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Mehak, Singh G, Singh R, Singh G, Stanzin J, Singh H, Kaur G, Singh J. Clicking in harmony: exploring the bio-orthogonal overlap in click chemistry. RSC Adv 2024; 14:7383-7413. [PMID: 38433942 PMCID: PMC10906366 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra00494a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
In the quest to scrutinize and modify biological systems, the global research community has continued to explore bio-orthogonal click reactions, a set of reactions exclusively targeting non-native molecules within biological systems. These methodologies have brought about a paradigm shift, demonstrating the feasibility of artificial chemical reactions occurring on cellular surfaces, in the cell cytosol, or within the body - an accomplishment challenging to achieve with the majority of conventional chemical reactions. This review delves into the principles of bio-orthogonal click chemistry, contrasting metal-catalyzed and metal-free reactions of bio-orthogonal nature. It comprehensively explores mechanistic details and applications, highlighting the versatility and potential of this methodology in diverse scientific contexts, from cell labelling to biosensing and polymer synthesis. Researchers globally continue to advance this powerful tool for precise and selective manipulation of biomolecules in complex biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehak
- School of Chemical Engineering and Physical Sciences, Lovely Professional University Phagwara-144411 Punjab India
| | - Gurleen Singh
- School of Chemical Engineering and Physical Sciences, Lovely Professional University Phagwara-144411 Punjab India
| | - Riddima Singh
- School of Chemical Engineering and Physical Sciences, Lovely Professional University Phagwara-144411 Punjab India
| | - Gurjaspreet Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University Chandigarh-160014 India
| | - Jigmat Stanzin
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University Chandigarh-160014 India
| | - Harminder Singh
- School of Chemical Engineering and Physical Sciences, Lovely Professional University Phagwara-144411 Punjab India
| | - Gurpreet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Gujranwala Guru Nanak Khalsa College Civil Lines Ludhiana-141001 Punjab India
| | - Jandeep Singh
- School of Chemical Engineering and Physical Sciences, Lovely Professional University Phagwara-144411 Punjab India
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2
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Tahir MN, Salloum S, Rondeau-Gagné S, Eichhorn SH. Amide-Assisted Polymerization of 1,3-Butadiyne Containing Thiolate Ligands on Small Gold Nanoparticles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:10943-10952. [PMID: 36048746 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Incorporation of directing amide groups has been shown to facilitate the topochemical polymerization of 1,3-butadiyne (diacetylene) groups in noncrystalline phases such as gels, amorphous solids, and liquid crystals. It remains challenging to polymerize 1,3-butadiyne-containing alkylthiolate ligands within their self-assembled monolayers on gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), which enhances their stability and adds new optical and electronic properties. Especially smaller AuNPs of sizes below 5 nm in diameter have been reported to display sluggish photopolymerization and are susceptible to photodegradation under UV irradiation. To probe the effectiveness of the amide-directed photopolymerization of 1,3-butadiyne ligands, small AuNPs in the 2-4 nm range were synthesized that contain alkylthiolate ligands with and without amide and 1,3-butadiyne groups. Their photopolymerization and photostability were studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV-vis spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. AuNP with amide-free 1,3-butadiyne ligands templated the polymerization of the 1,3-butadiyne ligands but fused to large and insoluble particles during the polymerization process. AuNPs with ligands containing both 1,3-butadiyne and amide groups polymerized significantly faster, which slowed down photodegradation. A UV irradiation (254 nm and 176 W/m2) for 5-10 min was found to be optimal for the AuNPs with directing amide groups studied here, although their average core sizes grew from 3.8 to 4.0 nm in diameter and about 20% of the attached 1,3-butadiyne ligands remained unreacted after 10 minutes of irradiation. About 75% of the attached 1,3-butadiyne ligands were already polymerized during the first 5 min of UV irradiation. This decrease in reactivity is reasoned with a fast polymerization of ligands attached to facet sites and slower polymerization rates for ligands attached to edge and corner sites. Unexpectedly, photopolymerization occurred only in the presence of solvent, whereas no polydiacetylene was generated when dry powders of any of the diacetylene-containing gold nanoparticles were irradiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nazir Tahir
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada N9B 3P4
| | - Sarah Salloum
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada N9B 3P4
| | - Simon Rondeau-Gagné
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada N9B 3P4
| | - S Holger Eichhorn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada N9B 3P4
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3
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Lehr M, Neumann T, Näther C, McConnell AJ. M-CPOnes: transition metal complexes with cyclopropenone-based ligands for light-triggered carbon monoxide release. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:6936-6943. [PMID: 35448899 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00835a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new class of CO-releasing molecules, M-CPOnes, was prepared combining cyclopropenone-based ligands for CO release with the modular scaffold of transition metal complexes. In proof-of-concept studies, M-CPOnes based on ZnII, FeII and CoII are stable in the dark but undergo light-triggered CO release with the cyclopropenone substituents and metal ions enabling tuning of the photophysical properties. Furthermore, the choice of metal allows the use of different spectroscopic methods to monitor photodecarbonylation from fluorescence spectroscopy to UV/vis spectroscopy and paramagnetic NMR spectroscopy. The modularity of M-CPOnes from the metal ion to the cyclopropenone substitution and potential for further functionalisation of the ligand make M-CPOnes appealing for tailored functionality in applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Lehr
- Otto Diels Institute of Organic Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, Kiel 24098, Germany.
