1
|
Grüschow S, McQuarrie S, Ackermann K, McMahon S, Bode B, Gloster T, White M. CRISPR antiphage defence mediated by the cyclic nucleotide-binding membrane protein Csx23. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:2761-2775. [PMID: 38471818 PMCID: PMC11014256 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas provides adaptive immunity in prokaryotes. Type III CRISPR systems detect invading RNA and activate the catalytic Cas10 subunit, which generates a range of nucleotide second messengers to signal infection. These molecules bind and activate a diverse range of effector proteins that provide immunity by degrading viral components and/or by disturbing key aspects of cellular metabolism to slow down viral replication. Here, we focus on the uncharacterised effector Csx23, which is widespread in Vibrio cholerae. Csx23 provides immunity against plasmids and phage when expressed in Escherichia coli along with its cognate type III CRISPR system. The Csx23 protein localises in the membrane using an N-terminal transmembrane α-helical domain and has a cytoplasmic C-terminal domain that binds cyclic tetra-adenylate (cA4), activating its defence function. Structural studies reveal a tetrameric structure with a novel fold that binds cA4 specifically. Using pulse EPR, we demonstrate that cA4 binding to the cytoplasmic domain of Csx23 results in a major perturbation of the transmembrane domain, consistent with the opening of a pore and/or disruption of membrane integrity. This work reveals a new class of cyclic nucleotide binding protein and provides key mechanistic detail on a membrane-associated CRISPR effector.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Grüschow
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Stuart McQuarrie
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Katrin Ackermann
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, School of Chemistry, Centre of Magnetic Resonance, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Stephen McMahon
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Bela E Bode
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, School of Chemistry, Centre of Magnetic Resonance, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Tracey M Gloster
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Malcolm F White
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hasanbasri Z, Tessmer MH, Stoll S, Saxena S. Modeling of Cu(II)-based protein spin labels using rotamer libraries. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:6806-6816. [PMID: 38324256 PMCID: PMC10883468 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05951k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
The bifunctional spin label double-histidine copper-(II) capped with nitrilotriacetate [dHis-Cu(II)-NTA], used in conjunction with electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) methods can provide high-resolution distance data for investigating protein structure and backbone conformational diversity. Quantitative utilization of this data is limited due to a lack of rapid and accurate dHis-Cu(II)-NTA modeling methods that can be used to translate experimental data into modeling restraints. Here, we develop two dHis-Cu(II)-NTA rotamer libraries using a set of recently published molecular dynamics simulations and a semi-empirical meta-dynamics-based conformational ensemble sampling tool for use with the recently developed chiLife bifunctional spin label modeling method. The accuracy of both the libraries and the modeling method are tested by comparing model predictions to experimentally determined distance distributions. We show that this method is accurate with absolute deviation between the predicted and experimental modes between 0.0-1.2 Å with an average of 0.6 Å over the test data used. In doing so, we also validate the generality of the chiLife bifunctional label modeling method. Taken together, the increased structural resolution and modeling accuracy of dHis-Cu(II)-NTA over other spin labels promise improvements in the accuracy and resolution of protein models by EPR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zikri Hasanbasri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA.
| | - Maxx H Tessmer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, WA, 98195, USA.
| | - Stefan Stoll
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, WA, 98195, USA.
| | - Sunil Saxena
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bogetti X, Saxena S. Integrating Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Computational Modeling to Measure Protein Structure and Dynamics. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202300506. [PMID: 37801003 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) has become a powerful probe of conformational heterogeneity and dynamics of biomolecules. In this Review, we discuss different computational modeling techniques that enrich the interpretation of EPR measurements of dynamics or distance restraints. A variety of spin labels are surveyed to provide a background for the discussion of modeling tools. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of models containing spin labels provide dynamical properties of biomolecules and their labels. These simulations can be used to predict EPR spectra, sample stable conformations and sample rotameric preferences of label sidechains. For molecular motions longer than milliseconds, enhanced sampling strategies and de novo prediction software incorporating or validated by EPR measurements are able to efficiently refine or predict protein conformations, respectively. To sample large-amplitude conformational transition, a coarse-grained or an atomistic weighted ensemble (WE) strategy can be guided with EPR insights. Looking forward, we anticipate an integrative strategy for efficient sampling of alternate conformations by de novo predictions, followed by validations by systematic EPR measurements and MD simulations. Continuous pathways between alternate states can be further sampled by WE-MD including all intermediate states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Bogetti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Sunil Saxena
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rudolph M, Tampé R, Joseph B. Time-Resolved Mn 2+ -NO and NO-NO Distance Measurements Reveal That Catalytic Asymmetry Regulates Alternating Access in an ABC Transporter. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202307091. [PMID: 37459565 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202307091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters shuttle diverse substrates across biological membranes. Transport is often achieved through a transition between an inward-facing (IF) and an outward-facing (OF) conformation of the transmembrane domains (TMDs). Asymmetric nucleotide-binding sites (NBSs) are present among several ABC subfamilies and their functional role remains elusive. Here we addressed this question using concomitant NO-NO, Mn2+ -NO, and Mn2+ -Mn2+ pulsed electron-electron double-resonance spectroscopy of TmrAB in a time-resolved manner. This type-IV ABC transporter undergoes a reversible transition in the presence of ATP with a significantly faster forward transition. The impaired degenerate NBS stably binds Mn2+ -ATP, and Mn2+ is preferentially released at the active consensus NBS. ATP hydrolysis at the consensus NBS considerably accelerates the reverse transition. Both NBSs fully open during each conformational cycle and the degenerate NBS may regulate the kinetics of this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Rudolph
- Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Tampé
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biocenter, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Benesh Joseph
- Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Galazzo L, Bordignon E. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy in structural-dynamic studies of large protein complexes. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 134-135:1-19. [PMID: 37321755 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Macromolecular protein assemblies are of fundamental importance for many processes inside the cell, as they perform complex functions and constitute central hubs where reactions occur. Generally, these assemblies undergo large conformational changes and cycle through different states that ultimately are connected to specific functions further regulated by additional small ligands or proteins. Unveiling the 3D structural details of these assemblies at atomic resolution, identifying the flexible parts of the complexes, and monitoring with high temporal resolution the dynamic interplay between different protein regions under physiological conditions is key to fully understanding their properties and to fostering biomedical applications. In the last decade, we have seen remarkable advances in cryo-electron microscopy (EM) techniques, which deeply transformed our vision of structural biology, especially in the field of macromolecular assemblies. With cryo-EM, detailed 3D models of large macromolecular complexes in different conformational states became readily available at atomic resolution. Concomitantly, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR) have benefited from methodological innovations which also improved the quality of the information that can be achieved. Such enhanced sensitivity widened their applicability to macromolecular complexes in environments close to physiological conditions and opened a path towards in-cell applications. In this review we will focus on the advantages and challenges of EPR techniques with an integrative approach towards a complete understanding of macromolecular structures and functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Galazzo
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland.
| | - Enrica Bordignon
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fábregas-Ibáñez L, Mertens V, Ritsch I, von Hagens T, Stoll S, Jeschke G. Dipolar pathways in multi-spin and multi-dimensional dipolar EPR spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:22645-22660. [PMID: 36106486 PMCID: PMC9516884 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp03048a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Dipolar electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) experiments, such as double electron-electron resonance (DEER), measure distributions of nanometer-scale distances between unpaired electrons, which provide valuable information for structural characterization of proteins and other macromolecular systems. We present an extension to our previously published general model based on dipolar pathways valid for multi-dimensional dipolar EPR experiments with more than two spin-1/2 labels. We examine the 4-pulse DEER and TRIER experiments in terms of dipolar pathways and show experimental results confirming the theoretical predictions. This extension to the dipolar pathways model allows the analysis of previously challenging datasets and the extraction of multivariate distance distributions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Fábregas-Ibáñez
- ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Valerie Mertens
- ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Irina Ritsch
- ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tona von Hagens
- ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Stoll
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, Washington, USA
| | - Gunnar Jeschke
- ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lane BJ, Wang B, Ma Y, Calabrese AN, El Mkami H, Pliotas C. HDX-guided EPR spectroscopy to interrogate membrane protein dynamics. STAR Protoc 2022; 3:101562. [PMID: 35874470 PMCID: PMC9304679 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Solvent accessibilities of and distances between protein residues measured by pulsed-EPR approaches provide high-resolution information on dynamic protein motions. We describe protocols for the purification and site-directed spin labeling of integral membrane proteins. In our protocol, peptide-level HDX-MS is used as a precursor to guide single-residue resolution ESEEM accessibility measurements and spin labeling strategies for EPR applications. Exploiting the pentameric MscL channel as a model, we discuss the use of cwEPR, DEER/PELDOR, and ESEEM spectroscopies to interrogate membrane protein dynamics. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Wang et al. (2022). Protocols for an integrated EPR-based approach to study membrane protein dynamics Instructions for the sample preparation of spin-labeled membrane proteins Used HDX-MS as a precursor to guide spin labeling strategies for EPR methods Probed solvent accessibility at the single-residue level by ESEEM
Publisher’s note: Undertaking any experimental protocol requires adherence to local institutional guidelines for laboratory safety and ethics.
Collapse
|
8
|
Hedison T, Iorgu AI, Calabrese D, Heyes DJ, Shanmugam M, Scrutton NS. Solution-State Inter-Copper Distribution of Redox Partner-Linked Copper Nitrite Reductases: A Pulsed Electron-Electron Double Resonance Spectroscopy Study. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:6927-6934. [PMID: 35867774 PMCID: PMC9358711 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Copper nitrite reductases (CuNiRs) catalyze the reduction of nitrite to form nitric oxide. In recent years, new classes of redox partner linked CuNiRs have been isolated and characterized by crystallographic techniques. Solution-state biophysical studies have shed light on the complex catalytic mechanisms of these enzymes and implied that protein dynamics may play a role in CuNiR catalysis. To investigate the structural, dynamical, and functional relationship of these CuNiRs, we have used protein reverse engineering and pulsed electron-electron double resonance (PELDOR) spectroscopy to determine their solution-state inter-copper distributions. Data show the multidimensional conformational landscape of this family of enzymes and the role of tethering in catalysis. The importance of combining high-resolution crystallographic techniques and low-resolution solution-state approaches in determining the structures and mechanisms of metalloenzymes is emphasized by our approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias
M. Hedison
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.
