1
|
Michel E, Grieser FF, Mackenroth AV, Schukin M, Krämer P, Tahir S, Rominger F, Rudolph M, Hashmi ASK. Light-Induced Metal-Free Generation of Cyanocarbenes from Alkynyl Triazenes for the Synthesis of Nitrile Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309274. [PMID: 37515774 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
The chemistry of alkynyl triazenes is an emerging field for organic chemists and especially acid-induced nucleophilic functionalizations, either directly, or after a prior reaction towards aromatic triazenes under extrusion of nitrogen, paved the way for fruitful strategies. In contrast, the chemical behavior of alkynyl triazenes upon irradiation with light is still unknown. Herein we present the first photoactivation of alkynyl triazenes that triggers an uncommon reactivity pattern involving the cleavage of the N1-N2 bond of the triazene moiety resulting in a unique approach to cyanocarbenes from a readily available, stable, and insensitive precursor. This allows to access various nitrile compounds without the use of a toxic cyanating agent by exploiting the reactivity pattern of carbenes. By variation of the reaction conditions and light sources, different substitution patterns can be obtained selectively in good yields under mild and metal-free conditions, thus introducing the alkynyl triazene unit as a photo accessible methylene nitrile synthon. Using this synthon, subclasses like α-alkoxynitriles, α-aminonitriles and α-cyanohydrazones become easily available. These exhibit synthetically valuable substitution patterns for the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, intermediates for total synthesis and amino acid synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Michel
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fabian F Grieser
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexandra V Mackenroth
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Schukin
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Petra Krämer
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Shaista Tahir
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Rudolph
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A Stephen K Hashmi
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Vasilevsky SF, Stepanov AA. Acetylene derivatives of quinones and their transformation products: methods of synthesis, reactivity and applied aspects. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr5020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
3
|
Baviera GS, Donate PM. Recent advances in the syntheses of anthracene derivatives. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:2028-2050. [PMID: 34457075 PMCID: PMC8372310 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthracene and anthracene derivatives have been extensively studied over the years because of their interesting photophysical, photochemical, and biological properties. They are currently the subject of research in several areas, which investigate their use in the biological field and their application in OLEDs, OFETs, polymeric materials, solar cells, and many other organic materials. Their synthesis remains challenging, but some important preparative methods have been reported, especially in the last decade. This review presents an update of the recent strategies that have been employed to prepare anthracene derivatives. It encompasses papers published over the last twelve years (2008–2020) and focuses on direct and indirect methods to construct anthracene and anthraquinone frameworks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni S Baviera
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-091, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo M Donate
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-091, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ha JM, Shin HB, Joung JF, Chung WJ, Jeong JE, Kim S, Hur SH, Bae SY, Kim JY, Lee JY, Park S, Woo HY. Rational Molecular Design of Azaacene-Based Narrowband Green-Emitting Fluorophores: Modulation of Spectral Bandwidth and Vibronic Transitions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:26227-26236. [PMID: 34036782 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c04981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A series of green-emitting fluorophores based on a tetra-azaacene core is synthesized by introducing nitrile substituents at different positions. Their molecular structure-optical property relationship [i.e., vibronic transitions in photoluminescence (PL) and electroluminescence (EL) spectra] is investigated to obtain a sharp emission where the vibronic peak ν0-0 should be intensified by suppressing ν0-n (n = 1, 2, 3...) transitions. The intensity ratios (I0-1/I0-0) of the ν0-1 and ν0-0 vibronic transitions in the PL spectra of DBBNP, DBBNP2CN1, and DBBNP2CN2 in hexane are 1.13, 0.80, and 0.67, respectively. Theoretical calculations explain that the CN substitution at positions 8 and 13 in DBBNP2CN2 induces a uniform charge distribution and reduces the Huang-Rhys factors (HRFs) of the vibrational normal modes coupled to the electronic transition. The organic light-emitting diode (OLED) fabricated with DBBNP2CN2 shows a narrower green EL emission at 518 nm with a smaller bandwidth (50 nm) than those of devices adopting DBBNP or DBBNP2CN1. The careful modification of the molecular structures and positions of substituents enables us to reduce the HRFs of vibrations to achieve a narrow emission bandwidth with decreased I0-1/I0-0, which suggests a design strategy to develop narrowband organic fluorophores to improve the color purity for wide-gamut OLED displays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung Min Ha
- Department of Chemistry, KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Beom Shin