| | - Tjorge Neumann
- Otto Diels Institute of Organic Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, Kiel 24098, Germany.
| | - Christian Näther
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Max-Eyth-Straße 2, Kiel 24118, Germany
| | - Anna J McConnell
- Otto Diels Institute of Organic Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, Kiel 24098, Germany.
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Abstract
The merging of click chemistry with discrete photochemical processes has led to the creation of a new class of click reactions, collectively known as photoclick chemistry. These light-triggered click reactions allow the synthesis of diverse organic structures in a rapid and precise manner under mild conditions. Because light offers unparalleled spatiotemporal control over the generation of the reactive intermediates, photoclick chemistry has become an indispensable tool for a wide range of spatially addressable applications including surface functionalization, polymer conjugation and cross-linking, and biomolecular labeling in the native cellular environment. Over the past decade, a growing number of photoclick reactions have been developed, especially those based on the 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions and Diels-Alder reactions owing to their excellent reaction kinetics, selectivity, and biocompatibility. This review summarizes the recent advances in the development of photoclick reactions and their applications in chemical biology and materials science. A particular emphasis is placed on the historical contexts and mechanistic insights into each of the selected reactions. The in-depth discussion presented here should stimulate further development of the field, including the design of new photoactivation modalities, the continuous expansion of λ-orthogonal tandem photoclick chemistry, and the innovative use of these unique tools in bioconjugation and nanomaterial synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangam Srikanth Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
| | - Qing Lin
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
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5
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Mati IK, Edwards W, Marson D, Howe EJ, Stinson S, Posocco P, Kay ER. Probing Multiscale Factors Affecting the Reactivity of Nanoparticle-Bound Molecules. ACS NANO 2021; 15:8295-8305. [PMID: 33938222 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c09190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The structures and physicochemical properties of surface-stabilizing molecules play a critical role in defining the properties, interactions, and functionality of hybrid nanomaterials such as monolayer-stabilized nanoparticles. Concurrently, the distinct surface-bound interfacial environment imposes very specific conditions on molecular reactivity and behavior in this setting. Our ability to probe hybrid nanoscale systems experimentally remains limited, yet understanding the consequences of surface confinement on molecular reactivity is crucial for enabling predictive nanoparticle synthon approaches for postsynthesis engineering of nanoparticle surface chemistry and construction of devices and materials from nanoparticle components. Here, we have undertaken an integrated experimental and computational study of the reaction kinetics for nanoparticle-bound hydrazones, which provide a prototypical platform for understanding chemical reactivity in a nanoconfined setting. Systematic variation of just one molecular-scale structural parameter-the distance between reactive site and nanoparticle surface-showed that the surface-bound reactivity is influenced by multiscale effects. Nanoparticle-bound reactions were tracked in situ using 19F NMR spectroscopy, allowing direct comparison to the reactions of analogous substrates in bulk solution. The surface-confined reactions proceed more slowly than their solution-phase counterparts, and kinetic inhibition becomes more significant for reactive sites positioned closer to the nanoparticle surface. Molecular dynamics simulations allowed us to identify distinct supramolecular architectures and unexpected dynamic features of the surface-bound molecules that underpin the experimentally observed trends in reactivity. This study allows us to draw general conclusions regarding interlinked structural and dynamical features across several length scales that influence interfacial reactivity in monolayer-confined environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioulia K Mati
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, U.K
| | - William Edwards
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, U.K
| | - Domenico Marson
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Edward J Howe
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, U.K
| | - Scott Stinson
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, U.K
| | - Paola Posocco
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Euan R Kay
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, U.K
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Idiago-López J, Moreno-Antolín E, de la Fuente JM, Fratila RM. Nanoparticles and bioorthogonal chemistry joining forces for improved biomedical applications. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:1261-1292. [PMID: 36132873 PMCID: PMC9419263 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00873g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Bioorthogonal chemistry comprises chemical reactions that can take place inside complex biological environments, providing outstanding tools for the investigation and elucidation of biological processes. Its use in combination with nanotechnology can lead to further developments in diverse areas of biomedicine, such as molecular bioimaging, targeted delivery, in situ drug activation, study of cell-nanomaterial interactions, biosensing, etc. Here, we summarise the recent efforts to bring together the unique properties of nanoparticles and the remarkable features of bioorthogonal reactions to create a toolbox of new or improved biomedical applications. We show how, by joining forces, bioorthogonal chemistry and nanotechnology can overcome some of the key current limitations in the field of nanomedicine, providing better, faster and more sensitive nanoparticle-based bioimaging and biosensing techniques, as well as therapeutic nanoplatforms with superior efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Idiago-López