- EPSRC/BBSRC
funded Future Biomanufacturing Research Hub, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.
| | - Andreea I. Iorgu
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.
| | - Donato Calabrese
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.
| | - Derren J. Heyes
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.
| | - Muralidharan Shanmugam
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.
| | - Nigel S. Scrutton
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.
- EPSRC/BBSRC
funded Future Biomanufacturing Research Hub, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hett T, Schiemann O. PELDOR Measurements on Nitroxide-Labeled Oligonucleotides. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2439:241-274. [PMID: 35226326 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2047-2_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In the past decades, pulsed dipolar electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (PDS) has emerged as a powerful tool in biophysical chemistry to study the structure, dynamics, and function of biomolecules like oligonucleotides and proteins. Structural information is obtained from PDS methods in form of a distribution of distances between spin centers. Such spin centers can either be intrinsically present paramagnetic metal ions and organic radicals or may be attached to the biomolecule by means of site-directed spin labeling. The most common PDS experiment for probing interspin distances in the nanometer range is pulsed electron-electron double resonance (PELDOR or DEER). In the protocol presented here, we provide a step-by-step workflow on how to set up a PELDOR experiment on a commercially available pulsed EPR spectrometer, outline the data analysis, and highlight potential pitfalls. We suggest PELDOR measurements on nitroxide-labeled oligonucleotides to study the structure of either RNA-cleaving DNAzymes in complex with their RNA targets or modified DNAzymes with different functions and targets, in which deoxynucleotides are substituted by nitroxide-labeled nucleotides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Hett
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, Bonn, Germany
| | - Olav Schiemann
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, Bonn, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ackermann K, Chapman A, Bode BE. A Comparison of Cysteine-Conjugated Nitroxide Spin Labels for Pulse Dipolar EPR Spectroscopy. Molecules 2021; 26:7534. [PMID: 34946616 PMCID: PMC8706713 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The structure-function and materials paradigms drive research on the understanding of structures and structural heterogeneity of molecules and solids from materials science to structural biology. Functional insights into complex architectures are often gained from a suite of complementary physicochemical methods. In the context of biomacromolecular structures, the use of pulse dipolar electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (PDS) has become increasingly popular. The main interest in PDS is providing long-range nanometre distance distributions that allow for identifying macromolecular topologies, validating structural models and conformational transitions as well as docking of quaternary complexes. Most commonly, cysteines are introduced into protein structures by site-directed mutagenesis and modified site-specifically to a spin-labelled side-chain such as a stable nitroxide radical. In this contribution, we investigate labelling by four different commercial labelling agents that react through different sulfur-specific reactions. Further, the distance distributions obtained are between spin-bearing moieties and need to be related to the protein structure via modelling approaches. Here, we compare two different approaches to modelling these distributions for all four side-chains. The results indicate that there are significant differences in the optimum labelling procedure. All four spin-labels show differences in the ease of labelling and purification. Further challenges arise from the different tether lengths and rotamers of spin-labelled side-chains; both influence the modelling and translation into structures. Our comparison indicates that the spin-label with the shortest tether in the spin-labelled side-group, (bis-(2,2,5,5-Tetramethyl-3-imidazoline-1-oxyl-4-yl) disulfide, may be underappreciated and could increase the resolution of structural studies by PDS if labelling conditions are optimised accordingly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bela E. Bode
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, and Centre of Magnetic Resonance, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK; (K.A.); (A.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Heaven G, Hollas MA, Tabernero L, Fielding AJ. Spin Labeling of Surface Cysteines Using a Bromoacrylaldehyde Spin Label. APPLIED MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2021; 52:959-970. [PMID: 34776648 PMCID: PMC8550513 DOI: 10.1007/s00723-021-01350-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Structural investigations of proteins and their biological complexes are now frequently complemented by distance constraints between spin labeled cysteines generated using double electron-electron resonance (DEER) spectroscopy, via site directed spin labeling (SDSL). Methanethiosulfonate spin label (MTSSL), has become ubiquitous in the SDSL of proteins, however, has limitations owing to its high number of rotamers, and reducibility. In this article we introduce the use of bromoacrylaldehyde spin label (BASL) as a cysteine spin label, demonstrating an advantage over MTSSL due to its increased selectivity for surface cysteines, eliminating the need to 'knock out' superfluous cysteine residues. Applied to the multidomain protein, His domain protein tyrosine phosphatase (HD-PTP), we show that BASL can be easily added in excess with selective labeling, whereas MTSSL causes protein precipitation. Furthermore, using DEER, we were able to measure a single cysteine pair distance in a three cysteine domain within HD-PTP. The label has a further advantage of comprising a sulfide in a three-bond tether, making it a candidate for protein binding and in-cell studies. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00723-021-01350-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Graham Heaven
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL UK
