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Wagner LS, Prymak O, Schaller T, Beuck C, Loza K, Niemeyer F, Gumbiowski N, Kostka K, Bayer P, Heggen M, Oliveira CLP, Epple M. The Molecular Footprint of Peptides on the Surface of Ultrasmall Gold Nanoparticles (2 nm) Is Governed by Steric Demand. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:4266-4281. [PMID: 38640461 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c01294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Ultrasmall gold nanoparticles were functionalized with peptides of two to seven amino acids that contained one cysteine molecule as anchor via a thiol-gold bond and a number of alanine residues as nonbinding amino acid. The cysteine was located either in the center of the molecule or at the end (C-terminus). For comparison, gold nanoparticles were also functionalized with cysteine alone. The particles were characterized by UV spectroscopy, differential centrifugal sedimentation (DCS), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). This confirmed the uniform metal core (2 nm diameter). The hydrodynamic diameter was probed by 1H-DOSY NMR spectroscopy and showed an increase in thickness of the hydrated peptide layer with increasing peptide size (up to 1.4 nm for heptapeptides; 0.20 nm per amino acid in the peptide). 1H NMR spectroscopy of water-dispersed nanoparticles showed the integrity of the peptides and the effect of the metal core on the peptide. Notably, the NMR signals were very broad near the metal surface and became increasingly narrow in a distance. In particular, the methyl groups of alanine can be used as probe for the resolution of the NMR spectra. The number of peptide ligands on each nanoparticle was determined using quantitative 1H NMR spectroscopy. It decreased with increasing peptide length from about 100 for a dipeptide to about 12 for a heptapeptide, resulting in an increase of the molecular footprint from about 0.1 to 1.1 nm2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa-Sofie Wagner
- Inorganic Chemistry and Centre for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5-7, Essen 45117, Germany
| | - Oleg Prymak
- Inorganic Chemistry and Centre for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5-7, Essen 45117, Germany
| | - Torsten Schaller
- Organic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5-7, Essen 45117, Germany
| | - Christine Beuck
- Institute of Biology and Center for Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5-7, Essen 45117, Germany
| | - Kateryna Loza
- Inorganic Chemistry and Centre for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5-7, Essen 45117, Germany
| | - Felix Niemeyer
- Organic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5-7, Essen 45117, Germany
| | - Nina Gumbiowski
- Inorganic Chemistry and Centre for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5-7, Essen 45117, Germany
| | - Kathrin Kostka
- Inorganic Chemistry and Centre for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5-7, Essen 45117, Germany
| | - Peter Bayer
- Institute of Biology and Center for Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5-7, Essen 45117, Germany
| | - Marc Heggen
- Ernst Ruska Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52428, Germany
| | | | - Matthias Epple
- Inorganic Chemistry and Centre for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5-7, Essen 45117, Germany
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Wolff N, Loza K, Heggen M, Schaller T, Niemeyer F, Bayer P, Beuck C, Oliveira CLP, Prymak O, Weidenthaler C, Epple M. Ultrastructure and Surface Composition of Glutathione-Terminated Ultrasmall Silver, Gold, Platinum, and Alloyed Silver-Platinum Nanoparticles (2 nm). Inorg Chem 2023; 62:17470-17485. [PMID: 37820300 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Alloyed ultrasmall silver-platinum nanoparticles (molar ratio Ag:Pt = 50:50) were prepared and compared to pure silver, platinum, and gold nanoparticles, all with a metallic core diameter of 2 nm. They were surface-stabilized by a layer of glutathione (GSH). A comprehensive characterization by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), electron diffraction (ED), X-ray diffraction (XRD), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), differential centrifugal sedimentation (DCS), and UV spectroscopy showed their size both in the dry and in the water-dispersed state (hydrodynamic diameter). Solution NMR spectroscopy (1H, 13C, COSY, HSQC, HMBC, and DOSY) showed the nature of the glutathione shell including the number of GSH ligands on each nanoparticle (about 200 with a molecular footprint of 0.063 nm2 each). It furthermore showed that there are at least two different positions for the GSH ligand on the gold nanoparticle surface. Platinum strongly reduced the resolution of the NMR spectra compared to silver and gold, also in the alloyed nanoparticles. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) showed that silver, platinum, and silver-platinum particles were at least partially oxidized to Ag(+I) and Pt(+II), whereas the gold nanoparticles showed no sign of oxidation. Platinum and gold nanoparticles were well crystalline but twinned (fcc lattice) despite the small particle size. Silver was crystalline in electron diffraction but not in X-ray diffraction. Alloyed silver-platinum nanoparticles were almost fully amorphous by both methods, indicating a considerable internal disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Wolff
- Inorganic Chemistry and Centre for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45117, Germany
| | - Kateryna Loza
- Inorganic Chemistry and Centre for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45117, Germany
| | - Marc Heggen
- Ernst-Ruska Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich 52428, Germany
| | - Torsten Schaller
- Organic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45117, Germany
| | - Felix Niemeyer
- Organic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45117, Germany
| | - Peter Bayer
- Structural and Medicinal Biochemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45117, Germany
| | - Christine Beuck
- Structural and Medicinal Biochemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45117, Germany
| | | | - Oleg Prymak
- Inorganic Chemistry and Centre for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45117, Germany
| | - Claudia Weidenthaler
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470, Germany
| | - Matthias Epple
- Inorganic Chemistry and Centre for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45117, Germany
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Jädersten M, Lilienthal I, Tsesmetzis N, Lourda M, Bengtzén S, Bohlin A, Arnroth C, Erkers T, Seashore-Ludlow B, Giraud G, Barkhordar GS, Tao S, Fogelstrand L, Saft L, Östling P, Schinazi RF, Kim B, Schaller T, Juliusson G, Deneberg S, Lehmann S, Rassidakis GZ, Höglund M, Henter JI, Herold N. Targeting SAMHD1 with hydroxyurea in first-line cytarabine-based therapy of newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukaemia: Results from the HEAT-AML trial. J Intern Med 2022; 292:925-940. [PMID: 35934913 PMCID: PMC9643609 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment of newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is based on combination chemotherapy with cytarabine (ara-C) and anthracyclines. Five-year overall survival is below 30%, which has partly been attributed to cytarabine resistance. Preclinical data suggest that the addition of hydroxyurea potentiates cytarabine efficacy by increasing ara-C triphosphate (ara-CTP) levels through targeted inhibition of SAMHD1. OBJECTIVES In this phase 1 trial, we evaluated the feasibility, safety and efficacy of the addition of hydroxyurea to standard chemotherapy with cytarabine/daunorubicin in newly diagnosed AML patients. METHODS Nine patients were enrolled and received at least two courses of ara-C (1 g/m2 /2 h b.i.d. d1-5, i.e., a total of 10 g/m2 per course), hydroxyurea (1-2 g d1-5) and daunorubicin (60 mg/m2 d1-3). The primary endpoint was safety; secondary endpoints were complete remission rate and measurable residual disease (MRD). Additionally, pharmacokinetic studies of ara-CTP and ex vivo drug sensitivity assays were performed. RESULTS The most common grade 3-4 toxicity was febrile neutropenia (100%). No unexpected toxicities were observed. Pharmacokinetic analyses showed a significant increase in median ara-CTP levels (1.5-fold; p = 0.04) in patients receiving doses of 1 g hydroxyurea. Ex vivo, diagnostic leukaemic bone marrow blasts from study patients were significantly sensitised to ara-C by a median factor of 2.1 (p = 0.0047). All nine patients (100%) achieved complete remission, and all eight (100%) with validated MRD measurements (flow cytometry or real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction [RT-qPCR]) had an MRD level <0.1% after two cycles of chemotherapy. Treatment was well-tolerated, and median time to neutrophil recovery >1.0 × 109 /L and to platelet recovery >50 × 109 /L after the start of cycle 1 was 19 days and 22 days, respectively. Six of nine patients underwent allogeneic haematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). With a median follow-up of 18.0 (range 14.9-20.5) months, one patient with adverse risk not fit for HSCT experienced a relapse after 11.9 months but is now in second complete remission. CONCLUSION Targeted inhibition of SAMHD1 by the addition of hydroxyurea to conventional AML therapy is safe and appears efficacious within the limitations of the small phase 1 patient cohort. These results need to be corroborated in a larger study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Jädersten
