivity towards hydrosilanes. Dalton Trans 2023; 53:74-81. [PMID: 38032271 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03626j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The germanium-centred Lewis superacid Ge(pinF)2 (1) was isolated as acetonitrile mono-adduct 1·MeCN and thoroughly characterized by NMR spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography and quantum chemical calculations. Ion abstraction and NMR experiments revealed the hard as well as soft Lewis superacidic nature of 1·MeCN. The title compound readily activates hydrosilanes such as Et3SiH, which is not feasible for its harder silicon homologue 2·MeCN, and even reacts with Et3SiF. The strongly coordinating acetonitrile could be abstracted by B(C6F5), giving the donor-free Ge(pinF)2 (1) and Si(pinF)2 (2) which are Lewis superacids. Unlike 1·MeCN, the donor-free 1 efficiently catalyses hydrosilylation of α-methylstyrene by Et3SiH. For this process, an inverse temperature dependence was observed, i.e. a complete conversion was achieved rapidly when the reaction was cooled to -35 °C, but the reaction stopped at elevated temperatures. Mechanistic investigations, including stoichiometric experiments and quantum chemical calculations, outlined the formation of germylene Ge(pinF) (3), which acts as the active catalyst. The germylene is formed by reductive elimination of the silylated pinacol from the hydrogermane intermediate, which is obtained by the initial reaction of 1 with Et3SiH. The inverse temperature dependence of the catalytic reaction could be explained by low entropy associated with the complexation of two cooperating germylenes and the substrates. With this example we introduce an in situ generated Lewis acidic germylene complex for catalytic hydrosilylation of olefins and again exemplify the great potential of main-group-element-based complexes in catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian S Tschernuth
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Wacker-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Arseni Kostenko
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Wacker-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Stigler
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Wacker-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Anna Gradenegger
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Wacker-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Wacker-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany.
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2
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Zaitsev KV, Makarov IS, Oprunenko YF, Tafeenko VA, Lermontova EK, Churakov AV. Structural Motifs in Aryl Organogermanium Ge-O Derivatives for Material Design. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13575. [PMID: 37686386 PMCID: PMC10487558 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to understand the main structural features and ways of formation of Ge-O bonds in organogermanium compounds under the conditions of ArnGeHal4-n (Hal = halide) hydrolysis. The structural types of these compounds were considered, providing 11 blocks (A-K). The molecular structures of the novel compounds [(p-FC6H4)3Ge]2O (1), [(p-F3CC6H4)3Ge]2O (2), and cyclo-[(p-F3CC6H4)2GeO]4 (3) were studied through XRD (X-ray diffraction) analysis. The molecular structure of [(p-F3CC6H4)3GeO]4Ge (4), representing a novel structural type, was also investigated. The data presented in this study will be important in the design of materials with useful properties based on group 14 element derivatives with element-oxygen bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill V. Zaitsev
- Chemistry Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskye Gory 1, 3, Moscow 119991, Russia; (Y.F.O.); (V.A.T.)
| | - Igor S. Makarov
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Pr. 29, Moscow 119991, Russia;
| | - Yuri F. Oprunenko
- Chemistry Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskye Gory 1, 3, Moscow 119991, Russia; (Y.F.O.); (V.A.T.)
| | - Victor A. Tafeenko
- Chemistry Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskye Gory 1, 3, Moscow 119991, Russia; (Y.F.O.); (V.A.T.)
| | - Elmira Kh. Lermontova
- N.S. Kurnakov General and Inorganic Chemistry Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii Pr. 31, Moscow 119991, Russia; (E.K.L.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Andrei V. Churakov
- N.S. Kurnakov General and Inorganic Chemistry Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii Pr. 31, Moscow 119991, Russia; (E.K.L.); (A.V.C.)
