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Thakur MK, Haider G, Sonia FJ, Plšek J, Rodriguez A, Mishra V, Panda J, Gedeon O, Mergl M, Volochanskyi O, Valeš V, Frank O, Vejpravova J, Kalbáč M. Isotope Engineered Fluorinated Single and Bilayer Graphene: Insights into Fluorination Selectivity, Stability, and Defect Passivation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2205575. [PMID: 36593530 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202205575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Tailoring the physicochemical properties of graphene through functionalization remains a major interest for next-generation technological applications. However, defect formation due to functionalization greatly endangers the intrinsic properties of graphene, which remains a serious concern. Despite numerous attempts to address this issue, a comprehensive analysis has not been conducted. This work reports a two-step fluorination process to stabilize the fluorinated graphene and obtain control over the fluorination-induced defects in graphene layers. The structural, electronic and isotope-mass-sensitive spectroscopic characterization unveils several not-yet-resolved facts, such as fluorination sites and CF bond stability in partially-fluorinated graphene (F-SLG). The stability of fluorine has been correlated to fluorine co-shared between two graphene layers in fluorinated-bilayer-graphene (F-BLG). The desorption energy of co-shared fluorine is an order of magnitude higher than the CF bond energy in F-SLG due to the electrostatic interaction and the inhibition of defluorination in the F-BLG. Additionally, F-BLG exhibits enhanced light-matter interaction, which has been utilized to design a proof-of-concept field-effect phototransistor that produces high photocurrent response at a time <200 µs. Thus, the study paves a new avenue for the in-depth understanding and practical utilization of fluorinated graphenic carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Kumar Thakur
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 18200, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Golam Haider
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 18200, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Farjana J Sonia
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 18200, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Plšek
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 18200, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Alvaro Rodriguez
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 18200, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Vipin Mishra
- Department of Glass and Ceramics, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 16628, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jaganandha Panda
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 18200, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Gedeon
- Department of Glass and Ceramics, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 16628, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Mergl
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 18200, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Oleksandr Volochanskyi
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 18200, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Valeš
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 18200, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Otakar Frank
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 18200, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Vejpravova
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 5, 12116, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kalbáč
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 18200, Prague 8, Czech Republic
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2
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Chen X, Fan K, Liu Y, Li Y, Liu X, Feng W, Wang X. Recent Advances in Fluorinated Graphene from Synthesis to Applications: Critical Review on Functional Chemistry and Structure Engineering. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2101665. [PMID: 34658081 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202101665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Fluorinated graphene (FG), as an emerging member of the graphene derivatives family, has attracted wide attention on account of its excellent performances and underlying applications. The introduction of a fluorine atom, with the strongest electronegativity (3.98), greatly changes the electron distribution of graphene, resulting in a series of unique variations in optical, electronic, magnetic, interfacial properties and so on. Herein, recent advances in the study of FG from synthesis to applications are introduced, and the relationship between its structure and properties is summarized in detail. Especially, the functional chemistry of FG has been thoroughly analyzed in recent years, which has opened a universal route for the functionalization and even multifunctionalization of FG toward various graphene derivatives, which further broadens its applications. Moreover, from a particular angle, the structure engineering of FG such as the distribution pattern of fluorine atoms and the regulation of interlayer structure when advanced nanotechnology gets involved is summarized. Notably, the elaborated structure engineering of FG is the key factor to optimize the corresponding properties for potential applications, and is also an up-to-date research hotspot and future development direction. Finally, perspectives and prospects for the problems and challenges in the study of FG are put forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Chen
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Kun Fan
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Yu Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300354, P. R. China
| | - Xiangyang Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Wei Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300354, P. R. China
| | - Xu Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
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3
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Reversible Lectin Binding to Glycan-Functionalized Graphene. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136661. [PMID: 34206350 PMCID: PMC8267698 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The monolayer character of two-dimensional materials predestines them for application as active layers of sensors. However, their inherent high sensitivity is always accompanied by a low selectivity. Chemical functionalization of two-dimensional materials has emerged as a promising way to overcome the selectivity issues. Here, we demonstrate efficient graphene functionalization with carbohydrate ligands—chitooligomers, which bind proteins of the lectin family with high selectivity. Successful grafting of a chitooligomer library was thoroughly characterized, and glycan binding to wheat germ agglutinin was studied by a series of methods. The results demonstrate that the protein quaternary structure remains intact after binding to the functionalized graphene, and that the lectin can be liberated from the surface by the addition of a binding competitor. The chemoenzymatic assay with a horseradish peroxidase conjugate also confirmed the intact catalytic properties of the enzyme. The present approach thus paves the way towards graphene-based sensors for carbohydrate–lectin binding.