- Department of Hematology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Lilienthal
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nikolaos Tsesmetzis
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magda Lourda
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sofia Bengtzén
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Bohlin
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cornelia Arnroth
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tom Erkers
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Brinton Seashore-Ludlow
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Géraldine Giraud
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Akademiska Children's Hospital, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Giti S Barkhordar
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Genomics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sijia Tao
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Linda Fogelstrand
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Leonie Saft
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Pathology and Cancer Diagnostics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Päivi Östling
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Raymond F Schinazi
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Baek Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Torsten Schaller
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gunnar Juliusson
- Department of Hematology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.,Stem Cell Center, Department of Hematology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Stefan Deneberg
- Department of Hematology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sören Lehmann
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Georgios Z Rassidakis
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Pathology and Cancer Diagnostics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Höglund
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan-Inge Henter
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Paediatric Oncology, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nikolas Herold
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Paediatric Oncology, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Blank A, Hohmann N, Dettmer M, Manka‐Stuhlik A, Mikus G, Stoll F, Stützle‐Schnetz M, Thomas D, Exner E, Schmitt‐Bormann B, Schaller T, Laage R, Schönborn‐Kellenberger O, Arndt M, Haefeli WE, Krauss J. First-in-human, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose escalation trial of the anti-herpes simplex virus monoclonal antibody HDIT101 in healthy volunteers. Clin Transl Sci 2022; 15:2366-2377. [PMID: 35869929 PMCID: PMC9579396 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
HDIT101 is a first-in-class humanized monoclonal antibody recognizing a conserved epitope in glycoprotein B, a target present on the surface of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and HSV-2 particles as well as on virus-infected cells. This was a first-in-human, single-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in 24 healthy volunteers, randomized 3:1 (placebo:active) in each of the six dose levels with escalating doses up to 12,150 mg HDIT101. HDIT101 was administered intravenously, to study safety, pharmacokinetics (PKs), and immunogenicity. HDIT101 was well-tolerated in all recipients and no serious or severe adverse events, no infusion-related reactions, and no events suggestive of dose limiting off-target toxicity occurred. The mean serum exposure (area under the curve from zero to infinity [AUC0-∞ ]) of HDIT101 showed a linear increase from 4340 h*μg/ml at a dose of 50 mg to 1,122,247 h*μg/ml at a dose of 12,150 mg. No immunogenic effects following HDIT101 exposure were observed at any of the applied doses. HDIT101 demonstrated the expected PK properties of a monoclonal antibody was well-tolerated, and could be safely administered even at excessively high doses that may be required for treatment of patients with septical HSV spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Blank
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and PharmacoepidemiologyHeidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany
| | - Nicolas Hohmann
- NCT, National Center for Tumor Diseases, Department of Medical OncologyHeidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany
| | - Marlen Dettmer
- NCT, National Center for Tumor Diseases, Department of Medical OncologyHeidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany
| | - Anette Manka‐Stuhlik
- NCT, National Center for Tumor Diseases, Department of Medical OncologyHeidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany
| | - Gerd Mikus
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and PharmacoepidemiologyHeidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany
| | - Felicitas Stoll
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and PharmacoepidemiologyHeidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany
| | - Marlies Stützle‐Schnetz
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and PharmacoepidemiologyHeidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany
| | | | - Evelyn Exner
- Heidelberg ImmunoTherapeutics GmbHHeidelbergGermany
| | | | | | - Rico Laage
- Heidelberg ImmunoTherapeutics GmbHHeidelbergGermany
| | | | | | - Walter E. Haefeli
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and PharmacoepidemiologyHeidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany
| | - Jürgen Krauss
- NCT, National Center for Tumor Diseases, Department of Medical OncologyHeidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany
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Hayduk M, Schaller T, Niemeyer FC, Rudolph K, Clever GH, Rizzo F, Voskuhl J. Phosphorescence Induction by Host‐Guest Complexation with Cyclodextrins – The Role of Regioisomerism and Affinity. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201081. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Hayduk
- Faculty of Chemistry (Organic Chemistry), ZMB and CENIDE University of Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstraße 7 Essen 45141 Germany
| | - Torsten Schaller
- Faculty of Chemistry (Organic Chemistry), ZMB and CENIDE University of Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstraße 7 Essen 45141 Germany
| | - Felix C. Niemeyer
- Faculty of Chemistry (Organic Chemistry), ZMB and CENIDE University of Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstraße 7 Essen 45141 Germany
| | - Kevin Rudolph
- Faculty of Chemistry (Organic Chemistry), ZMB and CENIDE University of Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstraße 7 Essen 45141 Germany
| | - Guido H. Clever
- Technische Universität Dortmund Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie Otto-Hahn-Straße 6 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Fabio Rizzo
- Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies “G. Natta” (SCITEC) National Research Council (CNR) via G. Fantoli 16/15 20138 Milano Italy
- Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN) Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Busso-Peus-Str. 10 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Jens Voskuhl
- Faculty of Chemistry (Organic Chemistry), ZMB and CENIDE University of Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstraße 7 Essen 45141 Germany
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Balks FM, Saisho H, Fujita B, Schaller T, Sadat N, Ensminger S, Barkhausen J, Frydrychowicz A, Oechtering T. Ex-vivo 4D Fluss MRT zur Bestimmung des Einflusses der Aortotomie und unterschiedlicher Aortenklappenersatz-Verfahren auf aortale Flusscharakteristika. ROFO-FORTSCHR RONTG 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1749802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F M Balks
- Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Klinik für Radiologie und Nuklearmedizin, Lübeck
| | - H Saisho
- Universität zu Lübeck, Klinik für Herz- und thorakale Gefäßchirurgie, Lübeck
| | - B Fujita
- Universität zu Lübeck, Klinik für Herz- und thorakale Gefäßchirurgie, Lübeck
| | - T Schaller
- Universität zu Lübeck, Klinik für Herz- und thorakale Gefäßchirurgie, Lübeck
| | - N Sadat
- Universität zu Lübeck, Klinik für Herz- und thorakale Gefäßchirurgie, Lübeck
| | - S Ensminger
- Universität zu Lübeck, Klinik für Herz- und thorakale Gefäßchirurgie, Lübeck
| | - J Barkhausen
- Universität zu Lübeck, Klinik für Radiologie und Nuklearmedizin, Lübeck
| | - A Frydrychowicz
- Universität zu Lübeck, Klinik für Radiologie und Nuklearmedizin, Lübeck
| | - T Oechtering
- University of Wisconsin, Department of Radiology, Madison, USA
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Bruhn D, Schaller T, Sadat N, Fujita B, Ensminger S, Scharfschwerdt M. An In Vitro Model to Simulate Left Ventricular Contraction of Isolated Porcine Hearts for Mitral Valve Reconstruction. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1742914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Bruhn
