1
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Harris BS, Bejagam KK, Baer MD. Development of a Systematic and Extensible Force Field for Peptoids (STEPs). J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:6573-6584. [PMID: 37462325 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c01424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Peptoids (N-substituted glycines) are a class of biomimetic polymers that have attracted significant attention due to their accessible synthesis and enzymatic and thermal stability relative to their naturally occurring counterparts (polypeptides). While these polymers provide the promise of more robust functional materials via hierarchical approaches, they present a new challenge for computational structure prediction for material design. The reliability of calculations hinges on the accuracy of interactions represented in the force field used to model peptoids. For proteins, structure prediction based on sequence and de novo design has made dramatic progress in recent years; however, these models are not readily transferable for peptoids. Current efforts to develop and implement peptoid-specific force fields are spread out, leading to replicated efforts and a fragmented collection of parameterized sidechains. Here, we developed a peptoid-specific force field containing 70 different side chains, using GAFF2 as starting point. The new model is validated based on the generation of Ramachandran-like plots from DFT optimization compared against force field reproduced potential energy and free energy surfaces as well as the reproduction of equilibrium cis/trans values for some residues experimentally known to form helical structures. Equilibrium cis/trans distributions (Kct) are estimated for all parameterized residues to identify which residues have an intrinsic propensity for cis or trans states in the monomeric state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley S Harris
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Karteek K Bejagam
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Marcel D Baer
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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2
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Eastwood JRB, Weisberg EI, Katz D, Zuckermann RN, Kirshenbaum K. Guidelines for designing peptoid structures: Insights from the
Peptoid Data Bank. Pept Sci (Hoboken) 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pep2.24307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dana Katz
- Department of Chemistry New York University New York New York USA
| | | | - Kent Kirshenbaum
- Department of Chemistry New York University New York New York USA
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3
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Bhatia S, Spanier L, Bickel D, Dienstbier N, Woloschin V, Vogt M, Pols H, Lungerich B, Reiners J, Aghaallaei N, Diedrich D, Frieg B, Schliehe-Diecks J, Bopp B, Lang F, Gopalswamy M, Loschwitz J, Bajohgli B, Skokowa J, Borkhardt A, Hauer J, Hansen FK, Smits SHJ, Jose J, Gohlke H, Kurz T. Development of a First-in-Class Small-Molecule Inhibitor of the C-Terminal Hsp90 Dimerization. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2022; 8:636-655. [PMID: 35647282 PMCID: PMC9136973 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.2c00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins 90 (Hsp90) are promising therapeutic targets due to their involvement in stabilizing several aberrantly expressed oncoproteins. In cancerous cells, Hsp90 expression is elevated, thereby exerting antiapoptotic effects, which is essential for the malignant transformation and tumor progression. Most of the Hsp90 inhibitors (Hsp90i) under investigation target the ATP binding site in the N-terminal domain of Hsp90. However, adverse effects, including induction of the prosurvival resistance mechanism (heat shock response or HSR) and associated dose-limiting toxicity, have so far precluded their clinical approval. In contrast, modulators that interfere with the C-terminal domain (CTD) of Hsp90 do not inflict HSR. Since the CTD dimerization of Hsp90 is essential for its chaperone activity, interfering with the dimerization process by small-molecule protein-protein interaction inhibitors is a promising strategy for anticancer drug research. We have developed a first-in-class small-molecule inhibitor (5b) targeting the Hsp90 CTD dimerization interface, based on a tripyrimidonamide scaffold through structure-based molecular design, chemical synthesis, binding mode model prediction, assessment of the biochemical affinity, and efficacy against therapy-resistant leukemia cells. 5b reduces xenotransplantation of leukemia cells in zebrafish models and induces apoptosis in BCR-ABL1+ (T315I) tyrosine kinase inhibitor-resistant leukemia cells, without inducing HSR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanil Bhatia
- Department
of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Medical
Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
- Phone: (+49) 211 81 04896.