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AlSalem HS, Al-Goul ST, García-Miranda Ferrari A, Brownson DAC, Velarde L, Koehler SPK. Imaging the reactivity and width of graphene's boundary region. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:9612-9615. [PMID: 32776054 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc02675a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reactivity of graphene at its boundary region has been imaged using non-linear spectroscopy to address the controversy whether the terraces of graphene or its edges are more reactive. Graphene was functionalised with phenyl groups, and we subsequently scanned our vibrational sum-frequency generation setup from the functionalised graphene terraces across the edges. A greater phenyl signal is clearly observed at the edges, showing evidence of increased reactivity in the boundary region. We estimate an upper limit of 1 mm for the width of the CVD graphene boundary region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huda S AlSalem
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK and Photon Science Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK and School of Chemistry, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Soha T Al-Goul
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, USA and School of Chemistry, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alejandro García-Miranda Ferrari
- Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK. and Manchester Fuel Cell Innovation Centre, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
| | - Dale A C Brownson
- Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK. and Manchester Fuel Cell Innovation Centre, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
| | - Luis Velarde
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, USA
| | - Sven P K Koehler
- Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK.
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5
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Chronopoulos DD, Medveď M, Potsi G, Tomanec O, Scheibe M, Otyepka M. Tunable one-step double functionalization of graphene based on fluorographene chemistry. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:1936-1939. [PMID: 32002534 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc09514d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Double functionalized graphene derivatives were synthetized by a one-pot reaction of fluorographene with organometallic nucleophiles. Their nucleophilicity governed the preference for grafting and was utilized for tuning the functionalization. This approach paves the way toward the facile, up-scalable and controllable multifunctionalization of graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demetrios D Chronopoulos
- Faculty of Science, Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Stathis A, Papadakis I, Karampitsos N, Couris S, Potsi G, Bourlinos AB, Otyepka M, Zboril R. Thiophenol-Modified Fluorographene Derivatives for Nonlinear Optical Applications. Chempluschem 2019; 84:1288-1298. [PMID: 31944032 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201800643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of two thiophenol-modified fluorographene derivatives, namely methoxythiophenol-and dimethylaminothiophenol-modified fluorographenes, are reported, while their third-order nonlinear optical response were thoroughly investigated under both visible (532 nm) and infrared (1064 nm) with 35 ps and 4 ns laser pulses. The graphene derivatives were obtained by partial nucleophilic substitution/reduction of fluorographene by the corresponding organic thiophenols, and were fully characterized by techniques including infrared/Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, atomic force spectroscopy, and high-resolution transmission microscopy. This type of modification resulted in graphenic structures where the attached thiol groups, sp2 domains, and the residual fluorine groups act as donors, π bridges, and acceptors, respectively. Both derivatives exhibited large nonlinear optical response compared to fluorographene, and have potential applications in optical limiting as an alternative to fullerenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristeidis Stathis
- Department of Physics, University of Patras, 26504, Patras, Greece.,Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), P.O. Box 1414, Patras, 26504, Greece
| | - Ioannis Papadakis
- Department of Physics, University of Patras, 26504, Patras, Greece.,Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), P.O. Box 1414, Patras, 26504, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Karampitsos
- Department of Physics, University of Patras, 26504, Patras, Greece.,Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), P.O. Box 1414, Patras, 26504, Greece
| | - Stelios Couris
- Department of Physics, University of Patras, 26504, Patras, Greece.,Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), P.O. Box 1414, Patras, 26504, Greece
| | - Georgia Potsi
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 779 00, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Athanasios B Bourlinos
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 779 00, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Otyepka
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 779 00, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Zboril
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 779 00, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Valenta L, Kovaříček P, Valeš V, Bastl Z, Drogowska KA, Verhagen TA, Cibulka R, Kalbáč M. Spatially Resolved Covalent Functionalization Patterns on Graphene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201810119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leoš Valenta
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Dolejškova 2155/3 18223 Praha Czech Republic
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague; Technická 5 16628 Praha Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kovaříček
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Dolejškova 2155/3 18223 Praha Czech Republic
| | - Václav Valeš