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza Zaragoza 50009 Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN) Spain
| | - Eduardo Moreno-Antolín
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza Zaragoza 50009 Spain
| | - Jesús M de la Fuente
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza Zaragoza 50009 Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN) Spain
| | - Raluca M Fratila
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza Zaragoza 50009 Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN) Spain
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Velasco L, Llanos L, Levín P, Vega A, Yu J, Zhang X, Lemus L, Aravena D, Moonshiram D. Structure and excited-state dynamics of dimeric copper(i) photosensitizers investigated by time-resolved X-ray and optical transient absorption spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:3656-3667. [PMID: 33527942 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp06080a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Time-resolved X-ray (tr-XAS) and optical transient absorption (OTA) spectroscopy in the picosecond time scale coupled with Density Functional theory (DFT) and X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) calculations are applied to study three homoleptic Cu(i) dimeric chromophores with ethyl and longer propyl spacers, denoted as [Cu2(mphenet)2]Cl2 (C1), [Cu2(mphenet)2](ClO4)2 (C2) and [Cu2(mphenpr)2](ClO4)2 (C3) (where mphenet = 1,2-bis(9-methyl-1,10-phenanthrolin-2-yl)ethane and mphenpr = 1,3-bis(9-methyl-1,10-phenanthrolin-2-yl)propane). Tr-XAS analysis after light illumination at ∼ 100 ps illustrate the formation of a flattened triplet excited state in all 3 complexes. Optical transient absorption (OTA) analysis for C1 monitored in water and C2 and C3 measured in acetonitrile reveals distinct excited-state lifetimes of 169 ps, 670 ps and 1600 ps respectively. These differences are associated to changes in the solvent (comparing C1 and C2) and the flexibility of the ligand to adapt after Cu flattening upon excitation (C2 and C3). Our results are important for the improved structural dynamics of these types of Cu-based dimeric compounds, and can guide the integration of these chromophores into more complex solar energy conversion schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Velasco
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanociencia), Calle Faraday, 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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8
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Li K, Fong D, Meichsner E, Adronov A. A Survey of Strain-Promoted Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition in Polymer Chemistry. Chemistry 2021; 27:5057-5073. [PMID: 33017499 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Highly efficient reactions that enable the assembly of molecules into complex structures have driven extensive progress in synthetic chemistry. In particular, reactions that occur under mild conditions and in benign solvents, while producing no by-products and rapidly reach completion are attracting significant attention. Amongst these, the strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition, involving various cyclooctyne derivatives reacting with azide-bearing molecules, has gained extensive popularity in organic synthesis and bioorthogonal chemistry. This reaction has also recently gained momentum in polymer chemistry, where it has been used to decorate, link, crosslink, and even prepare polymer chains. This survey highlights key achievements in the use of this reaction to produce a variety of polymeric constructs for disparate applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin Li
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON, L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Darryl Fong
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON, L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Eric Meichsner
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON, L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Alex Adronov
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON, L8S 4M1, Canada
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9
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Vasdev R, Luo W, Classen K, Anghel M, Novoa S, Workentin MS, Gilroy JB. Strained alkyne polymers capable of SPAAC via ring-opening metathesis polymerization. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01177d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We present a strategy that combines the attractive traits of chain-growth polymerization and strain-promoted azide–alkyne cycloaddition chemistry for the production of functional polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeshwar Vasdev
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR), The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Wilson Luo
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR), The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Kyle Classen
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR), The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Anghel
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR), The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Samantha Novoa
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR), The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Mark S. Workentin
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR), The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Joe B. Gilroy