| | - Michael A. Hollas
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL UK
| | - Lydia Tabernero
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL UK
| | - Alistair J. Fielding
- Centre for Natural Products Discovery, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hasanbasri Z, Singewald K, Gluth TD, Driesschaert B, Saxena S. Cleavage-Resistant Protein Labeling With Hydrophilic Trityl Enables Distance Measurements In-Cell. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:5265-5274. [PMID: 33983738 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c02371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sensitive in-cell distance measurements in proteins using pulsed-electron spin resonance (ESR) require reduction-resistant and cleavage-resistant spin labels. Among the reduction-resistant moieties, the hydrophilic trityl core known as OX063 is promising due to its long phase-memory relaxation time (Tm). This property leads to a sufficiently intense ESR signal for reliable distance measurements. Furthermore, the Tm of OX063 remains sufficiently long at higher temperatures, opening the possibility for measurements at temperatures above 50 K. In this work, we synthesized deuterated OX063 with a maleimide linker (mOX063-d24). We show that the combination of the hydrophilicity of the label and the maleimide linker enables high protein labeling that is cleavage-resistant in-cells. Distance measurements performed at 150 K using this label are more sensitive than the measurements at 80 K. The sensitivity gain is due to the significantly short longitudinal relaxation time (T1) at higher temperatures, which enables more data collection per unit of time. In addition to in vitro experiments, we perform distance measurements in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Interestingly, the Tm of mOX063-d24 is sufficiently long even in the crowded environment of the cell, leading to signals of appreciable intensity. Overall, mOX063-d24 provides highly sensitive distance measurements both in vitro and in-cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zikri Hasanbasri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Kevin Singewald
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Teresa D Gluth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy & In Vivo Multifunctional Magnetic Resonance (IMMR) Center, Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Benoit Driesschaert
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy & In Vivo Multifunctional Magnetic Resonance (IMMR) Center, Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Sunil Saxena
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Vicino MF, Hett T, Schiemann O. Spin Labeling of RNA Using "Click" Chemistry for Coarse-grained Structure Determination via Pulsed Electron-electron Double Resonance Spectroscopy. Bio Protoc 2021; 11:e4004. [PMID: 34150941 PMCID: PMC8187847 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the function of oligonucleotides on a molecular level requires methods for studying their structure, conformational changes, and internal dynamics. Various biophysical methods exist to achieve this, including the whole toolbox of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR or ESR) spectroscopy. An EPR method widely used in this regard is Pulsed Electron-Electron Double Resonance (PELDOR or DEER), which provides distances in the nanometer range between electron spins in biomolecules with Angstrom precision, without restriction to the size of the biomolecule, and in solution. Since oligonucleotides inherently do not contain unpaired electrons, these have to be introduced in the form of so-called spin labels. Firstly, this protocol describes how nitroxide spin labels can be site-specifically attached to oligonucleotides using "Click" chemistry. The reaction provides little byproducts, high yields, and is conveniently performed in aqueous solution. Secondly, the protocol details how to run the PELDOR experiment, analyze the data, and derive a coarse-grained structure. Here, emphasis is placed on the pitfalls, requirements for a good dataset, and limits of interpretation; thus, the protocol gives the user a guideline for the whole experiment i.e., from spin labeling, via the PELDOR measurement and data analysis, to the final coarse-grained structure. Graphical abstract: Schematic overview of the workflow described in this protocol: First, the spin-labeling of RNA is described, which is performed as a "Click"-reaction between the alkyne-functionalized RNA strand and the azide group of the spin label. Next, step-by-step instructions are given for setting up PELDOR/DEER distance measurements on the labeled RNA, and for data analysis. Finally, guidelines are provided for building a structural model from the previously analyzed data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria F. Vicino
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tobias Hett
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, Bonn, Germany
| | - Olav Schiemann
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Teucher M, Qi M, Cati N, Hintz H, Godt A, Bordignon E. Strategies to identify and suppress crosstalk signals in double electron-electron resonance (DEER) experiments with gadolinium III and nitroxide spin-labeled compounds. MAGNETIC RESONANCE (GOTTINGEN, GERMANY) 2020; 1:285-299. [PMID: 37904822 PMCID: PMC10500692 DOI: 10.5194/mr-1-285-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Double electron-electron resonance (DEER) spectroscopy applied to orthogonally spin-labeled biomolecular complexes simplifies the assignment of intra- and intermolecular distances, thereby increasing the information content per sample. In fact, various spin labels can be addressed independently in DEER experiments due to spectroscopically nonoverlapping central transitions, distinct relaxation times, and/or transition moments; hence, they are referred to as spectroscopically orthogonal. Molecular complexes which are, for example, orthogonally spin-labeled with nitroxide (NO) and gadolinium (Gd) labels give access to three distinct DEER channels that are optimized to selectively probe NO-NO, NO-Gd, and Gd-Gd distances. Nevertheless, it has been previously recognized that crosstalk signals between individual DEER channels can occur, for example, when a Gd-Gd distance appears in a DEER channel optimized to detect NO-Gd distances. This is caused by residual spectral overlap between NO and Gd spins which, therefore, cannot be considered as perfectly orthogonal. Here, we present a systematic study on how to identify and suppress crosstalk signals that can appear in DEER experiments using mixtures of NO-NO, NO-Gd, and Gd-Gd molecular rulers characterized by distinct, nonoverlapping distance distributions. This study will help to correctly assign the distance peaks in homo- and heterocomplexes of biomolecules carrying not perfectly orthogonal spin labels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Teucher