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Dolejškova 2155/3 18223 Praha Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Bastl
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Dolejškova 2155/3 18223 Praha Czech Republic
| | - Karolina A. Drogowska
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Dolejškova 2155/3 18223 Praha Czech Republic
| | - Timotheus A. Verhagen
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics; Faculty of Mathematics and Physics; Charles University; Ke Karlovu 5 12116 Prague 2 Czech Republic
| | - Radek Cibulka
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague; Technická 5 16628 Praha Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kalbáč
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Dolejškova 2155/3 18223 Praha Czech Republic
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8
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Valenta L, Kovaříček P, Valeš V, Bastl Z, Drogowska KA, Verhagen TA, Cibulka R, Kalbáč M. Spatially Resolved Covalent Functionalization Patterns on Graphene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 58:1324-1328. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201810119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leoš Valenta
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Dolejškova 2155/3 18223 Praha Czech Republic
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague; Technická 5 16628 Praha Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kovaříček
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Dolejškova 2155/3 18223 Praha Czech Republic
| | - Václav Valeš
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Dolejškova 2155/3 18223 Praha Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Bastl
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Dolejškova 2155/3 18223 Praha Czech Republic
| | - Karolina A. Drogowska
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Dolejškova 2155/3 18223 Praha Czech Republic
| | - Timotheus A. Verhagen
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics; Faculty of Mathematics and Physics; Charles University; Ke Karlovu 5 12116 Prague 2 Czech Republic
| | - Radek Cibulka
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague; Technická 5 16628 Praha Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kalbáč
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Dolejškova 2155/3 18223 Praha Czech Republic
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9
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Kovaříček P, Cebecauer M, Neburková J, Bartoň J, Fridrichová M, Drogowska KA, Cigler P, Lehn JM, Kalbac M. Proton-Gradient-Driven Oriented Motion of Nanodiamonds Grafted to Graphene by Dynamic Covalent Bonds. ACS NANO 2018; 12:7141-7147. [PMID: 29889492 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b03015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Manipulating nanoscopic objects by external stimuli is the cornerstone of nanoscience. Here, we report the implementation of dynamic covalent chemistry in the reversible binding and directional motion of fluorescent nanodiamond particles at a functionalized graphene surface via imine linkages. The dynamic connections allow for controlling the formation and rupture of these linkages by external stimuli. By introduction of pH gradients, the nanoparticles are driven to move along the gradient due to the different rates of the imine condensation and hydrolysis in the two environments. The multivalent nature of the particle-to-surface connection ensures that particles remain attached to the surface, whereas its dynamic character allows for exchange reaction, thus leading to displacement yet bound behavior in two-dimensional space. These results open a pathway for thermodynamically controlled manipulation of objects on the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Kovaříček
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Dolejškova 2155/3 , 182 23 Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Marek Cebecauer
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Dolejškova 2155/3 , 182 23 Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Neburková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Flemingovo náměstí 2 , 166 10 Prague , Czech Republic
- First Faculty of Medicine , Charles University , Kateřinská 32 , 121 08 Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Jan Bartoň
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Flemingovo náměstí 2 , 166 10 Prague , Czech Republic
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Charles University , Hlavova 2030 , 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Fridrichová
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Dolejškova 2155/3 , 182 23 Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Karolina A Drogowska
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Dolejškova 2155/3 , 182 23 Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Petr Cigler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Flemingovo náměstí 2 , 166 10 Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Jean-Marie Lehn
- Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires , Université de Strasbourg , 8 allée Gaspard Monge , 670 00 Strasbourg , France
| | - Martin Kalbac
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Dolejškova 2155/3 , 182 23 Prague , Czech Republic
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10