- Department of Chemistry, KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonyoung Francis Joung
- Department of Chemistry, KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Jae Chung
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Center for Advanced Specialty Chemicals, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Jongga-ro, Jung-gu, Ulsan 44412, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Hyoung Hur
- Department of Chemistry, KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Young Bae
- LG Display Co. Ltd., LG Science Park, 30, Magokjungang 10-ro, Gangseo-gu, Seoul 07796, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Yun Kim
- LG Display Co. Ltd., LG Science Park, 30, Magokjungang 10-ro, Gangseo-gu, Seoul 07796, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Yeob Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungnam Park
- Department of Chemistry, KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Young Woo
- Department of Chemistry, KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Meindl B, Pfennigbauer K, Stöger B, Heeney M, Glöcklhofer F. Double Ring-Closing Approach for the Synthesis of 2,3,6,7-Substituted Anthracene Derivatives. J Org Chem 2020; 85:8240-8244. [PMID: 32447951 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A method for the synthesis of 2,3,6,7-substituted anthracene derivatives, one of the most challenging anthracene substitution patterns to obtain, is presented. The method is exemplified by the preparation of 2,3,6,7-anthracenetetracarbonitrile and employs a newly developed, stable, protected 1,2,4,5-benzenetetracarbaldehyde as the precursor. The precursor can be obtained in two scalable synthetic steps from 2,5-dibromoterephthalaldehyde and is converted into the anthracene derivative by a double intermolecular Wittig reaction under very mild conditions, followed by a deprotection and intramolecular double ring-closing condensation reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Meindl
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163, Vienna 1060, Austria
| | - Katharina Pfennigbauer
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, 80 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Berthold Stöger
- X-Ray Center, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, Vienna 1060, Austria
| | - Martin Heeney
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, 80 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Florian Glöcklhofer
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, 80 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Intermolecular interactions-photophysical properties relationships in phenanthrene-9,10-dicarbonitrile assemblies. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
7
|
Glöcklhofer F, Stöger B, Fröhlich J. Synthesis of 1,2,5,6- and 1,4,5,8-anthracenetetrone: Building blocks for π-conjugated small molecules and polymers. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2018.1483027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
8
|
Hashimoto S, Kayahara E, Mizuhata Y, Tokitoh N, Takeuchi K, Ozawa F, Yamago S. Synthesis and Physical Properties of Polyfluorinated Cycloparaphenylenes. Org Lett 2018; 20:5973-5976. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b02715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sigma Hashimoto
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Eiichi Kayahara
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Mizuhata
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Norihiro Tokitoh
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Takeuchi
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Fumiyuki Ozawa
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Shigeru Yamago
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Marshall JL, Lehnherr D, Lindner BD, Tykwinski RR. Reductive Aromatization/Dearomatization and Elimination Reactions to Access Conjugated Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Heteroacenes, and Cumulenes. Chempluschem 2017; 82:967-1001. [PMID: 31961601 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201700168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Acenes, heteroacenes, conjugated polycyclic hydrocarbons, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (collectively referred to in this review as conjugated polycyclic molecules, CPMs) have fascinated chemists since they were first isolated and synthesized in the mid 19th century. Most recently, these compounds have shown significant promise as the active components in organic devices (e.g., solar cells, thin-film transistors, light-emitting diodes, etc.), and, since 2001, a plethora of publications detail synthetic strategies to produce CPMs. In this review, we discuss reductive aromatization, reductive dearomatization, and elimination/extrusion reactions used to form CPMs. After a brief discussion on early methods to synthesize CPMs, we detail the use of reagents used for the reductive (de)aromatization of precursors containing 1,4-diols/diethers, including SnCl2 and iodide (I- ). Extension of these methods to carbomers and cumulenes is briefly discussed. We then describe low-valent metal species used to reduce endoxides to CPMs, and discuss the methods to directly reduce acenediones and acenones to the respective acene. In the final section, we describe methods used to affect aromatization to the desired CPM via extrusion of small, volatile molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan L Marshall
- Department of Chemistry, Gunning-Lemieux Chemistry Center, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Dan Lehnherr
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Benjamin D Lindner