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Mian Qi
- Faculty of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Materials (CM2), Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Ninive Cati
- Faculty of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Materials (CM2), Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Henrik Hintz
- Faculty of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Materials (CM2), Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Adelheid Godt
- Faculty of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Materials (CM2), Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Enrica Bordignon
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gamble Jarvi A, Casto J, Saxena S. Buffer effects on site directed Cu 2+-labeling using the double histidine motif. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2020; 320:106848. [PMID: 33164758 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2020.106848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The double histidine, or dHis, motif has emerged as a powerful spin labeling tool to determine the conformations and dynamics, subunit orientation, native metal binding site location, and other physical characteristics of proteins by Cu2+-based electron paramagnetic resonance. Here, we investigate the efficacy of this technique in five common buffer systems, and show that buffer choice can impact the loading of Cu2+-NTA into dHis sites, and more generally, the sensitivity of the overall technique. We also present a standardized and optimized examination of labeling of the dHis motif with Cu2+-NTA for EPR based distance measurements. We provide optimal loading procedures, using representative EPR and UV/Vis data for each step in the process. From this data, we find that maximal dHis loading can be achieved in under 30 min with low temperature sample incubation. Using only these optimal procedures, we see up to a 28% increase in fully labeled proteins compared to previously published results in N-ethylmorpholine. Using both this optimized procedure as well as a more optimal buffer, we can achieve up to 80% fully loaded proteins, which corresponds to a 64% increase compared to the prior data. These results provide insight and deeper understanding of the dHis Cu2+-NTA system, the variables that impact its efficacy, and present a method by which these issues may be mitigated for the most efficient labeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Austin Gamble Jarvi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Joshua Casto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Sunil Saxena
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kapsalis C, Ma Y, Bode BE, Pliotas C. In-Lipid Structure of Pressure-Sensitive Domains Hints Mechanosensitive Channel Functional Diversity. Biophys J 2020; 119:448-459. [PMID: 32621864 PMCID: PMC7376121 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanosensitive channel of large conductance (MscL) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been used as a structural model for rationalizing functional observations in multiple MscL orthologs. Although these orthologs adopt similar structural architectures, they reportedly present significant functional differences. Subtle structural discrepancies on mechanosensitive channel nanopockets are known to affect mechanical gating and may be linked to large variability in tension sensitivity among these membrane channels. Here, we modify the nanopocket regions of MscL from Escherichia coli and M. tuberculosis and employ PELDOR/DEER distance and 3pESEEM deuterium accessibility measurements to interrogate channel structure within lipids, in which both channels adopt a closed conformation. Significant in-lipid structural differences between the two constructs suggest a more compact E. coli MscL at the membrane inner-leaflet, as a consequence of a rotated TM2 helix. Observed differences within lipids could explain E. coli MscL’s higher tension sensitivity and should be taken into account in extrapolated models used for MscL gating rationalization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charalampos Kapsalis
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Yue Ma
- Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Bela E Bode
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom.
| | - Christos Pliotas
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom; Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Allosteric activation of an ion channel triggered by modification of mechanosensitive nano-pockets. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4619. [PMID: 31601809 PMCID: PMC6787021 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12591-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid availability within transmembrane nano-pockets of ion channels is linked with mechanosensation. However, the effect of hindering lipid-chain penetration into nano-pockets on channel structure has not been demonstrated. Here we identify nano-pockets on the large conductance mechanosensitive channel MscL, the high-pressure threshold channel. We restrict lipid-chain access to the nano-pockets by mutagenesis and sulfhydryl modification, and monitor channel conformation by PELDOR/DEER spectroscopy. For a single site located at the entrance of the nano-pockets and distal to the channel pore we generate an allosteric response in the absence of tension. Single-channel recordings reveal a significant decrease in the pressure activation threshold of the modified channel and a sub-conducting state in the absence of applied tension. Threshold is restored to wild-type levels upon reduction of the sulfhydryl modification. The modification associated with the conformational change restricts lipid access to the nano-pocket, interrupting the contact between the membrane and the channel that mediates mechanosensitivity.