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR), The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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10
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Rentschler M, Iglesias S, Schmid MA, Liu C, Tschierlei S, Frey W, Zhang X, Karnahl M, Moonshiram D. The Coordination Behaviour of Cu I Photosensitizers Bearing Multidentate Ligands Investigated by X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy. Chemistry 2020; 26:9527-9536. [PMID: 32162730 PMCID: PMC7496955 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
A systematic series of four novel homo‐ and heteroleptic CuI photosensitizers based on tetradentate 1,10‐phenanthroline ligands of the type X^N^N^X containing two additional donor moieties in the 2,9‐position (X=SMe or OMe) were designed. Their solid‐state structures were assessed by X‐ray diffraction. Cyclic voltammetry, UV‐vis absorption, emission and X‐ray absorption spectroscopy were then used to determine their electrochemical, photophysical and structural features in solution. Following, time‐resolved X‐ray absorption spectroscopy in the picosecond time scale, coupled with time‐dependent density functional theory calculations, provided in‐depth information on the excited state electron configurations. For the first time, a significant shortening of the Cu−X distance and a change in the coordination mode to a pentacoordinated geometry is shown in the excited states of the two homoleptic complexes. These findings are important with respect to a precise understanding of the excited state structures and a further stabilization of this type of photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Rentschler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sirma Iglesias
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en, Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanociencia), Calle Faraday, 9, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marie-Ann Schmid
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Cunming Liu
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Stefanie Tschierlei
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Frey
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Xiaoyi Zhang
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Michael Karnahl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Dooshaye Moonshiram
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en, Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanociencia), Calle Faraday, 9, 28049, Madrid, Spain
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11
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Luo W, Legge SM, Luo J, Lagugné-Labarthet F, Workentin MS. Investigation of Au SAMs Photoclick Derivatization by PM-IRRAS. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:1014-1022. [PMID: 31922420 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we present a clean one-step process for modifying headgroups of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on gold using photo-enabled click chemistry. A thiolated, cyclopropenone-caged strained alkyne precursor was first functionalized onto a flat gold substrate through self-assembly. Exposure of the cyclopropenone SAM to UVA light initiated the efficient photochemical decarbonylation of the cyclopropenone moiety, revealing the strained alkyne capable of undergoing the interfacial strain-promoted alkyne-azide cycloaddition (SPAAC). Irradiated SAMs were derivatized with a series of model azides with varied hydrophobicity to demonstrate the generality of this chemical system for the modification and fine-tuning of the surface chemistry on gold substrates. SAMs were characterized at each step with polarization-modulation infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS) to confirm the successful functionalization and reactivity. Furthermore, to showcase the compatibility of this approach with biochemical applications, cyclopropenone SAMs were irradiated and modified with azide-bearing cell adhesion peptides to promote human fibroblast cell adhesion, and then imaged by live-cell fluorescence microscopy. Thus, the "photoclick" methodology reported here represents an improved, versatile, catalyst-free protocol that allows for a high degree of control over the modification of material surfaces, with applicability in materials science as well as biochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson Luo
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Materials and Biomaterials Research , Western University , 1151 Richmond Street , London , Ontario N6A 5B7 , Canada
| | - Sydney M Legge
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Materials and Biomaterials Research , Western University , 1151 Richmond Street , London , Ontario N6A 5B7 , Canada
| | - Johnny Luo
- Department of Biochemistry , Western University , London , Ontario N6A 5C1 , Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute , London , Ontario N6C 2R5 , Canada
| | - François Lagugné-Labarthet
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Materials and Biomaterials Research , Western University , 1151 Richmond Street , London , Ontario N6A 5B7 , Canada
| | - Mark S Workentin
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Materials and Biomaterials Research , Western University , 1151 Richmond Street , London , Ontario N6A 5B7 , Canada
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12