| | - Lukas Spanier
- Institute
for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - David Bickel
- Institute
for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Niklas Dienstbier
- Department
of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Medical
Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Vitalij Woloschin
- Institute
for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Melina Vogt
- Department
of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Medical
Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Henrik Pols
- Institute
for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Beate Lungerich
- Institute
for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Jens Reiners
- Center
for Structural Studies, Heinrich Heine University
Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Narges Aghaallaei
- Department
of Hematology, Oncology, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Daniela Diedrich
- Institute
for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Benedikt Frieg
- Institute
for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
- John
von Neumann Institute for Computing (NIC), Jülich Supercomputing
Centre (JSC), Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7:
Structural Biochemistry) & Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-4:
Bioinformatics), Forschungszentrum Jülich
GmbH, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Julian Schliehe-Diecks
- Department
of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Medical
Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Bertan Bopp
- Institute
for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, PharmaCampus, Westphalian Wilhelms University, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Franziska Lang
- Department
of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Medical
Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Mohanraj Gopalswamy
- Institute
for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Jennifer Loschwitz
- Institute
for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Baubak Bajohgli
- Department
of Hematology, Oncology, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Julia Skokowa
- Department
of Hematology, Oncology, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Arndt Borkhardt
- Department
of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Medical
Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Julia Hauer
- Department
of Pediatrics, Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden 01307, Germany
- Partner
Site Dresden, National Center for Tumor
Diseases (NCT), Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Finn K. Hansen
- Pharmaceutical
and Cell Biological Chemistry, Pharmaceutical
Institute University of Bonn, Bonn 53121, Germany
| | - Sander H. J. Smits
- Center
for Structural Studies, Heinrich Heine University
Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
- Institute
of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University
Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Joachim Jose
- Institute
for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, PharmaCampus, Westphalian Wilhelms University, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Holger Gohlke
- Institute
for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
- John
von Neumann Institute for Computing (NIC), Jülich Supercomputing
Centre (JSC), Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7:
Structural Biochemistry) & Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-4:
Bioinformatics), Forschungszentrum Jülich
GmbH, Jülich 52425, Germany
- Phone: (+49)
211 81 13662.
| | - Thomas Kurz
- Institute
for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
- Phone: (+49)
211 81 14984.
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4
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Wang S, Ma Z, Pan W. Data-driven coarse-grained modeling of non-equilibrium systems. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:6404-6412. [PMID: 34132317 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00413a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Modeling a high-dimensional Hamiltonian system in reduced dimensions with respect to coarse-grained (CG) variables can greatly reduce computational cost and enable efficient bottom-up prediction of main features of the system for many applications. However, it usually experiences significantly altered dynamics due to loss of degrees of freedom upon coarse-graining. To establish CG models that can faithfully preserve dynamics, previous efforts mainly focused on equilibrium systems. In contrast, various soft matter systems are known to be out of equilibrium. Therefore, the present work concerns non-equilibrium systems and enables accurate and efficient CG modeling that preserves non-equilibrium dynamics and is generally applicable to any non-equilibrium process and any observable of interest. To this end, the dynamic equation of a CG variable is built in the form of the non-stationary generalized Langevin equation (nsGLE), where the two-time memory kernel is determined from the data of the auto-correlation function of the observable of interest. By embedding the nsGLE in an extended dynamics framework, the nsGLE can be solved efficiently to predict the non-equilibrium dynamics of the CG variable. To prove and exploit the equivalence of the nsGLE and extended dynamics, the memory kernel is parameterized in a two-time exponential expansion. A data-driven hybrid optimization process is proposed for the parameterization, which integrates the differential-evolution method with the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm to efficiently tackle a non-convex and high-dimensional optimization problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Zhan Ma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Wenxiao Pan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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5