- University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Deutschland
| | | | - N. Sadat
- University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Deutschland
| | - B. Fujita
- University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Deutschland
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von Stillfried S, Freeborn B, Windeck S, Boor P, Böcker J, Schmidt J, Tholen P, Röhrig R, Majeed R, Wienströer J, Bremer J, Weis J, Knüchel R, Breitbach A, Bülow RD, Cacchi C, Wucherpfennig S, Märkl B, Claus R, Dhillon C, Schaller T, Sipos E, Spring O, Braun G, Römmele C, Kling E, Kröncke T, Wittmann M, Hirschbühl K, Heppner FL, Meinhardt J, Radbruch H, Streit S, Horst D, Elezkurtaj S, Quaas A, Göbel H, Friemann J, Hansen T, Titze U, Lorenzen J, Reuter T, Woloszyn J, Baretton G, Hilsenbeck J, Meinhardt M, Pablik J, Sommer L, Holotiuk O, Meinel M, Esposito I, Crudele G, Seidl M, Mahlke N, Hartmann A, Haller F, Eichhorn P, Lange F, Amann KU, Coras R, Ingenwerth M, Rawitzer J, Schmid KW, Theegarten D, Gradhand E, Smith K, Wild P, Birngruber CG, Schilling O, Werner M, Acker T, Gattenlöhner S, Franz J, Metz I, Stadelmann C, Stork L, Thomas C, Zechel S, Ströbel P, Fathke C, Harder A, Wickenhauser C, Glatzel M, Matschke J, Krasemann S, Dietz E, Edler C, Fitzek A, Fröb D, Heinemann A, Heinrich F, Klein A, Kniep I, Lohner L, Möbius D, Ondruschka B, Püschel K, Schädler J, Schröder AS, Sperhake JP, Aepfelbacher M, Fischer N, Lütgehetmann M, Pfefferle S, Jonigk D, Werlein C, Domke LM, Hartmann L, Klein I, Schirmacher P, Schwab C, Röcken C, Langer D, Roth W, Strobl S, Rudelius M, Delbridge C, Kasajima A, Kuhn PH, Slotta-Huspenina J, Weichert W, Weirich G, Stock K, Barth P, Schnepper A, Wardelmann E, Evert K, Evert M, Büttner A, Manhart J, Nigbur S, Bösmüller H, Fend F, Granai M, Klingel K, Warm V, Steinestel K, Umathum VG, Rosenwald A, Vogt N, Kurz F. [Update on collaborative autopsy-based research in German pathology, neuropathology, and forensic medicine]. Pathologie (Heidelb) 2022; 43:101-105. [PMID: 36114379 PMCID: PMC9483541 DOI: 10.1007/s00292-022-01117-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autopsies are a valuable tool for understanding disease, including COVID-19. MATERIALS AND METHODS The German Registry of COVID-19 Autopsies (DeRegCOVID), established in April 2020, serves as the electronic backbone of the National Autopsy Network (NATON), launched in early 2022 following DEFEAT PANDEMIcs. RESULTS The NATON consortium's interconnected, collaborative autopsy research is enabled by an unprecedented collaboration of 138 individuals at more than 35 German university and non-university autopsy centers through which pathology, neuropathology, and forensic medicine autopsy data including data on biomaterials are collected in DeRegCOVID and tissue-based research and methods development are conducted. More than 145 publications have now emerged from participating autopsy centers, highlighting various basic science and clinical aspects of COVID-19, such as thromboembolic events, organ tropism, SARS-CoV‑2 detection methods, and infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 at autopsy. CONCLUSIONS Participating centers have demonstrated the high value of autopsy and autopsy-derived data and biomaterials to modern medicine. The planned long-term continuation and further development of the registry and network, as well as the open and participatory design, will allow the involvement of all interested partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia von Stillfried
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsklinik RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Deutschland
| | - Benita Freeborn
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsklinik RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Deutschland
| | - Svenja Windeck
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsklinik RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Deutschland
| | - Peter Boor
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsklinik RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Deutschland ,Medizinische Klinik II (Nephrologie und Immunologie), Universitätsklinik RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Deutschland ,Elektronenmikroskopische Einrichtung, Universitätsklinik RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Deutschland
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Wetzel O, Hosseini S, Loza K, Heggen M, Prymak O, Bayer P, Beuck C, Schaller T, Niemeyer F, Weidenthaler C, Epple M. Metal-Ligand Interface and Internal Structure of Ultrasmall Silver Nanoparticles (2 nm). J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:5645-5659. [PMID: 34029093 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c02512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasmall silver nanoparticles were prepared by reduction with NaBH4 and surface-terminated with glutathione (GSH). The particles had a solid core diameter of 2 nm as shown by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). NMR-DOSY gave a hydrodynamic diameter of 2 to 2.8 nm. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) showed that silver is bound to the thiol group of the central cysteine in glutathione under partial oxidation to silver(+I). In turn, the thiol group is deprotonated to thiolate. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) together with Rietveld refinement confirmed a twinned (polycrystalline) fcc structure of ultrasmall silver nanoparticles with a lattice compression of about 0.9% compared to bulk silver metal. By NMR spectroscopy, the interaction between the glutathione ligand and the silver surface was analyzed, also with 13C-labeled glutathione. The adsorbed glutathione is fully intact and binds to the silver surface via cysteine. In situ 1H NMR spectroscopy up to 85 °C in dispersion showed that the glutathione ligand did not detach from the surface of the silver nanoparticle, i.e. the silver-sulfur bond is remarkably strong. The ultrasmall nanoparticles had a higher cytotoxicity than bigger particles in in vitro cell culture with HeLa cells with a cytotoxic concentration of about 1 μg mL-1 after 24 h incubation. The overall stoichiometry of the nanoparticles was about Ag∼250GSH∼155.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Wetzel
- Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstrasse 5-7, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Shabnam Hosseini
- Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstrasse 5-7, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Kateryna Loza
- Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstrasse 5-7, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Marc Heggen
- Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Oleg Prymak
- Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstrasse 5-7, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Peter Bayer
- Department of Structural and Medicinal Biochemistry, Centre for Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Christine Beuck
- Department of Structural and Medicinal Biochemistry, Centre for Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Torsten Schaller
- Organic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstrasse 5-7, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Felix Niemeyer
- Organic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstrasse 5-7, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Claudia Weidenthaler
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Matthias Epple
- Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstrasse 5-7, 45117 Essen, Germany
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10
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Saisho H, Scharfschwerdt M, Schaller T, Aboud A, Ensminger S, Fujita B. Comparison of Hydrodynamic Performance of the Ozaki Procedure with the Native Aortic Valve and Prosthetic Valves. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1725664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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11
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Sadat N, Scharfschwerdt M, Schaller T, Aboud A, Saisho H, Ensminger S, Fujita B. Systematic Investigation of Hydrodynamic Performance of Nine Aortic Valve Bioprostheses under Standardized Conditions: An In Vitro Study. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1725761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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12
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Sadat N, Scharfschwerdt M, Schaller T, Aboud A, Saisho H, Ensminger S, Fujita B. Systematic Investigation of Hydrodynamic Performance of Nine Valve in Valve Prostheses under Standardized Conditions: An In Vitro Study. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1725717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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13
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Saisho H, Balks M, Schaller T, Scharfschwerdt M, Aboud A, Sadat N, Frydrychowicz A, Ensminger S, Oechtering T, Fujita B. Investigation of Aortic Flow Patterns after Aortic Valve Replacement: Establishment of a New Ex Vivo 4D Flow MRI Model. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1725757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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14
