1
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Harden I, Neese F, Bistoni G. Dimerization of confined Brønsted acids in enantioselective organocatalytic reactions. Chem Sci 2023; 14:10580-10590. [PMID: 37799993 PMCID: PMC10548523 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03769j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The formation of Brønsted acid aggregates in the course of asymmetric organocatalytic reactions is often overlooked in mechanistic studies, even though it might have a deep impact on the stereo-controlling factors of the transformations. In this work, we shed light on the influence of the catalyst structure and reaction conditions on the spontaneity of the aggregation process for popular chiral organocatalysts derived from phosphoric acids using high-level quantum mechanical calculations. Our study encompasses small and sterically unhindered chiral phosphoric acids as well as large and "confined" imidodiphosphates and imidodiphosphorimidates. These systems have recently proven particularly effective in promoting a large number of highly relevant asymmetric transformations. While cooperative catalytic effects of sterically less hindered chiral phosphoric acid catalysts are well appreciated in literature, it is found that the formation of catalyst dimers in solution is possible for both standard and confined catalysts. The spontaneity of the aggregation process depends on reaction conditions like solvent polarity, polarizability, temperature, the nature of the interaction with the substrate, as well as the catalyst architecture. Finally, it is shown that, at low temperatures (153 K), the aggregation process can profoundly influence the reaction kinetics and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingolf Harden
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Frank Neese
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Giovanni Bistoni
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia Via Elce di Sotto, 8 06123 Perugia Italy
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2
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Thiele M, Rose T, Lõkov M, Stadtfeld S, Tshepelevitsh S, Parman E, Opara K, Wölper C, Leito I, Grimme S, Niemeyer J. Multifunctional Organocatalysts - Singly-Linked and Macrocyclic Bisphosphoric Acids for Asymmetric Phase-Transfer and Brønsted-Acid Catalysis. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202953. [PMID: 36161384 PMCID: PMC10099347 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The linking of phosphoric acids via covalent or mechanical bonds has proven to be a successful strategy for the design of novel organocatalysts. Here, we present the first systematic investigation of singly-linked and macrocyclic bisphosphoric acids, including their synthesis and their application in phase-transfer and Brønsted acid catalysis. We found that the novel bisphosphoric acids show dramatically increased enantioselectivities in comparison to their monophosphoric acid analogues. However, the nature, length and number of linkers has a profound influence on the enantioselectivities. In the asymmetric dearomative fluorination via phase-transfer catalysis, bisphosphoric acids with a single, rigid bisalkyne-linker give the best results with moderate to good enantiomeric excesses. In contrast, bisphosphoric acids with flexible linkers give excellent enantioselectivities in the transfer-hydrogenation of quinolines via cooperative Brønsted acid catalysis. In the latter case, sufficiently long linkers are needed for high stereoselectivities, as found experimentally and supported by DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Thiele
- Faculty of Chemistry (Organic Chemistry) and, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Thomas Rose
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Beringstrasse 4, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Märt Lõkov
- University of Tartu, Institute of Chemistry, 14a Ravila str, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Sophia Stadtfeld
- Faculty of Chemistry (Organic Chemistry) and, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Sofja Tshepelevitsh
- University of Tartu, Institute of Chemistry, 14a Ravila str, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Elisabeth Parman
- University of Tartu, Institute of Chemistry, 14a Ravila str, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Karina Opara
- Faculty of Chemistry (Organic Chemistry) and, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Faculty of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Ivo Leito
- University of Tartu, Institute of Chemistry, 14a Ravila str, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Beringstrasse 4, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jochen Niemeyer
- Faculty of Chemistry (Organic Chemistry) and, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141, Essen, Germany
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3