- Department for Chemistry and Pharmacy, and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICCM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Henkestrasse 42, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rik R Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry, Gunning-Lemieux Chemistry Center, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, Canada.,Department for Chemistry and Pharmacy, and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICCM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Henkestrasse 42, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Glöcklhofer F, Morawietz AJ, Stöger B, Unterlass MM, Fröhlich J. Extending the Scope of a New Cyanation: Design and Synthesis of an Anthracene Derivative with an Exceptionally Low LUMO Level and Improved Solubility. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:1594-1600. [PMID: 31457525 PMCID: PMC6641058 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The preparation of cyanated acenes from quinones has been improved for the conversion of electron-poor starting materials. The new procedure was used to prepare rationally designed 2,7-dinitro-9,10-dicyanoanthracene. Crystallographic, morphological, and electrochemical investigations have revealed most promising properties for applications in organic electronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Glöcklhofer
- Institute
of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas J. Morawietz
- Institute
of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Berthold Stöger
- Institute
of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt
9/164, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Miriam M. Unterlass
- Institute
of Materials Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/165, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Fröhlich
- Institute
of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Glöcklhofer F, Petritz A, Karner E, Bojdys MJ, Stadlober B, Fröhlich J, Unterlass MM. Dicyano- and tetracyanopentacene: foundation of an intriguing new class of easy-to-synthesize organic semiconductors. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. C 2017; 5:2603-2610. [PMID: 28515937 PMCID: PMC5358504 DOI: 10.1039/c7tc00143f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Cyanated pentacenes are very promising candidate materials for ambipolar and n-type transistors. However, only a few examples have been obtained to date - all requiring lengthy, multi-step processes. Herein, we present the first preparation of 5,7,12,14-tetracyanopentacene (TCP) and a facile, scaled-up preparation of 6,13-dicyanopentacene (DCP). Both compounds are prepared by a one-pot synthesis using cheap quinones as starting materials. Detailed crystallographic investigations evince that the bulk assemblies of both cyanated pentacenes are dominated by non-covalent interactions, resulting in a dense, stable, face-to-face packing and in an intriguing packing motif for TCP. Very low frontier molecular orbital energy levels and a reversible bleaching of TCP are revealed by cyclic voltammetry. Finally, both cyanated pentacenes are used in proof-of-concept organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) operating under ambient conditions. This work highlights the potential of cyanation for larger acenes and presents a straightforward route to the rational design of this promising class of materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Glöcklhofer
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry , TU Wien , Getreidemarkt 9/163 , 1060 Vienna , Austria .
| | - Andreas Petritz
- Joanneum Research , MATERIALS-Institute for Surface Technologies and Photonics , Franz-Pichler Straße 30 , 8160 Weiz , Austria
| | - Esther Karner
- Joanneum Research , MATERIALS-Institute for Surface Technologies and Photonics , Franz-Pichler Straße 30 , 8160 Weiz , Austria
| | - Michael J Bojdys
- Charles University in Prague , Faculty of Science , Department of Organic Chemistry , Hlavova 8 , 128 43 Prague 2 , Czech Republic
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry ASCR , v.v.i. , Flemingovo nám. 2 , 166 10 Prague 6 , Czech Republic
| | - Barbara Stadlober
- Joanneum Research , MATERIALS-Institute for Surface Technologies and Photonics , Franz-Pichler Straße 30 , 8160 Weiz , Austria
| | - Johannes Fröhlich
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry , TU Wien , Getreidemarkt 9/163 , 1060 Vienna , Austria .
| | - Miriam M Unterlass
- Institute of Materials Chemistry , TU Wien , Getreidemarkt 9/165 , 1060 Vienna , Austria
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Exploitation of redox-active 1,4-dicyanobenzene and 9,10-dicyanoanthracene as the organic electrode materials in rechargeable lithium battery. Electrochem commun 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
13
|
Glöcklhofer F, Kautny P, Fritz P, Stöger B, Fröhlich J. Using Dicyanoanthracene Triflates as Superior Precursors: Modifying Properties by Sterically Hindered Aryl Substituents. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201600018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Glöcklhofer
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry; TU Wien; Getreidemarkt 9/163 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Paul Kautny
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry; TU Wien; Getreidemarkt 9/163 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Patrick Fritz
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry; TU Wien; Getreidemarkt 9/163 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Berthold Stöger
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics; TU Wien; Getreidemarkt 9/164 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Johannes Fröhlich
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry; TU Wien; Getreidemarkt 9/163 1060 Vienna Austria
| |
Collapse
|