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Medveď M, Zoppellaro G, Ugolotti J, Matochová D, Lazar P, Pospíšil T, Bakandritsos A, Tuček J, Zbořil R, Otyepka M. Reactivity of fluorographene is triggered by point defects: beyond the perfect 2D world. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:4696-4707. [PMID: 29442111 PMCID: PMC5892133 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr09426d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Preparation of graphene derivatives using fluorographene (FG) as a precursor has become a key strategy for the large-scale synthesis of new 2-D materials (e.g. graphene acid, cyanographene, allyl-graphene) with tailored physicochemical properties. However, to gain full control over the derivatization process, it is essential to understand the reaction mechanisms and accompanying processes that affect the composition and structure of the final products. Despite the strength of C-F bonds and high chemical stability of perfluorinated hydrocarbons, FG is surprisingly susceptible to reactions under ambient conditions. There is clear evidence that nucleophilic substitution on FG is accompanied by spontaneous defluorination, and solvent-induced defluorination can occur even in the absence of any nucleophilic agent. Here, we show that distributed radical centers (fluorine vacancies) on the FG surface need to be taken into account in order to rationalize the defluorination mechanism. Depending on the environment, these radical centers can react as electron acceptors, electrophilic sites and/or cause homolytic bond cleavages. We also propose a new radical mechanism of FG defluorination in the presence of N,N'-dimethylformamide (DMF) solvent. Spin-trap experiments as well as 19F NMR measurements unambiguously confirmed formation of N,N'-dimethylformyl radicals and also showed that N,N'-dimethylcarbamoyl fluoride plays a key role in the proposed mechanism. These findings imply that point defects in 2D materials should be considered as key factor determining their chemical properties and reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Medveď
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University in Olomouc, 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Giorgio Zoppellaro
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University in Olomouc, 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Juri Ugolotti
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University in Olomouc, 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Dagmar Matochová
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University in Olomouc, 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Lazar
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University in Olomouc, 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Tomáš Pospíšil
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacky University in Olomouc, 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Aristides Bakandritsos
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University in Olomouc, 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiří Tuček
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University in Olomouc, 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Radek Zbořil
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University in Olomouc, 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Michal Otyepka
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University in Olomouc, 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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11
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Guerra VLP, Kovaříček P, Valeš V, Drogowska K, Verhagen T, Vejpravova J, Horák L, Listorti A, Colella S, Kalbáč M. Selective self-assembly and light emission tuning of layered hybrid perovskites on patterned graphene. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:3198-3211. [PMID: 29379917 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr07860a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The emission of light in two-dimensional (2-D) layered hybrid organic lead halide perovskites, namely (R-NH3)2PbX4, can be effectively tuned using specific building blocks for the perovskite formation. Herein this behaviour is combined with a non-covalent graphene functionalization allowing excellent selectivity and spatial resolution of the perovskite film growth, promoting the formation of hybrid 2-D perovskite : graphene heterostructures with uniform coverage of up to centimeter scale graphene sheets and arbitrary shapes down to 5 μm. Using cryo-Raman microspectroscopy, highly resolved spectra of the perovskite phases were obtained and the Raman mapping served as a convenient spatially resolved technique for monitoring the distribution of the perovskite and graphene constituents on the substrate. In addition, the stability of the perovskite phase with respect to the thermal variation was inspected in situ by X-ray diffraction. Finally, time-resolved photoluminescence characterization demonstrated that the optical properties of the perovskite films grown on graphene are not hampered. Our study thus opens the door to smart fabrication routes for (opto)-electronic devices based on 2-D perovskites in contact with graphene with complex architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentino L P Guerra
- Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Dolejškova 2155/3, 182 23 Praha, Czech Republic.
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12
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Chronopoulos DD, Bakandritsos A, Pykal M, Zbořil R, Otyepka M. Chemistry, properties, and applications of fluorographene. APPLIED MATERIALS TODAY 2017; 9:60-70. [PMID: 29238741 PMCID: PMC5721099 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmt.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Fluorographene, formally a two-dimensional stoichiometric graphene derivative, attracted remarkable attention of the scientific community due to its extraordinary physical and chemical properties. We overview the strategies for the preparation of fluorinated graphene derivatives, based on top-down and bottom-up approaches. The physical and chemical properties of fluorographene, which is considered as one of the thinnest insulators with a wide electronic band gap, are presented. Special attention is paid to the rapidly developing chemistry of fluorographene, which was advanced in the last few years. The unusually high reactivity of fluorographene, which can be chemically considered perfluorinated hydrocarbon, enables facile and scalable access to a wide portfolio of graphene derivatives, such as graphene acid, cyanographene and allyl-graphene. Finally, we summarize the so far reported applications of fluorographene and fluorinated graphenes, spanning from sensing and bioimaging to separation, electronics and energy technologies.