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Dreier C, Prädel L, Ehrhard AA, Wagner M, Hunger J. Association Equilibria of Organo-Phosphoric Acids with Imines from a Combined Dielectric and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Approach. Anal Chem 2021; 93:3914-3921. [PMID: 33600142 PMCID: PMC7931174 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aggregates formed between organo-phosphoric acids and imine bases in aprotic solvents are the reactive intermediates in Brønsted acid organo-catalysis. Due to the strong hydrogen-bonding interaction of the acids in solution, multiple homo- and heteroaggregates are formed with profound effects on catalytic activity. Yet, due to the similar binding motifs-hydrogen-bonds-it is challenging to experimentally quantify the abundance of these aggregates in solution. Here we demonstrate that a combination of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (DRS) allows for accurate speciation of these aggregates in solution. We show that only by using the observables of both experiments heteroaggregates can be discriminated with simultaneously taking homoaggregation into account. Comparison of the association of diphenyl phosphoric acid and quinaldine or phenylquinaline in chloroform, dichloromethane, or tetrahydrofuran suggests that the basicity of the base largely determines the association of one acid and one base molecule to form an ion-pair. We find the ion-pair formation constants to be highest in chloroform, slightly lower in dichloromethane and lowest in tetrahydrofuran, which indicates that the hydrogen-bonding ability of the solvent also alters ion-pairing equilibria. We find evidence for the formation of multimers, consisting of one imine base and multiple diphenyl phosphoric acid molecules for both bases in all three solvents. This subsequent association of an acid to an ion-pair is however little affected by the nature of the base or the solvent. As such our findings provide routes to enhance the overall fraction of these multimers in solution, which have been reported to open new catalytic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Dreier
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Department for Molecular Spectroscopy, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Leon Prädel
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Department for Molecular Spectroscopy, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Amelie A. Ehrhard
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Department for Molecular Spectroscopy, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Manfred Wagner
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Department for Molecular Spectroscopy, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Johannes Hunger
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Department for Molecular Spectroscopy, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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4
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Kutus B, Zhu J, Luo J, Wang Q, Lupan A, Attia AAA, Wang D, Hunger J. Enhancement of Ion Pairing of Sr(II) and Ba(II) Salts by a Tritopic Ion-Pair Receptor in Solution. Chemphyschem 2020; 21:1957-1965. [PMID: 32643260 PMCID: PMC7540308 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tritopic ion-pair receptors can bind bivalent salts in solution; yet, these salts have a tendency to form ion-pairs even in the absence of receptors. The extent to which such receptors can enhance ion pairing has however remained elusive. Here, we study ion pairing of M2+ (Ba2+ , Sr2+ ) and X- (I- , ClO4- ) in acetonitrile with and without a dichlorooxacalix[2]arene[2]triazine-related receptor containing a pentaethylene-glycol moiety. We find marked ion association already in receptor-free solutions. When present, most of the MX+ ion-pairs are bound to the receptor and the overall degree of ion association is enhanced due to coordinative, hydrogen-bonding, and anion-π interactions. The receptor shows higher selectivity for iodides but also stabilizes perchlorates, despite the latter are often considered as weakly coordinating anions. Our results show that ion-pair binding is strongly correlated to ion pairing in these solutions, thereby highlighting the importance of taking ion association in organic solvents into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bence Kutus
- Department of Molecular SpectroscopyMax Planck Institute for Polymer Research55128MainzGermany
| | - Jun Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesCAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and FunctionInstitute of ChemistryUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
| | - Jian Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesCAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and FunctionInstitute of ChemistryUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
| | - Qi‐Qiang Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesCAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and FunctionInstitute of ChemistryUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
| | - Alexandru Lupan
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringBabeş-Bolyai University400028Cluj-NapocaRomania
| | - Amr A. A. Attia
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringBabeş-Bolyai University400028Cluj-NapocaRomania
| | - De‐Xian Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesCAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and FunctionInstitute of ChemistryUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
| | - Johannes Hunger
- Department of Molecular SpectroscopyMax Planck Institute for Polymer Research55128MainzGermany
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5
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Malm C, Prädel LA, Marekha BA, Grechko M, Hunger J. Composition-Dependent Hydrogen-Bonding Motifs and Dynamics in Brønsted Acid-Base Mixtures. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:7229-7238. [PMID: 32701282 PMCID: PMC7443859 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c04714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
