Trace Determination and Pressure Estimation of Fluorine F2Caused by Irradiation Damage in Minerals and Synthetic Fluorides

Chemical Aspects of Human and Environmental Overload with Fluorine

Over the last 100-120 years, due to the ever-increasing importance of fluorine-containing compounds in modern technology and daily life, the explosive development of the fluorochemical industry led to an enormous increase of emission of fluoride ions into the biosphere. This made it more and more important to understand the biological activities, metabolism, degradation, and possible environmental hazards of such substances. This comprehensive and critical review focuses on the effects of fluoride ions and organofluorine compounds (mainly pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals) on human health and the environment. To give a better overview, various connected topics are also discussed: reasons and trends of the advance of fluorine-containing pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals, metabolism of fluorinated drugs, withdrawn fluorinated drugs, natural sources of organic and inorganic fluorine compounds in the environment (including the biosphere), sources of fluoride intake, and finally biomarkers of fluoride exposure.

Generation of Elemental Fluorine through the Electrolysis of Copper Difluoride at Room Temperature

The safe generation of F₂ gas at room temperature by using simple cell configurations has been the "holy grail" of fluorine research for centuries. Thus, to address this issue, we report generation of F₂ gas through the electrolysis of CuF₂ in a CsF-2.45HF molten salt without the evolution of H₂ gas. The CuF₂ is selected through a series of thermodynamic and kinetic assessments of possible metal fluorides. Anode assessments on graphite and glass-like carbon demonstrate the effect of the absence of the anode during generation of F₂ gas owing to stabilized operations at room temperature. Although the Ni anode dissolves during electrolysis in the conventional medium-temperature cell, herein, it facilitates stable electrolysis over 100 h, achieving an F₂ gas purity of over 99 % with the potential to operate using one-compartment electrolysis. This work presents a safe and propitious method for the generation of high-purity F₂ gas for small-scale lab and industrial applications.

Perfluoro Alkyl Hypofluorites and Peroxides Revisited

A more convenient synthesis of the perfluoro alkyl hypofluorite (F3 C)3 COF as well as the hitherto unknown (C2 F5 )(F3 C)2 COF compound is reported. Both hypofluorites can be prepared by use of the corresponding tertiary alcohols RF OH and elemental fluorine in the presence of CsF. An appropriate access to these highly reactive hypofluorites is crucial. The hypofluorites are then transferred into their corresponding perfluoro bisalkyl peroxides RF OORF [RF =(F3 C)3 C, (C2 F5 )(F3 C)2 C] by treatment with partially fluorinated silver wool. NMR, gas-phase infrared, and solid-state Raman spectra of the perfluoro bisalkyl peroxides are presented and their chemical properties are discussed.