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Fresnais M, Longuespée R, Sauter M, Schaller T, Arndt M, Krauss J, Blank A, Haefeli WE, Burhenne J. Development and Validation of an LC-MS-Based Quantification Assay for New Therapeutic Antibodies: Application to a Novel Therapy against Herpes Simplex Virus. ACS Omega 2020; 5:24329-24339. [PMID: 33015449 PMCID: PMC7528202 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Multiple therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are currently under development or in (pre)clinical study phases to reach regulatory approval. Among these, a new mAb against herpes simplex virus, HDIT101, was recently tested in healthy volunteers during a phase I clinical trial (first-in-human, dose escalation). In the frame of the pharmacokinetic evaluation of this new therapy, a mass spectrometric (MS)-based method was developed for the quantification of HDIT101 in human plasma using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. In this work, we describe the development of this bioanalytical assay using the quantification of a HDIT101 surrogate peptide, the assay validation procedure according to the FDA guidelines within the calibration range from 20 to 5000 μg/mL, and its application to plasma samples from the first-in-human clinical trial. This work presents a generic workflow for the development of MS-based quantification assays of new therapeutic antibodies that allows reaching high immunopurification recovery (>98% for HDIT101 over the full calibration range with a precision of 6.9% CV). Surrogate peptide and stable isotopically labeled internal standard were stable, and batch-to-batch accuracies and precisions at the four quality standard levels ranged between -2 and 5% bias and 8 and 11% CV, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Fresnais
- Department
of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- German
Cancer Consortium (DKTK)-German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rémi Longuespée
- Department
of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Max Sauter
- Department
of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Torsten Schaller
- Heidelberg
ImmunoTherapeutics GmbH, Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michaela Arndt
- Heidelberg
ImmunoTherapeutics GmbH, Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Krauss
- Department
of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Antje Blank
- Department
of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Walter E. Haefeli
- Department
of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Burhenne
- Department
of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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15
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Jansen D, Gramüller J, Niemeyer F, Schaller T, Letzel MC, Grimme S, Zhu H, Gschwind RM, Niemeyer J. What is the role of acid-acid interactions in asymmetric phosphoric acid organocatalysis? A detailed mechanistic study using interlocked and non-interlocked catalysts. Chem Sci 2020; 11:4381-4390. [PMID: 34122895 PMCID: PMC8159434 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01026j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Organocatalysis has revolutionized asymmetric synthesis. However, the supramolecular interactions of organocatalysts in solution are often neglected, although the formation of catalyst aggregates can have a strong impact on the catalytic reaction. For phosphoric acid based organocatalysts, we have now established that catalyst-catalyst interactions can be suppressed by using macrocyclic catalysts, which react predominantly in a monomeric fashion, while they can be favored by integration into a bifunctional catenane, which reacts mainly as phosphoric acid dimers. For acyclic phosphoric acids, we found a strongly concentration dependent behavior, involving both monomeric and dimeric catalytic pathways. Based on a detailed experimental analysis, DFT-calculations and direct NMR-based observation of the catalyst aggregates, we could demonstrate that intermolecular acid-acid interactions have a drastic influence on the reaction rate and stereoselectivity of asymmetric transfer-hydrogenation catalyzed by chiral phosphoric acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Jansen
- Faculty of Chemistry (Organic Chemistry) and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 7 45141 Essen Germany
| | | | - Felix Niemeyer
- Faculty of Chemistry (Organic Chemistry) and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 7 45141 Essen Germany
| | - Torsten Schaller
- Faculty of Chemistry (Organic Chemistry) and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 7 45141 Essen Germany
| | - Matthias C Letzel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Münster Corrensstrasse 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms Universität Bonn Beringstrasse 4 53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Hui Zhu
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms Universität Bonn Beringstrasse 4 53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Ruth M Gschwind
- Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg 93040 Regensburg Germany
| | - Jochen Niemeyer
- Faculty of Chemistry (Organic Chemistry) and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 7 45141 Essen Germany
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16
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Rudd SG, Tsesmetzis N, Sanjiv K, Paulin CBJ, Sandhow L, Kutzner J, Hed Myrberg I, Bunten SS, Axelsson H, Zhang SM, Rasti A, Mäkelä P, Coggins SA, Tao S, Suman S, Branca RM, Mermelekas G, Wiita E, Lee S, Walfridsson J, Schinazi RF, Kim B, Lehtiö J, Rassidakis GZ, Pokrovskaja Tamm K, Warpman‐Berglund U, Heyman M, Grandér D, Lehmann S, Lundbäck T, Qian H, Henter J, Schaller T, Helleday T, Herold N. Ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors suppress SAMHD1 ara-CTPase activity enhancing cytarabine efficacy. EMBO Mol Med 2020; 12:e10419. [PMID: 31950591 PMCID: PMC7059017 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201910419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The deoxycytidine analogue cytarabine (ara-C) remains the backbone treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) as well as other haematological and lymphoid malignancies, but must be combined with other chemotherapeutics to achieve cure. Yet, the underlying mechanism dictating synergistic efficacy of combination chemotherapy remains largely unknown. The dNTPase SAMHD1, which regulates dNTP homoeostasis antagonistically to ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), limits ara-C efficacy by hydrolysing the active triphosphate metabolite ara-CTP. Here, we report that clinically used inhibitors of RNR, such as gemcitabine and hydroxyurea, overcome the SAMHD1-mediated barrier to ara-C efficacy in primary blasts and mouse models of AML, displaying SAMHD1-dependent synergy with ara-C. We present evidence that this is mediated by dNTP pool imbalances leading to allosteric reduction of SAMHD1 ara-CTPase activity. Thus, SAMHD1 constitutes a novel biomarker for combination therapies of ara-C and RNR inhibitors with immediate consequences for clinical practice to improve treatment of AML.
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17
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Schmutz M, Schaller T, Kubuschok B, Fleischmann C, Hirschbühl K, Dintner S, Häckel T, Märkl B, Trepel M, Claus R. [Periodic fever and pancytopenia in a 35-year-old patient]. Internist (Berl) 2019; 60:1305-1310. [PMID: 31549186 DOI: 10.1007/s00108-019-00679-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
MEDICAL HISTORY AND INITIAL PRESENTATION A 35-year-old patient with a previous history of persistent episodic fever, sore throat, myalgia, and cephalgia presented for evaluation of pancytopenia. He had no recent travel history, except for a stay in Italy 1 year prior to admission and in Spain several years in the past. DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP Laboratory evaluation confirmed pancytopenia, agranulocytosis, and elevated infection parameters without indicative serological results en par with lymphadenitis colli. Computed tomography scanning revealed cervical lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, and colitis with occult perforation of the sigmoid colon. Bone marrow biopsy showed an infiltration of polyclonal plasma cells. Lymph node biopsy was compatible with necrotizing lymphadenitis. DIAGNOSIS Polymerase chain reaction analysis of a lymph node specimen confirmed the presence of Leishmania species, thereby enabling the diagnosis of visceral Leishmania. THERAPY COURSE Treatment with liposomal amphotericin B was initiated. Both fever and lymphadenopathy quickly resolved. CONCLUSION VL is a clinically pleiotropic, severe disease with fatal outcome if left untreated. It often presents with distinct similarities to hematologic malignancies. Exacerbation can occasionally occur as fulminant macrophage activation syndrome. Disease incidence is globally increasing and has not peaked as yet. A complex interplay between pathogen and the immune system is the key pathophysiological mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schmutz
- 2. Medizinische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Augsburg, Stenglinstr. 2, 86156, Augsburg, Deutschland.