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Kulsi G, Sannigrahi A, Mishra S, Das Saha K, Datta S, Chattopadhyay P, Chattopadhyay K. A Novel Cyclic Mobile Transporter Can Induce Apoptosis by Facilitating Chloride Anion Transport into Cells. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:16395-16405. [PMID: 32685802 PMCID: PMC7364434 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report here the preparation of an aminoxy amide-based pseudopeptide-derived building block using furanoid sugar molecules. Through the cyclo-oligomerization reaction, we generate a hybrid triazole/aminoxy amide macrocycle using the as-prepared building block. The novel conformation of the macrocycle has been characterized using NMR and molecular modeling studies, which show a strong resemblance of our synthesized compound to d-,l-α-aminoxy acid-based cyclic peptides that contain uniform backbone chirality. We observe that the macrocycle can efficiently and selectively bind Cl- ion and transport Cl- ion across a lipid bilayer. 1H NMR anion binding studies suggest a coherent relationship between the acidity of aminoxy amide N-H and triazole C-H proton binding strength. Using time-based fluorescence assay, we show that the macrocycle acts as a mobile transporter and follows an antiport mechanism. Our synthesized macrocycle imposes cancer cell death by disrupting ionic homeostasis through Cl- ion transport. The macrocycle induced cytochrome c leakage and changes in mitochondrial membrane potential along with activation of family of caspases, suggesting that the cellular apoptosis occurs through a caspase-dependent intrinsic pathway. The present results suggest the possibility of using the macrocycle as a biological tool of high therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goutam Kulsi
- Structural
Biology and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR-
Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (IICB), Kolkata 700032, India
- Organic
and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-
Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (IICB), Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Achinta Sannigrahi
- Structural
Biology and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR-
Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (IICB), Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Snehasis Mishra
- Cancer
Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (IICB), Kolkata 700032, India
- Department
of Chemical Technology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Krishna Das Saha
- Cancer
Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (IICB), Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Sriparna Datta
- Department
of Chemical Technology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Partha Chattopadhyay
- Organic
and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-
Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (IICB), Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Krishnananda Chattopadhyay
- Structural
Biology and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR-
Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (IICB), Kolkata 700032, India
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6
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Reßing N, Marquardt V, Gertzen CGW, Schöler A, Schramm A, Kurz T, Gohlke H, Aigner A, Remke M, Hansen FK. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of β-peptoid-capped HDAC inhibitors with anti-neuroblastoma and anti-glioblastoma activity. MEDCHEMCOMM 2018; 10:1109-1115. [PMID: 31391882 DOI: 10.1039/c8md00454d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) have been identified as promising epigenetic drug targets for the treatment of neuroblastoma and glioblastoma. In this work, we have rationally designed a novel class of peptoid-based histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi). A mini library of β-peptoid-capped HDACi was synthesized using a four-step protocol. All compounds were screened in biochemical assays for their inhibition of HDAC1 and HDAC6 and docking studies were performed to rationalize the observed selectivity profile. The synthesized compounds were further examined for tumor cell-inhibitory activity against a panel of neuroblastoma and glioblastoma cell lines. In particular, non-selective compounds with potent activity against HDAC1 and HDAC6 showed strong antiproliferative effects. The most promising HDACi, compound 6i, displayed submicromolar tumor cell-inhibitory potential (IC50: 0.21-0.67 μM) against all five cancer cell lines investigated and exceeded the activity of the FDA-approved HDACi vorinostat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Reßing
- Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry , Institute of Pharmacy , Leipzig University , Medical Faculty , Brüderstr. 34 , 04103 Leipzig , Germany . .,Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry , Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf , Universitätsstr. 1 , 40225 Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Viktoria Marquardt
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry , Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf , Universitätsstr. 1 , 40225 Düsseldorf , Germany.,Department of Pediatric Oncology , Hematology, and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty , Heinrich-Heine-University , Moorenstr. 5 , 40225 Düsseldorf , Germany.,Department of Neuropathology , Medical Faculty , Heinrich-Heine-University , Moorenstr. 5 , 40225 Düsseldorf , Germany.,Division of Pediatric Neuro-Oncogenomics , German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) , Partner site Essen/Düsseldorf , Moorenstr. 5 , 40225 Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Christoph G W Gertzen
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry , Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf , Universitätsstr. 1 , 40225 Düsseldorf , Germany.,John von Neumann Institute for Computing (NIC) , Jülich Supercomputing Centre (JSC) and Institute for Complex Systems - Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6) , Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , 52425 Jülich , Germany
| | - Andrea Schöler
- Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry , Institute of Pharmacy , Leipzig University , Medical Faculty , Brüderstr. 34 , 04103 Leipzig , Germany .