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Holland JP, Gut M, Klingler S, Fay R, Guillou A. Photochemical Reactions in the Synthesis of Protein-Drug Conjugates. Chemistry 2019; 26:33-48. [PMID: 31599057 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The ability to modify biologically active molecules such as antibodies with drug molecules, fluorophores or radionuclides is crucial in drug discovery and target identification. Classic chemistry used for protein functionalisation relies almost exclusively on thermochemically mediated reactions. Our recent experiments have begun to explore the use of photochemistry to effect rapid and efficient protein functionalisation. This article introduces some of the principles and objectives of using photochemically activated reagents for protein ligation. The concept of simultaneous photoradiosynthesis of radiolabelled antibodies for use in molecular imaging is introduced as a working example. Notably, the goal of producing functionalised proteins in the absence of pre-association (non-covalent ligand-protein binding) introduces requirements that are distinct from the more regular use of photoactive groups in photoaffinity labelling. With this in mind, the chemistry of thirteen different classes of photoactivatable reagents that react through the formation of intermediate carbenes, electrophiles, dienes, or radicals, is assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P Holland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Gut
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Klingler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rachael Fay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Amaury Guillou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
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13
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Ghiassian S, Yu L, Gobbo P, Nazemi A, Romagnoli T, Luo W, Luyt LG, Workentin MS. Nitrone-Modified Gold Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization, and Their Potential as 18F-Labeled Positron Emission Tomography Probes via I-SPANC. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:19106-19115. [PMID: 31763533 PMCID: PMC6868604 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A novel bioorthogonal gold nanoparticle (AuNP) template displaying interfacial nitrone functional groups for bioorthogonal interfacial strain-promoted alkyne-nitrone cycloaddition reactions has been synthesized. These nitrone-AuNPs were characterized in detail using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and a nanoparticle raw formula was calculated. The ability to control the conjugation of molecules of interest at the molecular level onto the nitrone-AuNP template allowed us to create a novel methodology for the synthesis of AuNP-based radiolabeled probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ghiassian
- Department
of Chemistry and the Center for Materials and Biomaterials
Research and Department of Oncology, The University
of Western Ontario, London N6A 5B7, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lihai Yu
- London
Regional Cancer Program, 800 Commissioners Rd. E., London N6A 5W9, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pierangelo Gobbo
- Department
of Chemistry and the Center for Materials and Biomaterials
Research and Department of Oncology, The University
of Western Ontario, London N6A 5B7, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ali Nazemi
- Department
of Chemistry and the Center for Materials and Biomaterials
Research and Department of Oncology, The University
of Western Ontario, London N6A 5B7, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tommaso Romagnoli
- Department
of Chemistry and the Center for Materials and Biomaterials
Research and Department of Oncology, The University
of Western Ontario, London N6A 5B7, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wilson Luo
- Department
of Chemistry and the Center for Materials and Biomaterials
Research and Department of Oncology, The University
of Western Ontario, London N6A 5B7, Ontario, Canada
| | - Leonard G. Luyt
- Department
of Chemistry and the Center for Materials and Biomaterials
Research and Department of Oncology, The University
of Western Ontario, London N6A 5B7, Ontario, Canada
- London
Regional Cancer Program, 800 Commissioners Rd. E., London N6A 5W9, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark S. Workentin
- Department
of Chemistry and the Center for Materials and Biomaterials
Research and Department of Oncology, The University
of Western Ontario, London N6A 5B7, Ontario, Canada
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14
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Liu J, Liu R, Wei Y, Shi M. Recent Developments in Cyclopropane Cycloaddition Reactions. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2019.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Harris T, Alabugin IV. Strain and stereoelectronics in cycloalkyne click chemistry. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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16
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Luo W, Luo J, Popik VV, Workentin MS. Dual-Bioorthogonal Molecular Tool: “Click-to-Release” and “Double-Click” Reactivity on Small Molecules and Material Surfaces. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:1140-1149. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wilson Luo
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Materials and Biomaterials Research, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Johnny Luo
- Department of Biochemistry, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario N6C 2R5, Canada
| | - Vladimir V. Popik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Mark S. Workentin
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Materials and Biomaterials Research, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
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17
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Cai X, Wang D, Gao Y, Yi L, Yang X, Xi Z. Tetra-fluorinated aromatic azide for highly efficient bioconjugation in living cells. RSC Adv 2019; 9:23-26. [PMID: 35521584 PMCID: PMC9059488 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra09303b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed a fast strain-promoted azide–alkyne cycloaddition reaction (SPAAC) by tetra-fluorinated aromatic azide with a kinetic constant of 3.60 M−1 s−1, which is among the fastest SPAAC ligations reported so far. We successfully employed the reaction for covalent labelling of proteins with high efficiency and for bioimaging of mitochondria in living cells. The reaction could be a generally useful toolbox for chemical biology and biomaterials. A fast strain-promoted azide–alkyne cycloaddition based on tetra-fluorinated aromatic azide was developed and applied to label proteins and living cells with high efficiency.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuekang Cai