| | - T Schaller
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsklinikum Augsburg, Augsburg, Deutschland
| | - B Kubuschok
- 2. Medizinische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Augsburg, Stenglinstr. 2, 86156, Augsburg, Deutschland
| | - C Fleischmann
- 3. Medizinische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Augsburg, Augsburg, Deutschland
| | - K Hirschbühl
- 2. Medizinische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Augsburg, Stenglinstr. 2, 86156, Augsburg, Deutschland
| | - S Dintner
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsklinikum Augsburg, Augsburg, Deutschland
| | - T Häckel
- Klinik für Diagnostische und Interventionelle Radiologie und Neuroradiologie, Universitätsklinikum Augsburg, Augsburg, Deutschland
| | - B Märkl
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsklinikum Augsburg, Augsburg, Deutschland
| | - M Trepel
- 2. Medizinische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Augsburg, Stenglinstr. 2, 86156, Augsburg, Deutschland
| | - R Claus
- 2. Medizinische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Augsburg, Stenglinstr. 2, 86156, Augsburg, Deutschland
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18
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Schaller T, Herold N. Evidence for SAMHD1 Tumor Suppressor Functions in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Acta Haematol 2019; 143:7-8. [PMID: 31284288 DOI: 10.1159/000501148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nikolas Herold
- Division of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,
- Pediatric Oncology, Theme of Children's and Women's Health, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden,
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19
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Buffone C, Kutzner J, Opp S, Martinez-Lopez A, Selyutina A, Coggings SA, Studdard LR, Ding L, Kim B, Spearman P, Schaller T, Diaz-Griffero F. The ability of SAMHD1 to block HIV-1 but not SIV requires expression of MxB. Virology 2019; 531:260-268. [PMID: 30959264 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
SAMHD1 is a human restriction factor known to prevent infection of macrophages, resting CD4+ T cells, and dendritic cells by HIV-1. To test the contribution of MxB to the ability of SAMHD1 to block HIV-1 infection, we created human THP-1 cell lines that were knocked out for expression of MxB, SAMHD1, or both. Interestingly, MxB depletion renders SAMHD1 ineffective against HIV-1 but not SIVmac. We observed similar results in human primary macrophages that were knockdown for the expression of MxB. To understand how MxB assists SAMHD1 restriction of HIV-1, we examined direct interaction between SAMHD1 and MxB in pull-down experiments. In addition, we investigated several properties of SAMHD1 in the absence of MxB expression, including subcellular localization, phosphorylation of the SAMHD1 residue T592, and dNTPs levels. These experiments showed that SAMHD1 restriction of HIV-1 requires expression of MxB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Buffone
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Juliane Kutzner
- University Hospital Heidelberg, Department of Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Silvana Opp
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Alicia Martinez-Lopez
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Anastasia Selyutina
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | | | | | - Lingmei Ding
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Baek Kim
- Emory University, Pediatrics, Atlanta, 30322, Georgia
| | - Paul Spearman
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Torsten Schaller
- University Hospital Heidelberg, Department of Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Felipe Diaz-Griffero
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
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20
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Al-Shehabi H, Fiebig U, Kutzner J, Denner J, Schaller T, Bannert N, Hofmann H. Human SAMHD1 restricts the xenotransplantation relevant porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV) in non-dividing cells. J Gen Virol 2019; 100:656-661. [PMID: 30767852 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The release of porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV) particles from pig cells is a potential risk factor during xenotransplantation by way of productively infecting the human transplant recipient. Potential countermeasures against PERV replication are restriction factors that block retroviral replication. SAMHD1 is a triphosphohydrolase that depletes the cellular pool of dNTPs in non-cycling cells starving retroviral reverse transcription. We investigated the antiviral activity of human SAMHD1 against PERV and found that SAMHD1 potently restricts its reverse transcription in human monocytes, monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDC), or macrophages (MDM) and in monocytic THP-1 cells. Degradation of SAMHD1 by SIVmac Vpx or CRISPR/Cas9 knock-out of SAMHD1 allowed for PERV reverse transcription. Addition of deoxynucleosides alleviated the SAMHD1-mediated restriction suggesting that SAMHD1-mediated degradation of dNTPs restricts PERV replication in these human immune cells. In conclusion, our findings highlight SAMHD1 as a potential barrier to PERV transmission from pig transplants to human recipients during xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Al-Shehabi
- 1Department of HIV and other Retroviruses, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Uwe Fiebig
- 1Department of HIV and other Retroviruses, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Juliane Kutzner
- 2Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joachim Denner
- 3Robert Koch Fellow, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Torsten Schaller
- 2Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Norbert Bannert
- 1Department of HIV and other Retroviruses, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.,4Institute of Virology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Henning Hofmann
- 1Department of HIV and other Retroviruses, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
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21
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Vlasenko D, Anthuber M, Golling C, Märkl B, Schaller T. Parathyreoidal involvement by a MALT-lymphoma as a mimicker of a neuroendocrine lymph node metastasis. Eur J Surg Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2018.10.438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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22
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Vlasenko D, Ebigbo A, Schaller T, Messmann H, Anthuber M. The first case of non-exposed endoscopic wall-inversion surgery (NEWS) for gastric GIST in Germany. Eur J Surg Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2018.10.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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23
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Ruks T, Beuck C, Schaller T, Niemeyer F, Zähres M, Loza K, Heggen M, Hagemann U, Mayer C, Bayer P, Epple M. Solution NMR Spectroscopy with Isotope-Labeled Cysteine ( 13C and 15N) Reveals the Surface Structure of l-Cysteine-Coated Ultrasmall Gold Nanoparticles (1.8 nm). Langmuir 2019; 35:767-778. [PMID: 30576151 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasmall gold nanoparticles with a diameter of 1.8 nm were synthesized by reduction of tetrachloroauric acid with sodium borohydride in the presence of l-cysteine, with natural isotope abundance as well as 13C-labeled and 15N-labeled. The particle diameter was determined by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and differential centrifugal sedimentation. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the presence of metallic gold with only a few percent of oxidized Au(+I) species. The surface structure and the coordination environment of the cysteine ligands on the ultrasmall gold nanoparticles were studied by a variety of homo- and heteronuclear NMR spectroscopic techniques including 1H-13C-heteronuclear single-quantum coherence and 13C-13C-INADEQUATE. Further information on the binding situation (including the absence of residual or detached l-cysteine in the solution) and on the nanoparticle diameter (indicating the well-dispersed state) was obtained by diffusion-ordered spectroscopy (1H-, 13C-, and 1H-13C-DOSY). Three coordination environments of l-cysteine on the gold surface were identified that were ascribed to different crystallographic sites, supported by geometric considerations of the nanoparticle ultrastructure. The particle size data and the NMR-spectroscopic analysis gave a particle composition of about Au174(cysteine)67.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Marc Heggen
- Ernst Ruska Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons , Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , 52428 Jülich , Germany
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24
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Rassidakis GZ, Herold N, Myrberg IH, Tsesmetzis N, Rudd SG, Henter JI, Schaller T, Ng SB, Chng WJ, Yan B, Ng CH, Ravandi F, Andreeff M, Kantarjian HM, Medeiros LJ, Xagoraris I, Khoury JD. Low-level expression of SAMHD1 in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) blasts correlates with improved outcome upon consolidation chemotherapy with high-dose cytarabine-based regimens. Blood Cancer J 2018; 8:98. [PMID: 30341277 PMCID: PMC6195559 DOI: 10.1038/s41408-018-0134-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Revised: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterile alpha motif and histidine/aspartic acid domain containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) limits the efficacy of cytarabine (ara-C) used in AML by hydrolyzing its active metabolite ara-CTP and thus represents a promising therapeutic target. SAMHD1 has also been implicated in DNA damage repair that may impact DNA damage-inducing therapies such as anthracyclines, during induction therapy. To determine whether SAMHD1 limits ara-C efficacy during induction or consolidation therapy, SAMHD1 protein levels were assessed in two patient cohorts of de novo AML from The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (USA) and the National University Hospital (Singapore), respectively, using immunohistochemistry and tissue microarrays. SAMHD1 was expressed at a variable level by AML blasts but not in a broad range of normal hematopoietic cells in reactive bone marrows. A sizeable patient subset with low SAMHD1 expression (<25% of positive blasts) was identified, which was significantly associated with longer event-free (EFS) and overall (OS) survival in patients receiving high-dose cytarabine (HDAC) during consolidation. Therefore, evaluation of SAMHD1 expression level in AML blasts at diagnosis, may stratify patient groups for future clinical trials combining HDAC with novel SAMHD1 inhibitors as consolidation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Z Rassidakis