| | - Alexander Schramm
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology , University Children's Hospital Essen , University of Duisburg-Essen , Hufelandstr. 55 , 45122 Essen , Germany
| | - Thomas Kurz
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry , Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf , Universitätsstr. 1 , 40225 Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Holger Gohlke
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry , Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf , Universitätsstr. 1 , 40225 Düsseldorf , Germany.,John von Neumann Institute for Computing (NIC) , Jülich Supercomputing Centre (JSC) and Institute for Complex Systems - Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6) , Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , 52425 Jülich , Germany
| | - Achim Aigner
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology , Independent Division for Clinical Pharmacology , Leipzig University , Medical Faculty , Härtelstr. 16-18 , 04107 Leipzig , Germany
| | - Marc Remke
- Department of Pediatric Oncology , Hematology, and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty , Heinrich-Heine-University , Moorenstr. 5 , 40225 Düsseldorf , Germany.,Department of Neuropathology , Medical Faculty , Heinrich-Heine-University , Moorenstr. 5 , 40225 Düsseldorf , Germany.,Division of Pediatric Neuro-Oncogenomics , German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) , Partner site Essen/Düsseldorf , Moorenstr. 5 , 40225 Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Finn K Hansen
- Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry , Institute of Pharmacy , Leipzig University , Medical Faculty , Brüderstr. 34 , 04103 Leipzig , Germany . .,Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry , Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf , Universitätsstr. 1 , 40225 Düsseldorf , Germany
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7
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Robert Foster Cherry Award: N. K. Garg / Innovation Prize in Medicinal/Pharmaceutical Chemistry: F. K. Hansen and A. Titz. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:6734. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201804925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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8
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Robert Foster Cherry Award: Neil K. Garg / Innovationspreis in Medizinisch/Pharmazeutischer Chemie: F. K. Hansen und A. Titz. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201804925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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9
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Krieger V, Hamacher A, Gertzen CGW, Senger J, Zwinderman MRH, Marek M, Romier C, Dekker FJ, Kurz T, Jung M, Gohlke H, Kassack MU, Hansen FK. Design, Multicomponent Synthesis, and Anticancer Activity of a Focused Histone Deacetylase (HDAC) Inhibitor Library with Peptoid-Based Cap Groups. J Med Chem 2017; 60:5493-5506. [PMID: 28574690 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we report the multicomponent synthesis of a focused histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor library with peptoid-based cap groups and different zinc-binding groups. All synthesized compounds were tested in a cellular HDAC inhibition assay and an MTT assay for cytotoxicity. On the basis of their noteworthy activity in the cellular HDAC assays, four compounds were further screened for their inhibitory activity against recombinant HDAC1-3, HDAC6, and HDAC8. All four compounds showed potent inhibition of HDAC1-3 as well as significant inhibition of HDAC6 with IC50 values in the submicromolar concentration range. Compound 4j, the most potent HDAC inhibitor in the cellular HDAC assay, revealed remarkable chemosensitizing properties and enhanced the cisplatin sensitivity of the cisplatin-resistant head-neck cancer cell line Cal27CisR by almost 7-fold. Furthermore, 4j almost completely reversed the cisplatin resistance in Cal27CisR. This effect is related to a synergistic induction of apoptosis as seen in the combination of 4j with cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Krieger
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf , Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alexandra Hamacher
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf , Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christoph G W Gertzen
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf , Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Johanna Senger
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Wissenschaften, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg , Albertstraße 25, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Martijn R H Zwinderman
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen , 9712 Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Marek
- Département de Biologie Structurale Intégrative, Institut de Génétique et Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Université de Strasbourg (UDS), CNRS, INSERM , 1 Rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Christophe Romier
- Département de Biologie Structurale Intégrative, Institut de Génétique et Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Université de Strasbourg (UDS), CNRS, INSERM , 1 Rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Frank J Dekker
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen , 9712 Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Kurz
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf , Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Manfred Jung
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Wissenschaften, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg , Albertstraße 25, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Holger Gohlke
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf , Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Matthias U Kassack
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf , Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Finn K Hansen
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf , Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.,Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Leipzig University , Brüderstraße 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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