Collapse
|
18
|
Gamble Jarvi A, Cunningham TF, Saxena S. Efficient localization of a native metal ion within a protein by Cu2+-based EPR distance measurements. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:10238-10243. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp07143h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A native paramagnetic metal binding site in a protein is located with less than 2 Å resolution by a combination of double histidine (dHis) based Cu2+ labeling and long range distance measurements by EPR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sunil Saxena
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Pittsburgh
- Pittsburgh
- USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Studying structure and function of membrane proteins with PELDOR/DEER spectroscopy – The crystallographers’ perspective. Methods 2018; 147:163-175. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
|
20
|
Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Ackermann
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, Centre of Magnetic Resonance and EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, Scotland
| | - Bela E. Bode
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, Centre of Magnetic Resonance and EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, Scotland
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Giannoulis A, Ackermann K, Spindler PE, Higgins C, Cordes DB, Slawin AMZ, Prisner TF, Bode BE. Nitroxide–nitroxide and nitroxide–metal distance measurements in transition metal complexes with two or three paramagnetic centres give access to thermodynamic and kinetic stabilities. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:11196-11205. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp01611a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Broadband and highly resolved EPR distance measurements reveal multimers and their kinetic stabilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A. Giannoulis
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex and Centre of Magnetic Resonance University of St Andrews
- St Andrews KY16 9ST
- UK
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry
- University of St Andrews
| | - K. Ackermann
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex and Centre of Magnetic Resonance University of St Andrews
- St Andrews KY16 9ST
- UK
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry
- University of St Andrews
| | - P. E. Spindler
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance
- Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main
- D-60438 Frankfurt am Main
- Germany
| | - C. Higgins
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry
- University of St Andrews
- St Andrews KY16 9ST
- UK
| | - D. B. Cordes
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry
- University of St Andrews
- St Andrews KY16 9ST
- UK
| | - A. M. Z. Slawin
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry
- University of St Andrews
- St Andrews KY16 9ST
- UK
| | - T. F. Prisner
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance
- Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main
- D-60438 Frankfurt am Main
- Germany
| | - B. E. Bode
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex and Centre of Magnetic Resonance University of St Andrews
- St Andrews KY16 9ST
- UK
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry
- University of St Andrews
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Valiev RR, Drozdova AK, Petunin PV, Postnikov PS, Trusova ME, Cherepanov VN, Sundholm D. The aromaticity of verdazyl radicals and their closed-shell charged species. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj04341h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The aromaticity of fourteen 3-oxo-verdazyl (1–8) and Kuhn verdazyl (9–14) radicals with different substituents has been investigated computationally using the gauge-including magnetically induced current-density (GIMIC) method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rashid R. Valiev
- Tomsk State University
- Tomsk
- Russian Federation
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Helsinki
| | | | - Pavel V. Petunin
- Tomsk Polytechnic University
- Tomsk 634050
- Russian Federation
- Siberian State Medical University
- Tomsk 634050
| | - Pavel S. Postnikov
- Tomsk Polytechnic University
- Tomsk 634050
- Russian Federation
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology
- Prague
| | | | | | - Dage Sundholm
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Helsinki
- Helsinki FIN-00014
- Finland
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Meyer A, Jassoy JJ, Spicher S, Berndhäuser A, Schiemann O. Performance of PELDOR, RIDME, SIFTER, and DQC in measuring distances in trityl based bi- and triradicals: exchange coupling, pseudosecular coupling and multi-spin effects. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:13858-13869. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp01276h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The performance of pulsed EPR methods for distance measurements is evaluated on three different trityl model systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Meyer
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn
- 53115 Bonn
- Germany
| | - Jean Jacques Jassoy
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn
- 53115 Bonn
- Germany
| | - Sebastian Spicher
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn
- 53115 Bonn
- Germany
| | - Andreas Berndhäuser
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn
- 53115 Bonn
- Germany
| | - Olav Schiemann
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn
- 53115 Bonn
- Germany
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ackermann K, Pliotas C, Valera S, Naismith JH, Bode BE. Sparse Labeling PELDOR Spectroscopy on Multimeric Mechanosensitive Membrane Channels. Biophys J 2017; 113:1968-1978. [PMID: 29117521 PMCID: PMC5685675 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulse electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) is being applied to ever more complex biological systems comprising multiple subunits. Membrane channel proteins are of great interest as pulse EPR reports on functionally significant but distinct conformational states in a native environment without the need for crystallization. Pulse EPR, in the form of pulsed electron-electron double resonance (PELDOR), using site-directed spin labeling, is most commonly employed to accurately determine distances (in the nanometer range) between different regions of the structure. However, PELDOR data analysis is more challenging in systems containing more than two spins (e.g., homomultimers) due to distorting multispin effects. Without suppression of these effects, much of the information contained in PELDOR data cannot be reliably retrieved. Thus, it is of utmost importance for future PELDOR applications in structural biology to develop suitable approaches that can overcome the multispin problem. Here, two different approaches for suppressing multispin effects in PELDOR, sparse labeling of the protein (reducing the labeling efficiency f) and reducing the excitation probability of spins (λ), are compared on two distinct bacterial mechanosensitive channels. For both the pentameric channel of large conductance (MscL) and the heptameric channel of small conductance (MscS) of Escherichia coli, mutants containing a spin label in the cytosolic or the transmembrane region were tested. Data demonstrate that distance distributions can be significantly improved with either approach compared to the standard PELDOR measurement, and confirm that λ < 1/(n−1) is needed to sufficiently suppress multispin effects (with n being the number of spins in the system). A clear advantage of the sparse labeling approach is demonstrated for the cytosolic mutants due to a significantly smaller loss in sensitivity. For the transmembrane mutants, this advantage is less pronounced but still useful for MscS, but performance is inferior for MscL possibly due to structural perturbations by the bulkier diamagnetic spin label analog.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Ackermann