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3
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Louka A, Stratakis M. Deoxygenation of Epoxides with Hexamethyldigermane Catalyzed by Au Nanoparticles on TiO
2. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Louka
- Department of Chemistry University of Crete Voutes 71003 Heraklion Greece
| | - Manolis Stratakis
- Department of Chemistry University of Crete Voutes 71003 Heraklion Greece
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Roth D, Wadepohl H, Greb L. Bis(perchlorocatecholato)germane: Hard and Soft Lewis Superacid with Unlimited Water Stability. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:20930-20934. [PMID: 32776679 PMCID: PMC7693072 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202009736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Previously described Lewis superacids are moisture sensitive and predominantly hard in character-features that severely limit their widespread use in orbital-controlled reactions and under non-inert conditions. Described here are adducts of bis(perchlorocatecholato)germane, the first hard and soft Lewis superacid based on germanium. Remarkably, the synthesis of this compound is performed in water, and the obtained H2 O adduct constitutes a strong Brønsted acid. If applied as an adduct with aprotic donors, it displays excellent activity in a diverse set of Lewis acid catalyzed transformations, covering hydrosilylation, hydrodefluorination, transfer hydrogenation, and carbonyl-olefin metathesis. Given the very straightforward synthetic access from two commercially available precursors, the unlimited water stability and the soft Lewis acidic character, it promotes the transfer of Lewis superacidity into organic synthesis and materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Roth
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Hubert Wadepohl
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Lutz Greb
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
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5
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Organoelement Compounds Crystallized In Situ: Weak Intermolecular Interactions and Lattice Energies. CRYSTALS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst10010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The in situ crystallization is the most suitable way to obtain a crystal of a low-melting-point compound to determine its structure via X-Ray diffraction. Herein, the intermolecular interactions and some crystal properties of low-melting-point organoelement compounds (lattice energies, melting points, etc.) are discussed. The discussed structures were divided into two groups: organoelement compounds of groups 13–16 and organofluorine compounds with other halogen atoms (Cl, Br, I). The most of intermolecular interactions in the first group are represented by weak hydrogen bonds and H···H interactions. The crystal packing of the second group of compounds is stabilized by various interactions between halogen atoms in conjunction with hydrogen bonding and stacking interactions. The data on intermolecular interactions from the analysis of crystal packing allowed us to obtain correlations between lattice energies and Hirshfeld molecular surface areas, molecular volumes, and melting points.
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Kinder TA, Pior R, Blomeyer S, Neumann B, Stammler H, Mitzel NW. A Neutral Germanium/Phosphorus Frustrated Lewis Pair and Its Contrasting Reactivity Compared to Its Silicon Analogue. Chemistry 2019; 25:5899-5903. [PMID: 30843630 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timo A. Kinder
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie und Centrum für, Molekulare Materialien CM2Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - René Pior
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie und Centrum für, Molekulare Materialien CM2Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Sebastian Blomeyer
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie und Centrum für, Molekulare Materialien CM2Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie und Centrum für, Molekulare Materialien CM2Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Hans‐Georg Stammler
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie und Centrum für, Molekulare Materialien CM2Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Norbert W. Mitzel
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie und Centrum für, Molekulare Materialien CM2Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
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Ribbeck T, Kerpen C, Löw D, Sedykh AE, Müller-Buschbaum K, Ignat’ev NV, Finze M. Lanthanide trifluoromethyltricyanoborates: Synthesis, crystal structures and thermal properties. J Fluor Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2018.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Wiesemann M, Hoge B. Pentafluoroethylated Compounds of Silicon, Germanium and Tin. Chemistry 2018; 24:16457-16471. [PMID: 29722451 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In this contribution we present an account on pentafluoroethylated compounds of silicon, germanium and tin. The pronounced electron-withdrawing effect of the pentafluoroethyl group leads to a markedly increased Lewis acidity at the central atom which results in the stabilization of hypervalent complexes, anionic element(II) species as well as remarkable reactivities of element-element and element-hydrogen bonds. By addition to unsaturated C-C bonds or by reaction with organic halides as well as transition-metal complexes the molecules bearing a pentafluoroethyl-element group are readily accessible. Moreover, the utilization of pentafluoroethyl groups facilitates the formation of donor-stabilized germylenes and stannylenes. A series of such compounds serves as suitable pentafluoroethylation reagents. Conversely to the well-studied trifluoromethyl derivatives these compounds frequently exhibit a higher thermostability, which allows a more convenient handling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Wiesemann
- Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Berthold Hoge
- Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
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10
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Bader J, Maier AFG, Paradies J, Hoge B. Perfluoroalkylated Main‐Group Element Lewis Acids as Catalysts in Transfer Hydrogenation. Eur J Inorg Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201700524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Bader
- Centrum für Molekulare Materialien Fakultät für Chemie Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Alexander F. G. Maier
- Institut für Organische Chemie Fakultät für Chemie Universität Paderborn Warburger Straße 100 33098 Paderborn Germany
| | - Jan Paradies
- Institut für Organische Chemie Fakultät für Chemie Universität Paderborn Warburger Straße 100 33098 Paderborn Germany
| | - Berthold Hoge
- Centrum für Molekulare Materialien Fakultät für Chemie Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
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11
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Pelzer S, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Ignat'ev N, Hoge B. Tris(pentafluoroethyl)germane: Deprotonation and Hydrogermylation Reactions. Chemistry 2017; 23:12233-12242. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Pelzer
- Centrum für Molekulare Materialien; Fakultät für Chemie, Anorganische Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Centrum für Molekulare Materialien; Fakultät für Chemie, Anorganische Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Centrum für Molekulare Materialien; Fakultät für Chemie, Anorganische Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Nikolai Ignat'ev
- Consultant, Merck KGaA; Frankfurter Str. 250 64293 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Berthold Hoge
- Centrum für Molekulare Materialien; Fakultät für Chemie, Anorganische Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
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12
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Pelzer S, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Ignat'ev N, Hoge B. Hypervalent Pentafluoroethylgermanium Compounds, [(C 2 F 5 ) n GeX 5-n ] - and [(C 2 F 5 ) 3 GeF 3 ] 2- (X=F, Cl; n=2-5). Chemistry 2016; 22:16460-16466. [PMID: 27539166 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This paper gives an account on hypervalent fluoro- and chloro(pentafluoroethyl)germanium compounds. The selective synthesis of the tris(pentafluoroethyl)dichlorogermanate salt [PNP][(C2 F5 )3 GeCl2 ] as well as its X-ray structural analysis is described. As a representative example for pentafluoroethylfluorogermanates, the synthesis and structure of 2,4,6-triphenylpyryliumtris(pentafluoroethyl)difluorogermanate [C23 H17 O][(C2 F5 )3 GeF2 ] is reported. Fluoride-ion affinities for pentafluoroethylgermanes were calculated using quantum chemical methods, disclosing (C2 F5 )3 GeF as a weaker Lewis acid than (C2 F5 )3 SiF or (C2 F5 )3 PF2 . The theoretical results were confirmed by experiments and give the basis of a synthetic protocol for (C2 F5 )3 GeF. Pentakis(pentafluoroethyl)germanate [PPh4 ][Ge(C2 F5 )5 ] was detected as an intermediate during the synthesis of [PPh4 ][(C2 F5 )4 GeF] starting from tris(pentafluoroethyl)difluorogermanate and LiC2 F5 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Pelzer
- Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Fakultät für Chemie, Anorganische Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Fakultät für Chemie, Anorganische Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Fakultät für Chemie, Anorganische Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Nikolai Ignat'ev
- Consultant, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Berthold Hoge
- Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Fakultät für Chemie, Anorganische Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany.
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Ahrens T, Teltewskoi M, Ahrens M, Braun T, Laubenstein R. Competing reaction pathways of 3,3,3-trifluoropropene at rhodium hydrido, silyl and germyl complexes: C–F bond activation versus hydrogermylation. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:17495-17507. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt03027k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reactivity of the Rh complexes [Rh(L)(PEt3)3] (L = H, Si(OEt)3, GePh3) towards CH2CHCF3 was investigated which involve C–F bond activation and germylation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresia Ahrens
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
- Department of Chemistry
- D-12489 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Michael Teltewskoi
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
- Department of Chemistry
- D-12489 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Mike Ahrens
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
- Department of Chemistry
- D-12489 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Thomas Braun
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
- Department of Chemistry
- D-12489 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Reik Laubenstein
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
- Department of Chemistry
- D-12489 Berlin
- Germany
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