- Department of Nuclear Medicine
- Peking University First Hospital
- Beijing
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic–Inorganic Composites
| | - Dan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Department of Chemical Biology
- National Pesticide Engineering Research Center (Tianjin)
- Nankai University
- Tianjin
| | - Yasi Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic–Inorganic Composites
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Long Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic–Inorganic Composites
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)
| | - Xing Yang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine
- Peking University First Hospital
- Beijing
- China
- Peking University School of Medical Technology
| | - Zhen Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Department of Chemical Biology
- National Pesticide Engineering Research Center (Tianjin)
- Nankai University
- Tianjin
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18
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Cheng L, Kang X, Wang D, Gao Y, Yi L, Xi Z. The one-pot nonhydrolysis Staudinger reaction and Staudinger or SPAAC ligation. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:5675-5679. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob00528e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The one-pot nonhydrolysis Staudinger reaction and Staudinger or SPAAC ligation were used for producing a FRET-based dyad in living cells as a proof-of-concept study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longhuai Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology
- National Engineering Research Center of Pesticide (Tianjin)
- College of Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
| | - Xueying Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic–Inorganic Composites and Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology (BUCT)
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Dan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology
- National Engineering Research Center of Pesticide (Tianjin)
- College of Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
| | - Yasi Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic–Inorganic Composites and Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology (BUCT)
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Long Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic–Inorganic Composites and Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology (BUCT)
- Beijing 100029
- China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering
| | - Zhen Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology
- National Engineering Research Center of Pesticide (Tianjin)
- College of Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
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19
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Gobbo P, Patil AJ, Li M, Harniman R, Briscoe WH, Mann S. Programmed assembly of synthetic protocells into thermoresponsive prototissues. NATURE MATERIALS 2018; 17:1145-1153. [PMID: 30297813 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-018-0183-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Although several new types of synthetic cell-like entities are now available, their structural integration into spatially interlinked prototissues that communicate and display coordinated functions remains a considerable challenge. Here we describe the programmed assembly of synthetic prototissue constructs based on the bio-orthogonal adhesion of a spatially confined binary community of protein-polymer protocells, termed proteinosomes. The thermoresponsive properties of the interlinked proteinosomes are used collectively to generate prototissue spheroids capable of reversible contractions that can be enzymatically modulated and exploited for mechanochemical transduction. Overall, our methodology opens up a route to the fabrication of artificial tissue-like materials capable of collective behaviours, and addresses important emerging challenges in bottom-up synthetic biology and bioinspired engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierangelo Gobbo
- Centre for Protolife Research and Centre for Organized Matter Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Avinash J Patil
- Centre for Protolife Research and Centre for Organized Matter Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Mei Li
- Centre for Protolife Research and Centre for Organized Matter Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Robert Harniman
- Centre for Protolife Research and Centre for Organized Matter Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Wuge H Briscoe
- Centre for Protolife Research and Centre for Organized Matter Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Stephen Mann
- Centre for Protolife Research and Centre for Organized Matter Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
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20