- Centre of Magnetic Resonance, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom; Biomedical Sciences Research Complex and EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom
| | - Christos Pliotas
- Centre of Magnetic Resonance, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom; Biomedical Sciences Research Complex and EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Valera
- Centre of Magnetic Resonance, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom; Biomedical Sciences Research Complex and EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom
| | - James H Naismith
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex and EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom
| | - Bela E Bode
- Centre of Magnetic Resonance, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom; Biomedical Sciences Research Complex and EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Pribitzer S, Sajid M, Hülsmann M, Godt A, Jeschke G. Pulsed triple electron resonance (TRIER) for dipolar correlation spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2017; 282:119-128. [PMID: 28802243 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A new pulse sequence is presented for correlating dipolar frequencies in molecules with more than two paramagnetic centers. This triple electron resonance experiment (TRIER) is an extension the double electron-electron resonance (DEER) experiment, which is widely used for distance determination in the nanometer range. We use linear chirp pulses with smoothed edges to create a refocused observer echo, and two hyperbolic secant pulses with distinct excitation windows to excite two other subsets of spins. These pumped spins are coupled to the observed spin through the dipole-dipole interaction. A two-dimensional dipolar modulation pattern is recorded by variation of the position of the two pump pulses. By two-dimensional Fourier transform of the echo integral, a plot is obtained that correlates dipolar frequencies within the same molecule. Such correlation patterns can be used in conjunction with DEER, with which distance distributions are usually determined for several doubly labeled molecules with different spin-labeling sites. In the presence of two conformers, DEER traces give two distances and assignment to an individual conformer is not trivial and usually requires a trial and error approach. TRIER can potentially provide the missing connection between distances as correlations between dipolar frequencies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Pribitzer
- ETH Zurich, Lab. Phys. Chem., Vladimir-Prelog Weg 2, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Muhammad Sajid
- Faculty of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Materials (CM(2)), Bielefeld University, Unversitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Miriam Hülsmann
- Faculty of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Materials (CM(2)), Bielefeld University, Unversitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Adelheid Godt
- Faculty of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Materials (CM(2)), Bielefeld University, Unversitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Gunnar Jeschke
- ETH Zurich, Lab. Phys. Chem., Vladimir-Prelog Weg 2, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Pliotas C. Ion Channel Conformation and Oligomerization Assessment by Site-Directed Spin Labeling and Pulsed-EPR. Methods Enzymol 2017; 594:203-242. [PMID: 28779841 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2017.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mechanosensitive (MS) ion channels are multimeric integral membrane proteins that respond to increased lipid bilayer tension by opening their nonselective pores to release solutes and relieve increased cytoplasmic pressure. These systems undergo major conformational changes during gating and the elucidation of their mechanism requires a deep understanding of the interplay between lipids and proteins. Lipids are responsible for transmitting lateral tension to MS channels and therefore play a key role in obtaining a molecular-detail model for mechanosensation. Site-directed spin labeling combined with electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy is a powerful spectroscopic tool in the study of proteins. The main bottleneck for its use relates to challenges associated with successful isolation of the protein of interest, introduction of paramagnetic labels on desired sites, and access to specialized instrumentation and expertise. The design of sophisticated experiments, which combine a variety of existing EPR methodologies to address a diversity of specific questions, require knowledge of the limitations and strengths, characteristic of each particular EPR method. This chapter is using the MS ion channels as paradigms and focuses on the application of different EPR techniques to ion channels, in order to investigate oligomerization, conformation, and the effect of lipids on their regulation. The methodology we followed, from the initial strategic selection of mutants and sample preparation, including protein purification, spin labeling, reconstitution into lipid mimics to the complete set-up of the pulsed-EPR experiments, is described in detail.
Collapse
|
27
|
Kathiresan M, Steinhoff HJ, Walder L. TEMPO-Labeled Viologen Dendrimers: Synthesis, Characterization, and Preliminary Distance Measurements. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201700142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Murugavel Kathiresan
- Institute of Chemistry of New Materials; University of Osnabrück; Barbarastrasse 7 49069 Osnabrück Germany
| | | | - Lorenz Walder
- Institute of Chemistry of New Materials; University of Osnabrück; Barbarastrasse 7 49069 Osnabrück Germany
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Oligomeric Structure of Anabaena Sensory Rhodopsin in a Lipid Bilayer Environment by Combining Solid-State NMR and Long-range DEER Constraints. J Mol Biol 2017; 429:1903-1920. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
29
|
Wiegand T, Lacabanne D, Keller K, Cadalbert R, Lecoq L, Yulikov M, Terradot L, Jeschke G, Meier BH, Böckmann A. Solid-state NMR and EPR Spectroscopy of Mn 2+ -Substituted ATP-Fueled Protein Engines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:3369-3373. [PMID: 28191714 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201610551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Paramagnetic metal ions deliver structural information both in EPR and solid-state NMR experiments, offering a profitable synergetic approach to study bio-macromolecules. We demonstrate the spectral consequences of Mg2+ / Mn2+ substitution and the resulting information contents for two different ATP:Mg2+ -fueled protein engines, a DnaB helicase from Helicobacter pylori active in the bacterial replisome, and the ABC transporter BmrA, a bacterial efflux pump. We show that, while EPR spectra report on metal binding and provide information on the geometry of the metal centers in the proteins, paramagnetic relaxation enhancements identified in the NMR spectra can be used to localize residues at the binding site. Protein engines are ubiquitous and the methods described herein should be applicable in a broad context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wiegand