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Nikolas Herold
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Ida Hed Myrberg
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nikolaos Tsesmetzis
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sean G Rudd
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan-Inge Henter
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Torsten Schaller
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Siok-Bian Ng
- National University Cancer Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wee Joo Chng
- National University Cancer Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Benedict Yan
- Department of Pathology, National University Hospital and Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chin Hin Ng
- National University Cancer Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Farhad Ravandi
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael Andreeff
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hagop M Kantarjian
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - L Jeffrey Medeiros
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ioanna Xagoraris
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joseph D Khoury
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Schaller T, Seyfizadeh N, Exner E, Schnitzler P, Hohmann N, Blank A, Haefeli WE, Krauss J, Arndt M. Herpevizumab, a potent humanized antibody to treat anogenital herpes simplex virus (HSV-1/2) infection – Summary of preclinical data and perspectives of an ongoing clinical trial. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2018. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1671386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- T Schaller
- Heidelberg ImmunoTherapeutics GmbH, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - N Seyfizadeh
- Heidelberg ImmunoTherapeutics GmbH, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - E Exner
- Nationales Centrum für Tumorerkrankungen, Medizinische Onkologie, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - P Schnitzler
- Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Virologische Diagnostik, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - N Hohmann
- Nationales Centrum für Tumorerkrankungen, Medizinische Onkologie, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - A Blank
- Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Klinische Pharmakologie und Pharmakoepidemiologie, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - WE Haefeli
- Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Klinische Pharmakologie und Pharmakoepidemiologie, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - J Krauss
- Nationales Centrum für Tumorerkrankungen, Medizinische Onkologie, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - M Arndt
- Heidelberg ImmunoTherapeutics GmbH, Heidelberg, Deutschland
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Heid C, Sowislok A, Schaller T, Niemeyer F, Klärner FG, Schrader T. Cover Feature: Molecular Tweezers with Additional Recognition Sites (Chem. Eur. J. 44/2018). Chemistry 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201803759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Heid
- Faculty of Chemistry; University of Duisburg-Essen; Universitätsstr. 7 45117 Essen Germany
| | - Andrea Sowislok
- Faculty of Chemistry; University of Duisburg-Essen; Universitätsstr. 7 45117 Essen Germany
| | - Torsten Schaller
- Faculty of Chemistry; University of Duisburg-Essen; Universitätsstr. 7 45117 Essen Germany
| | - Felix Niemeyer
- Faculty of Chemistry; University of Duisburg-Essen; Universitätsstr. 7 45117 Essen Germany
| | - Frank-Gerrit Klärner
- Faculty of Chemistry; University of Duisburg-Essen; Universitätsstr. 7 45117 Essen Germany
| | - Thomas Schrader
- Faculty of Chemistry; University of Duisburg-Essen; Universitätsstr. 7 45117 Essen Germany
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27
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Heid C, Sowislok A, Schaller T, Niemeyer F, Klärner FG, Schrader T. Molecular Tweezers with Additional Recognition Sites. Chemistry 2018; 24:11332-11343. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Heid
- Faculty of Chemistry; University of Duisburg-Essen; Universitätsstr. 7 45117 Essen Germany
| | - Andrea Sowislok
- Faculty of Chemistry; University of Duisburg-Essen; Universitätsstr. 7 45117 Essen Germany
| | - Torsten Schaller
- Faculty of Chemistry; University of Duisburg-Essen; Universitätsstr. 7 45117 Essen Germany
| | - Felix Niemeyer
- Faculty of Chemistry; University of Duisburg-Essen; Universitätsstr. 7 45117 Essen Germany
| | - Frank-Gerrit Klärner
- Faculty of Chemistry; University of Duisburg-Essen; Universitätsstr. 7 45117 Essen Germany
| | - Thomas Schrader
- Faculty of Chemistry; University of Duisburg-Essen; Universitätsstr. 7 45117 Essen Germany
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Abstract
The complexity of modern surgical and analytical methods requires the miniaturisation of many medical devices. The LIGA technique and also mechanical microengineering are well known for the batch fabrication of microsystems. Actuators and sensors are developed based on these techniques. The hydraulic actuation principle is advantageous for medical applications since the energy may be supplied by pressurised balanced salt solution. Some examples are turbines, pumps and valves. In addition, optical sensors and components are useful for analysis and inspection as represented by microspectrometers and spherical lenses. Finally, plastic containers with microporous bottoms allow a 3-dimensional growth of cell culture systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- U. Wallrabe
- Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institut für Mikrostrukturtechnik
| | - P. Ruther
- Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institut für Mikrostrukturtechnik
| | - T. Schaller
- Hauptabteilung Versuchstechnik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - W. K. Schomburg
- Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institut für Mikrostrukturtechnik
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Herold N, Rudd SG, Sanjiv K, Kutzner J, Myrberg IH, Paulin CBJ, Olsen TK, Helleday T, Henter JI, Schaller T. With me or against me: Tumor suppressor and drug resistance activities of SAMHD1. Exp Hematol 2017; 52:32-39. [PMID: 28502830 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Sterile alpha motif and histidine/aspartic acid domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) is a (deoxy)guanosine triphosphate (dGTP/GTP)-activated deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) triphosphohydrolase involved in cellular dNTP homoeostasis. Mutations in SAMHD1 have been associated with the hyperinflammatory disease Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS). SAMHD1 also limits cells' permissiveness to infection with diverse viruses, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1), and controls endogenous retroviruses. Increasing evidence supports the role of SAMHD1 as a tumor suppressor. However, SAMHD1 also can act as a resistance factor to nucleoside-based chemotherapies by hydrolyzing their active triphosphate metabolites, thereby reducing response of various malignancies to these anticancer drugs. Hence, informed cancer therapies must take into account the ambiguous properties of SAMHD1 as both an inhibitor of uncontrolled proliferation and a resistance factor limiting the efficacy of anticancer treatments. Here, we provide evidence that SAMHD1 is a double-edged sword for patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). Our time-dependent analyses of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) AML cohort indicate that high expression of SAMHD1, even though it critically limits the efficacy of high-dose ara-C therapy, might be associated with more favorable disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolas Herold
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Theme of Children's and Women's Health, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Sean G Rudd
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kumar Sanjiv
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juliane Kutzner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ida Hed Myrberg
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cynthia B J Paulin
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thale Kristin Olsen
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Helleday
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan-Inge Henter
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Theme of Children's and Women's Health, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Torsten Schaller
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Gilles P, Wenck K, Stratmann I, Kirsch M, Smolin DA, Schaller T, de Groot H, Kraft A, Schrader T. High-Affinity Copolymers Inhibit Digestive Enzymes by Surface Recognition. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:1772-1784. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Arno Kraft
- Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom EH14 4AS
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31
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Herold N, Rudd SG, Sanjiv K, Kutzner J, Bladh J, Paulin CBJ, Helleday T, Henter JI, Schaller T. SAMHD1 protects cancer cells from various nucleoside-based antimetabolites. Cell Cycle 2017; 16:1029-1038. [PMID: 28436707 PMCID: PMC5499833 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2017.1314407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we demonstrated that sterile α motif and HD domain containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) is a major barrier in acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) cells to the cytotoxicity of cytarabine (ara-C), the most important drug in AML treatment. Ara-C is intracellularly converted by the canonical dNTP synthesis pathway to ara-CTP, which serves as a substrate but not an allosteric activator of SAMHD1. Using an AML mouse model, we show here that wild type but not catalytically inactive SAMHD1 reduces ara-C treatment efficacy in vivo. Expanding the clinically relevant substrates of SAMHD1, we demonstrate that THP-1 CRISPR/Cas9 cells lacking a functional SAMHD1 gene showed increased sensitivity to the antimetabolites nelarabine, fludarabine, decitabine, vidarabine, clofarabine, and trifluridine. Within this Extra View, we discuss and build upon both these and our previously reported findings, and propose SAMHD1 is likely active against a variety of nucleoside analog antimetabolites present in anti-cancer chemotherapies. Thus, SAMHD1 may constitute a promising target to improve a wide range of therapies for both hematological and non-haematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolas Herold