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Shariq M, Friedrich B, Budic B, Hodnik N, Ruiz‐Zepeda F, Majerič P, Rudolf R. Successful Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles through Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis from a Gold(III) Nitrate Precursor and Their Interaction with a High Electron Beam. ChemistryOpen 2018; 7:533-542. [PMID: 30034991 PMCID: PMC6050464 DOI: 10.1002/open.201800101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report for the first time the successful preparation of a gold(III) nitrate [Au(NO3)3] water-based precursor for use in a bottom-up ultrasonic spray pyrolysis (USP) process. Due to its limited solubility in water, the precursor was prepared under reflux conditions with nitric acid (HNO3) as the solvent and ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) as a neutralizer. This precursor enabled the USP synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and the in situ formation of low concentrations of NO2- and NO3- ions, which were caught directly in deionized water in a collection system. These ions were proven to act as stabilizers for the AuNPs. Investigations showed that the AuNPs were monodispersed and spherically shaped with a size distribution over three groups: the first contained 5.3 % AuNPs with diameters (2 r) <15 nm, the second contained 82.5 % AuNPs with 2 r between 15 and 200 nm, and the third contained 12.2 % AuNPs with 2 r>200 nm. UV/Vis spectroscopy revealed the maximum absorbance band of the AuNPs at λ=528 nm. Additionally, scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) observations of the smallest AuNPs (2 r<5 nm) revealed atomically resolved coalescence phenomena induced by interaction with the electron beam. Four stages of the particle-growth process were distinguished: 1) movement and rotation of the AuNPs; 2) necking mechanism; 3) orientated attachment at matching facets; 4) reshaping of the AuNPs by surface diffusion. This provided important insight into the formation/synthesis process of the AuNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Shariq
- University of MariborFaculty of Mechanical Engineering2000MariborSlovenia
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad826004JharkhandIndia
| | | | - Bojan Budic
- National Institute of Chemistry1000LjubljanaSlovenia
| | - Nejc Hodnik
- National Institute of Chemistry1000LjubljanaSlovenia
| | | | - Peter Majerič
- University of MariborFaculty of Mechanical Engineering2000MariborSlovenia
- Zlatarna Celje d.o.o3000CeljeSlovenia
| | - Rebeka Rudolf
- University of MariborFaculty of Mechanical Engineering2000MariborSlovenia
- Zlatarna Celje d.o.o3000CeljeSlovenia
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21
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Fong D, Yeung J, McNelles SA, Adronov A. Decoration of Polyfluorene-Wrapped Carbon Nanotubes via Strain-Promoted Azide–Alkyne Cycloaddition. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Darryl Fong
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S
4M1, Canada
| | - Jason Yeung
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S
4M1, Canada
| | - Stuart A. McNelles
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S
4M1, Canada
| | - Alex Adronov
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S
4M1, Canada
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22
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Fong D, Andrews GM, Adronov A. Functionalization of polyfluorene-wrapped carbon nanotubes via copper-mediated azide–alkyne cycloaddition. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py00377g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Copper-mediated azide–alkyne cycloaddition enables quantitative functionalization of polymer-nanotube complexes containing azide moieties in the polymer side chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darryl Fong
- Department of Chemistry
- McMaster University
- Hamilton
- Canada
| | | | - Alex Adronov
- Department of Chemistry
- McMaster University
- Hamilton
- Canada
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23
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Fong D, Andrews GM, McNelles SA, Adronov A. Decoration of polyfluorene-wrapped carbon nanotube thin films via strain-promoted azide–alkyne cycloaddition. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py01003j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Latently reactive polymer–SWNT complexes were prepared by coating SWNTs with polyfluorene containing azide moieties in the side chain, allowing spatially resolved decoration of nanotube thin films with various functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darryl Fong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- McMaster University
- Hamilton
- Canada
| | - Grace M. Andrews
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- McMaster University
- Hamilton
- Canada
| | - Stuart A. McNelles
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- McMaster University
- Hamilton
- Canada
| | - Alex Adronov
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- McMaster University
- Hamilton
- Canada
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24
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McNitt CD, Cheng H, Ullrich S, Popik VV, Bjerknes M. Multiphoton Activation of Photo-Strain-Promoted Azide Alkyne Cycloaddition “Click” Reagents Enables in Situ Labeling with Submicrometer Resolution. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:14029-14032. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b08472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hazel Cheng
- Department
of Medicine and Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | | | | | - Matthew Bjerknes
- Department
of Medicine and Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
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25
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Nainar S, Kubota M, McNitt C, Tran C, Popik VV, Spitale RC. Temporal Labeling of Nascent RNA Using Photoclick Chemistry in Live Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:8090-8093. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b03121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christopher McNitt
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 140 Cedar Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | | | - Vladimir V. Popik
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 140 Cedar Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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