In
recent years the interaction of organophosphates and imines,
which is at the core of Brønsted acid organocatalysis, has been
established to be based on strong ionic hydrogen bonds. Yet, besides
the formation of homodimers consisting of two acid molecules and heterodimers
consisting of one acid and one base, also multimeric molecular aggregates
are formed in solution. These multimeric aggregates consist of one
base and several acid molecules. The details of the intermolecular
bonding in such aggregates, however, have remained elusive. To characterize
composition-dependent bonding and bonding dynamics in these aggregates,
we use linear and nonlinear infrared (IR) spectroscopy at varying
molar ratios of diphenyl phosphoric acid and quinaldine. We identify
the individual aggregate species, giving rise to the structured, strong,
and very broad infrared absorptions, which span more than 1000 cm–1. Linear infrared spectra and density functional theory
calculations of the proton transfer potential show that doubly ionic
intermolecular hydrogen bonds between the acid and the base lead to
absorptions which peak at ∼2040 cm–1. The
contribution of singly ionic hydrogen bonds between an acid anion
and an acid molecule is observed at higher frequencies. As common
to such strong hydrogen bonds, ultrafast IR spectroscopy reveals rapid,
∼ 100 fs, dissipation of energy from the proton transfer coordinate.
Yet, the full dissipation of the excess energy occurs on a ∼0.8–1.1
ps time scale, which becomes longer when multimers dominate. Our results
thus demonstrate the coupling and collectivity of the hydrogen bonds
within these complexes, which enable efficient energy transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Malm
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Leon A Prädel
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Bogdan A Marekha
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Maksim Grechko
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Johannes Hunger
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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6
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Jansen D, Gramüller J, Niemeyer F, Schaller T, Letzel MC, Grimme S, Zhu H, Gschwind RM, Niemeyer J. What is the role of acid-acid interactions in asymmetric phosphoric acid organocatalysis? A detailed mechanistic study using interlocked and non-interlocked catalysts. Chem Sci 2020; 11:4381-4390. [PMID: 34122895 PMCID: PMC8159434 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01026j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Organocatalysis has revolutionized asymmetric synthesis. However, the supramolecular interactions of organocatalysts in solution are often neglected, although the formation of catalyst aggregates can have a strong impact on the catalytic reaction. For phosphoric acid based organocatalysts, we have now established that catalyst-catalyst interactions can be suppressed by using macrocyclic catalysts, which react predominantly in a monomeric fashion, while they can be favored by integration into a bifunctional catenane, which reacts mainly as phosphoric acid dimers. For acyclic phosphoric acids, we found a strongly concentration dependent behavior, involving both monomeric and dimeric catalytic pathways. Based on a detailed experimental analysis, DFT-calculations and direct NMR-based observation of the catalyst aggregates, we could demonstrate that intermolecular acid-acid interactions have a drastic influence on the reaction rate and stereoselectivity of asymmetric transfer-hydrogenation catalyzed by chiral phosphoric acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Jansen
- Faculty of Chemistry (Organic Chemistry) and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 7 45141 Essen Germany
| | | | - Felix Niemeyer
- Faculty of Chemistry (Organic Chemistry) and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 7 45141 Essen Germany
| | - Torsten Schaller
- Faculty of Chemistry (Organic Chemistry) and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 7 45141 Essen Germany
| | - Matthias C Letzel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Münster Corrensstrasse 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms Universität Bonn Beringstrasse 4 53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Hui Zhu
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms Universität Bonn Beringstrasse 4 53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Ruth M Gschwind
- Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg 93040 Regensburg Germany
| | - Jochen Niemeyer
- Faculty of Chemistry (Organic Chemistry) and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 7 45141 Essen Germany
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7
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De Carvalho GSG, Granato ÁS, De Castro PP, Amarante GW. Recent Contributions of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance in Organocatalysis Mechanism Elucidation. CURRENT ORGANOCATALYSIS 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/2213337206666190328210907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) is one of the most employed techniques
in structural elucidation of organic compounds. In addition to its use in structural characterization,
it has been widely employed in the investigation of reaction mechanisms, especially those involving
catalysis.