- a Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health , Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden.,b Theme of Children's and Women's Health , Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Sean G Rudd
- c Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology , Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics , Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Kumar Sanjiv
- c Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology , Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics , Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Juliane Kutzner
- d Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology , University Hospital Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Julia Bladh
- a Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health , Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Cynthia B J Paulin
- c Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology , Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics , Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Thomas Helleday
- c Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology , Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics , Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Jan-Inge Henter
- a Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health , Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden.,b Theme of Children's and Women's Health , Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Torsten Schaller
- d Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology , University Hospital Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
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32
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Wilch C, Talbiersky P, Berchner‐Pfannschmidt U, Schaller T, Kirsch M, Klärner F, Schrader T. Molecular Tweezers Inhibit PARP‐1 by a New Mechanism. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201601596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Constanze Wilch
- Faculty of Chemistry University of Duisburg‐Essen Universitätsstr. 7 45117 Essen Germany
| | - Peter Talbiersky
- Faculty of Chemistry University of Duisburg‐Essen Universitätsstr. 7 45117 Essen Germany
| | | | - Torsten Schaller
- Faculty of Chemistry University of Duisburg‐Essen Universitätsstr. 7 45117 Essen Germany
| | - Michael Kirsch
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry University Hospital Essen Hufelandstr. 55 45122 Essen Germany
| | - Frank‐Gerrit Klärner
- Faculty of Chemistry University of Duisburg‐Essen Universitätsstr. 7 45117 Essen Germany
| | - Thomas Schrader
- Faculty of Chemistry University of Duisburg‐Essen Universitätsstr. 7 45117 Essen Germany
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33
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Rudd SG, Schaller T, Herold N. SAMHD1 is a barrier to antimetabolite-based cancer therapies. Mol Cell Oncol 2017; 4:e1287554. [PMID: 28401188 PMCID: PMC5383367 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2017.1287554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The outcome of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) therapy depends on the propensity of leukemic blasts to accumulate ara-CTP, the active triphosphate of cytarabine (ara-C). We identified sterile α motif and HD domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) as an ara-CTPase that protects cancer cells from cytarabine-induced toxicity. Therefore, we propose targeting SAMHD1 as a strategy to potentiate cytarabine and possibly other antimetabolite-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean G Rudd
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Torsten Schaller
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nikolas Herold
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Theme of Children´s and Women´s Health, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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34
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Herold N, Rudd SG, Ljungblad L, Sanjiv K, Myrberg IH, Paulin CBJ, Heshmati Y, Hagenkort A, Kutzner J, Page BDG, Calderón-Montaño JM, Loseva O, Jemth AS, Bulli L, Axelsson H, Tesi B, Valerie NCK, Höglund A, Bladh J, Wiita E, Sundin M, Uhlin M, Rassidakis G, Heyman M, Tamm KP, Warpman-Berglund U, Walfridsson J, Lehmann S, Grandér D, Lundbäck T, Kogner P, Henter JI, Helleday T, Schaller T. Targeting SAMHD1 with the Vpx protein to improve cytarabine therapy for hematological malignancies. Nat Med 2017; 23:256-263. [PMID: 28067901 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The cytostatic deoxycytidine analog cytarabine (ara-C) is the most active agent available against acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). Together with anthracyclines, ara-C forms the backbone of AML treatment for children and adults. In AML, both the cytotoxicity of ara-C in vitro and the clinical response to ara-C therapy are correlated with the ability of AML blasts to accumulate the active metabolite ara-C triphosphate (ara-CTP), which causes DNA damage through perturbation of DNA synthesis. Differences in expression levels of known transporters or metabolic enzymes relevant to ara-C only partially account for patient-specific differential ara-CTP accumulation in AML blasts and response to ara-C treatment. Here we demonstrate that the deoxynucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) triphosphohydrolase SAM domain and HD domain 1 (SAMHD1) promotes the detoxification of intracellular ara-CTP pools. Recombinant SAMHD1 exhibited ara-CTPase activity in vitro, and cells in which SAMHD1 expression was transiently reduced by treatment with the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) protein Vpx were dramatically more sensitive to ara-C-induced cytotoxicity. CRISPR-Cas9-mediated disruption of the gene encoding SAMHD1 sensitized cells to ara-C, and this sensitivity could be abrogated by ectopic expression of wild-type (WT), but not dNTPase-deficient, SAMHD1. Mouse models of AML lacking SAMHD1 were hypersensitive to ara-C, and treatment ex vivo with Vpx sensitized primary patient-derived AML blasts to ara-C. Finally, we identified SAMHD1 as a risk factor in cohorts of both pediatric and adult patients with de novo AML who received ara-C treatment. Thus, SAMHD1 expression levels dictate patient sensitivity to ara-C, providing proof-of-concept that the targeting of SAMHD1 by Vpx could be an attractive therapeutic strategy for potentiating ara-C efficacy in hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolas Herold
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sean G Rudd
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Linda Ljungblad
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kumar Sanjiv
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ida Hed Myrberg
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cynthia B J Paulin
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yaser Heshmati
- Department of Medicine, Center of Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Hagenkort
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juliane Kutzner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Brent D G Page
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - José M Calderón-Montaño
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olga Loseva
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ann-Sofie Jemth
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lorenzo Bulli
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hanna Axelsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Chemical Biology Consortium, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bianca Tesi
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicholas C K Valerie
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andreas Höglund
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Julia Bladh
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elisée Wiita
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael Sundin
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Paediatric Blood Disorders, Immunodeficiency and Stem Cell Transplantation, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Uhlin
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Mats Heyman
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Ulrika Warpman-Berglund
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Julian Walfridsson
- Department of Medicine, Center of Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sören Lehmann
- Department of Medicine, Center of Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dan Grandér
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Lundbäck
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Chemical Biology Consortium, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Kogner
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan-Inge Henter
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Helleday
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Torsten Schaller
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Schaller T, Herold N. The Early Bird Catches the Worm--Can Evolution Teach us Lessons in Fighting HIV? Curr HIV Res 2016; 14:183-210. [PMID: 26957195 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x14999160224094914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) infection is the primary cause of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Worldwide, approximately 37 million people are infected (UNAIDS, 2014), most of them in developing countries. A vaccine is not available and current treatment strategies and diagnostics are expensive and require appropriate medical infrastructure. As a lentivirus of the family Retroviridae, HIV-1 reverse transcribes its RNA into double stranded DNA that integrates into the host genome during infection, establishing a stably integrated provirus that serves as a template for the production of progeny virus. The earliest steps during infection are critical for onset of disease, progression and clinical outcome. METHODS Here we review the current literature of known interactions between host cell factors and HIV-1 in the early infection steps and discuss them as possible targets for new treatment strategies. RESULTS Targeting the earliest interactions of the virus with host cell factors is an attractive way to prevent provirus formation, underlined by the evolution of multiple antiviral host cell barriers at this stage. HIV-1 has to overcome these restrictions by either counteracting them directly or by escape mutations. At the same time, viral fitness requires preservation of viral structures that interact with host components, thereby avoiding recognition of viral nucleic acids, like reverse transcription intermediates, by innate pattern recognition receptors. CONCLUSION Future drug development, improvement of existing drugs acting in the earliest stages of the HIV-1 replication cycle as well as specifically targeting interactions of viral components with host cell factors required for HIV-1 infection will likely advance current therapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Schaller
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany.