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Vecera P, Chacón-Torres JC, Pichler T, Reich S, Soni HR, Görling A, Edelthalhammer K, Peterlik H, Hauke F, Hirsch A. Precise determination of graphene functionalization by in situ Raman spectroscopy. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15192. [PMID: 28480893 PMCID: PMC5424145 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The verification of a successful covalent functionalization of graphene and related carbon allotropes can easily be carried out by Raman spectroscopy. Nevertheless, the unequivocal assignment and resolution of individual lattice modes associated with the covalent binding of addends was elusive up to now. Here we present an in situ Raman study of a controlled functionalization of potassium intercalated graphite, revealing several new bands appearing in the D-region of the spectrum. The evolution of these bands with increasing degree of functionalization from low to moderate levels provides a basis for the deconvolution of the different components towards quantifying the extent of functionalization. By complementary DFT calculations we were able to identify the vibrational changes in the close proximity of the addend bearing lattice carbon atoms and to assign them to specific Raman modes. The experimental in situ observation of the developing functionalization along with the reoxidation of the intercalated graphite represents an important step towards an improved understanding of the chemistry of graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Vecera
- Chair of Organic Chemistry II and Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julio C. Chacón-Torres
- Institut für Experimental Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Yachay Tech University, School of Physical Sciences and Nanotechnology, Urcuquí 100119, Ecuador
| | - Thomas Pichler
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Strudlhofgasse 4, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephanie Reich
- Institut für Experimental Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Himadri R. Soni
- Chair of Theoretical Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Görling
- Chair of Theoretical Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Konstantin Edelthalhammer
- Chair of Organic Chemistry II and Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Herwig Peterlik
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Strudlhofgasse 4, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Frank Hauke
- Chair of Organic Chemistry II and Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Chair of Organic Chemistry II and Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Drogowska K, Kovaříček P, Kalbáč M. Functionalization of Hydrogenated Chemical Vapour Deposition‐Grown Graphene by On‐Surface Chemical Reactions. Chemistry 2017; 23:4073-4078. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201605385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Drogowska
- Department of Low Dimensional Systems, J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i. Dolejskova 2155/3 18223 Prague 8 Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kovaříček
- Department of Low Dimensional Systems, J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i. Dolejskova 2155/3 18223 Prague 8 Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kalbáč
- Department of Low Dimensional Systems, J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i. Dolejskova 2155/3 18223 Prague 8 Czech Republic
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Plšek J, Kovaříček P, Valeš V, Kalbáč M. Tuning the Reactivity of Graphene by Surface Phase Orientation. Chemistry 2017; 23:1839-1845. [PMID: 27911050 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201604311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Tuning the local reactivity of graphene is a subject of paramount importance. Among the available strategies, the activation/passivation of graphene by copper substrate is very promising because it enables the properties of graphene to be influenced without any transfer procedure, since graphene can be grown directly on copper. Herein, it is demonstrated that the reactivity of graphene towards fluorination is strongly influenced by the face of the surface of the copper substrate. Graphene on the copper foil was probed and grain orientations were identified. The results of the reactivity were evaluated by means of X-ray photo electron and Raman spectroscopy. Graphene on the grains with a surface orientation close to the (111) face is the most reactive, whereas graphene on the grains close to the (110) surface is least reactive. The long-term stability test showed that the decomposition of fluorinated graphene was slowest on the grains with a surface orientation close to the (111) face. The results are consistent with the variation of the mechanical strain of graphene on different faces of copper. In contrast, no clear correlation of the graphene reactivity with doping induced by different facets was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Plšek
- Department of Low-Dimensional Systems, J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Dolejškova 3, 18223, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kovaříček
- Department of Low-Dimensional Systems, J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Dolejškova 3, 18223, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Valeš
- Department of Low-Dimensional Systems, J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Dolejškova 3, 18223, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kalbáč
- Department of Low-Dimensional Systems, J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Dolejškova 3, 18223, Prague 8, Czech Republic
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