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Denis Lacabanne
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS/Université de Lyon, 69367, Lyon, France
| | | | | | - Lauriane Lecoq
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS/Université de Lyon, 69367, Lyon, France
| | - Maxim Yulikov
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Terradot
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS/Université de Lyon, 69367, Lyon, France
| | - Gunnar Jeschke
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beat H Meier
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anja Böckmann
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS/Université de Lyon, 69367, Lyon, France
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wiegand T, Lacabanne D, Keller K, Cadalbert R, Lecoq L, Yulikov M, Terradot L, Jeschke G, Meier BH, Böckmann A. Festkörper-NMR- und EPR-Spektroskopie an Mn2+-substituierten ATP-angetriebenen Proteinmaschinen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201610551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Denis Lacabanne
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry; Labex Ecofect; UMR 5086 CNRS/Université de Lyon; 69367 Lyon Frankreich
| | | | | | - Lauriane Lecoq
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry; Labex Ecofect; UMR 5086 CNRS/Université de Lyon; 69367 Lyon Frankreich
| | - Maxim Yulikov
- Physikalische Chemie; ETH Zürich; 8093 Zürich Schweiz
| | - Laurent Terradot
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry; Labex Ecofect; UMR 5086 CNRS/Université de Lyon; 69367 Lyon Frankreich
| | | | - Beat H. Meier
- Physikalische Chemie; ETH Zürich; 8093 Zürich Schweiz
| | - Anja Böckmann
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry; Labex Ecofect; UMR 5086 CNRS/Université de Lyon; 69367 Lyon Frankreich
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Schmidt T, Wälti MA, Baber JL, Hustedt EJ, Clore GM. Long Distance Measurements up to 160 Å in the GroEL Tetradecamer Using Q-Band DEER EPR Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201609617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schmidt
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics; National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health; Bethesda MD 20892-0520 USA
| | - Marielle A. Wälti
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics; National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health; Bethesda MD 20892-0520 USA
| | - James L. Baber
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics; National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health; Bethesda MD 20892-0520 USA
| | - Eric J. Hustedt
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics; Vanderbilt University; Nashville TN 37232 USA
| | - G. Marius Clore
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics; National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health; Bethesda MD 20892-0520 USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Schmidt T, Wälti MA, Baber JL, Hustedt EJ, Clore GM. Long Distance Measurements up to 160 Å in the GroEL Tetradecamer Using Q-Band DEER EPR Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:15905-15909. [PMID: 27860003 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201609617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Current distance measurements between spin-labels on multimeric protonated proteins using double electron-electron resonance (DEER) EPR spectroscopy are generally limited to the 15-60 Å range. Here we show how DEER experiments can be extended to dipolar evolution times of ca. 80 μs, permitting distances up to 170 Å to be accessed in multimeric proteins. The method relies on sparse spin-labeling, supplemented by deuteration of protein and solvent, to minimize the deleterious impact of multispin effects and substantially increase the apparent spin-label phase memory relaxation time, complemented by high sensitivity afforded by measurements at Q-band. We demonstrate the approach using the tetradecameric molecular machine GroEL as an example. Two engineered surface-exposed mutants, R268C and E315C, are used to measure pairwise distance distributions with mean values ranging from 20 to 100 Å and from 30 to 160 Å, respectively, both within and between the two heptameric rings of GroEL. The measured distance distributions are consistent with the known crystal structure of apo GroEL. The methodology presented here should significantly expand the use of DEER for the structural characterization of conformational changes in higher order oligomers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schmidt
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0520, USA
| | - Marielle A Wälti
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0520, USA
| | - James L Baber
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0520, USA
| | - Eric J Hustedt
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - G Marius Clore
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0520, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Meyer A, Schiemann O. PELDOR and RIDME Measurements on a High-Spin Manganese(II) Bisnitroxide Model Complex. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:3463-72. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b00716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Meyer
- Institute of Physical and
Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Wegelerstr. 12, Bonn, Germany
| | - Olav Schiemann
- Institute of Physical and
Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Wegelerstr. 12, Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Valera S, Ackermann K, Pliotas C, Huang H, Naismith JH, Bode BE. Accurate Extraction of Nanometer Distances in Multimers by Pulse EPR. Chemistry 2016; 22:4700-3. [PMID: 26865468 PMCID: PMC4848767 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201505143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pulse electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) is gaining increasing importance in structural biology. The PELDOR (pulsed electron–electron double resonance) method allows extracting distance information on the nanometer scale. Here, we demonstrate the efficient extraction of distances from multimeric systems such as membrane‐embedded ion channels where data analysis is commonly hindered by multi‐spin effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Valera
- Centre of Magnetic Resonance, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK.,Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Katrin Ackermann
- Centre of Magnetic Resonance, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK.,Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Christos Pliotas
- Centre of Magnetic Resonance, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK.,Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Hexian Huang
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - James H Naismith
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Bela E Bode
- Centre of Magnetic Resonance, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK. .,Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK.
| |
Collapse
|