Objective:
In this review, we aim to provide recent examples of the interface of NMR and organocatalysis
reaction mechanism.
Methods:
Selected examples of different approaches for mechanism elucidation will be presented,
such as isotopic effect, catalyst labelling and online reaction monitoring. A discussion involving the
use of solid-state NMR will also be disclosed.
Conclusion:
NMR consists of a non-destructive technique, extremely useful in the real-time identification
of intermediates in crude reaction mixtures. With the advent of two-dimensional experiments
and high field NMR spectrometers, the reports of studies involving mechanistic elucidation were
greatly enhanced. In this context, nowadays NMR appears as a powerful tool for the comprehension
of reaction mechanisms, including the possibility of the proposal of unknown reaction mechanisms
within organocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Álisson Silva Granato
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Campus Martelos, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais 36036900, Brazil
| | - Pedro Pôssa De Castro
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Campus Martelos, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais 36036900, Brazil
| | - Giovanni Wilson Amarante
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Campus Martelos, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais 36036900, Brazil
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8
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Ehrhard AA, Jäger S, Malm C, Basaran S, Hunger J. CF3-groups critically enhance the binding of thiourea catalysts to ketones – a NMR and FT-IR study. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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9
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Luo J, Ao YF, Malm C, Hunger J, Wang QQ, Wang DX. Tritopic ion-pair receptors based on anion–π interactions for selective CaX2 binding. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:7883-7887. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt01727a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Selective ion-pair binding of CaX2 (X = Br− and I−) was realized by a tritopic receptor incorporating two homoditopic anion–π binding sites and a pentaethylene glycol moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Yu-Fei Ao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Christian Malm
- Molecular Spectroscopy Department
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Johannes Hunger
- Molecular Spectroscopy Department
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Qi-Qiang Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - De-Xian Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
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10
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Malm C, Kim H, Wagner M, Hunger J. Complexity in Acid-Base Titrations: Multimer Formation Between Phosphoric Acids and Imines. Chemistry 2017; 23:10853-10860. [PMID: 28597513 PMCID: PMC5582606 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Solutions of Brønsted acids with bases in aprotic solvents are not only common model systems to study the fundamentals of proton transfer pathways but are also highly relevant to Brønsted acid catalysis. Despite their importance the light nature of the proton makes characterization of acid-base aggregates challenging. Here, we track such acid-base interactions over a broad range of relative compositions between diphenyl phosphoric acid and the base quinaldine in dichloromethane, by using a combination of dielectric relaxation and NMR spectroscopy. In contrast to what one would expect for an acid-base titration, we find strong deviations from quantitative proton transfer from the acid to the base. Even for an excess of the base, multimers consisting of one base and at least two acid molecules are formed, in addition to the occurrence of proton transfer from the acid to the base and simultaneous formation of ion pairs. For equimolar mixtures such multimers constitute about one third of all intermolecular aggregates. Quantitative analysis of our results shows that the acid-base association constant is only around six times larger than that for the acid binding to an acid-base dimer, that is, to an already protonated base. Our findings have implications for the interpretation of previous studies of reactive intermediates in organocatalysis and provide a rationale for previously observed nonlinear effects in phosphoric acid catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Malm
- Department of Molecular SpectroscopyMax Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
| | - Heejae Kim
- Department of Molecular SpectroscopyMax Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
| | - Manfred Wagner
- Department of Molecular SpectroscopyMax Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
| | - Johannes Hunger
- Department of Molecular SpectroscopyMax Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
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