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Voges Y, Michaelis M, Rothweiler F, Schaller T, Schneider C, Politt K, Mernberger M, Nist A, Stiewe T, Wass MN, Rödel F, Cinatl J. Effects of YM155 on survivin levels and viability in neuroblastoma cells with acquired drug resistance. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2410. [PMID: 27735941 PMCID: PMC5133961 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Resistance formation after initial therapy response (acquired resistance) is common in high-risk neuroblastoma patients. YM155 is a drug candidate that was introduced as a survivin suppressant. This mechanism was later challenged, and DNA damage induction and Mcl-1 depletion were suggested instead. Here we investigated the efficacy and mechanism of action of YM155 in neuroblastoma cells with acquired drug resistance. The efficacy of YM155 was determined in neuroblastoma cell lines and their sublines with acquired resistance to clinically relevant drugs. Survivin levels, Mcl-1 levels, and DNA damage formation were determined in response to YM155. RNAi-mediated depletion of survivin, Mcl-1, and p53 was performed to investigate their roles during YM155 treatment. Clinical YM155 concentrations affected the viability of drug-resistant neuroblastoma cells through survivin depletion and p53 activation. MDM2 inhibitor-induced p53 activation further enhanced YM155 activity. Loss of p53 function generally affected anti-neuroblastoma approaches targeting survivin. Upregulation of ABCB1 (causes YM155 efflux) and downregulation of SLC35F2 (causes YM155 uptake) mediated YM155-specific resistance. YM155-adapted cells displayed increased ABCB1 levels, decreased SLC35F2 levels, and a p53 mutation. YM155-adapted neuroblastoma cells were also characterized by decreased sensitivity to RNAi-mediated survivin depletion, further confirming survivin as a critical YM155 target in neuroblastoma. In conclusion, YM155 targets survivin in neuroblastoma. Furthermore, survivin is a promising therapeutic target for p53 wild-type neuroblastomas after resistance acquisition (neuroblastomas are rarely p53-mutated), potentially in combination with p53 activators. In addition, we show that the adaptation of cancer cells to molecular-targeted anticancer drugs is an effective strategy to elucidate a drug's mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Voges
- Institut für Medizinische Virologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität, Paul Ehrlich-Str. 40, Frankfurt am Main 60596, Germany
| | - Martin Michaelis
- Centre for Molecular Processing and School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Florian Rothweiler
- Institut für Medizinische Virologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität, Paul Ehrlich-Str. 40, Frankfurt am Main 60596, Germany
| | - Torsten Schaller
- Institut für Medizinische Virologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität, Paul Ehrlich-Str. 40, Frankfurt am Main 60596, Germany
| | - Constanze Schneider
- Institut für Medizinische Virologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität, Paul Ehrlich-Str. 40, Frankfurt am Main 60596, Germany
| | - Katharina Politt
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Philipps-University, Marburg 35037, Germany
| | - Marco Mernberger
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Philipps-University, Marburg 35037, Germany
| | - Andrea Nist
- Genomics Core Facility, Philipps-University, Marburg 35037, Germany
| | - Thorsten Stiewe
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Philipps-University, Marburg 35037, Germany.,Genomics Core Facility, Philipps-University, Marburg 35037, Germany
| | - Mark N Wass
- Centre for Molecular Processing and School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Franz Rödel
- Klinik für Strahlentherapie und Onkologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt am Main 60590, Germany
| | - Jindrich Cinatl
- Institut für Medizinische Virologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität, Paul Ehrlich-Str. 40, Frankfurt am Main 60596, Germany
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Psychogios G, Berlis A, Märkl B, Schaller T, Psychogios MN, Zenk J. [Percutaneous Phil™-Embolization for Preoperative Therapy of Carotid Body Paragangliomas]. Laryngorhinootologie 2016; 96:22-26. [PMID: 27355479 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-105215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Paragangliomas are rare tumors representing a therapeutic challenge. In particular, the surgical removal may lead to life-threatening bleeding. The preoperative percutaneous embolization is an alternative that allows a high closure rate of tumor-feeding vessels in a short intervention time and thus significantly reduces intraoperative bleeding probability. Complete tumor resection is facilitated thereby. The use of a new non-adhesive liquid embolic agent is presented here. Methods: A 50-year old patient presented with 4 cm large paraganglioma of the carotid body (Shamblin II). A percutaneous embolization with 7 ml PHIL™ (injectable precipitating hydrophobic liquid) was performed preoperatively. 24 h later the complete surgical resection of the tumor was performed. Results: A good distribution of the liquid embolic agent could be achieved over the entire tumor. Intraoperative resection of the tumor was much easier and faster due to low bleeding tendency over the entire surface of the tumor. Total blood loss was less than 50 ml. All adjacent nerve and arterial structures could be spared. Postoperative nerve function was normal and the patient was discharged on the 4th postoperative day. Conclusion: The combination of percutaneous embolization and surgical resection provides a safe combination in the treatment of advanced carotid body paragangliomas. The use of a novel liquid embolic agent may possibly further optimize the therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A Berlis
- Klinik für Diagnostische Radiologie und Neuroradiologie, Klinikum Augsburg, Augsburg
| | - B Märkl
- Institut für Pathologie, Klinikum Augsburg, Augsburg
| | - T Schaller
- Institut für Pathologie, Klinikum Augsburg, Augsburg
| | - M N Psychogios
- Abteilung für Neuroradiologie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Göttingen
| | - J Zenk
- HNO-Klinik, Klinikum Augsburg, Augsburg
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Fletcher AJ, Christensen DE, Nelson C, Tan CP, Schaller T, Lehner PJ, Sundquist WI, Towers GJ. TRIM5α requires Ube2W to anchor Lys63-linked ubiquitin chains and restrict reverse transcription. EMBO J 2015; 34:2078-95. [PMID: 26101372 PMCID: PMC4551353 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201490361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
TRIM5α is an antiviral, cytoplasmic, E3 ubiquitin (Ub) ligase that assembles on incoming retroviral capsids and induces their premature dissociation. It inhibits reverse transcription of the viral genome and can also synthesize unanchored polyubiquitin (polyUb) chains to stimulate innate immune responses. Here, we show that TRIM5α employs the E2 Ub-conjugating enzyme Ube2W to anchor the Lys63-linked polyUb chains in a process of TRIM5α auto-ubiquitination. Chain anchoring is initiated, in cells and in vitro, through Ube2W-catalyzed monoubiquitination of TRIM5α. This modification serves as a substrate for the elongation of anchored Lys63-linked polyUb chains, catalyzed by the heterodimeric E2 enzyme Ube2N/Ube2V2. Ube2W targets multiple TRIM5α internal lysines with Ub especially lysines 45 and 50, rather than modifying the N-terminal amino group, which is instead αN-acetylated in cells. E2 depletion or Ub mutation inhibits TRIM5α ubiquitination in cells and restores restricted viral reverse transcription, but not infection. Our data indicate that the stepwise formation of anchored Lys63-linked polyUb is a critical early step in the TRIM5α restriction mechanism and identify the E2 Ub-conjugating cofactors involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Fletcher
- MRC Centre of Medical Molecular Virology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Devin E Christensen
- Department of Biochemistry and HSC Core Facilities, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Chad Nelson
- Department of Biochemistry and HSC Core Facilities, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Choon Ping Tan
- MRC Centre of Medical Molecular Virology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Torsten Schaller
- MRC Centre of Medical Molecular Virology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Paul J Lehner
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Wesley I Sundquist
- Department of Biochemistry and HSC Core Facilities, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Greg J Towers
- MRC Centre of Medical Molecular Virology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
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Apolonia L, Schulz R, Curk T, Rocha P, Swanson CM, Schaller T, Ule J, Malim MH. Promiscuous RNA binding ensures effective encapsidation of APOBEC3 proteins by HIV-1. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004609. [PMID: 25590131 PMCID: PMC4295846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide-like 3 (APOBEC3) proteins are cell-encoded cytidine deaminases, some of which, such as APOBEC3G (A3G) and APOBEC3F (A3F), act as potent human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) restriction factors. These proteins require packaging into HIV-1 particles to exert their antiviral activities, but the molecular mechanism by which this occurs is incompletely understood. The nucleocapsid (NC) region of HIV-1 Gag is required for efficient incorporation of A3G and A3F, and the interaction between A3G and NC has previously been shown to be RNA-dependent. Here, we address this issue in detail by first determining which RNAs are able to bind to A3G and A3F in HV-1 infected cells, as well as in cell-free virions, using the unbiased individual-nucleotide resolution UV cross-linking and immunoprecipitation (iCLIP) method. We show that A3G and A3F bind many different types of RNA, including HIV-1 RNA, cellular mRNAs and small non-coding RNAs such as the Y or 7SL RNAs. Interestingly, A3G/F incorporation is unaffected when the levels of packaged HIV-1 genomic RNA (gRNA) and 7SL RNA are reduced, implying that these RNAs are not essential for efficient A3G/F packaging. Confirming earlier work, HIV-1 particles formed with Gag lacking the NC domain (Gag ΔNC) fail to encapsidate A3G/F. Here, we exploit this system by demonstrating that the addition of an assortment of heterologous RNA-binding proteins and domains to Gag ΔNC efficiently restored A3G/F packaging, indicating that A3G and A3F have the ability to engage multiple RNAs to ensure viral encapsidation. We propose that the rather indiscriminate RNA binding characteristics of A3G and A3F promote functionality by enabling recruitment into a wide range of retroviral particles whose packaged RNA genomes comprise divergent sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Apolonia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Reiner Schulz
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tomaž Curk
- Faculty of Computer and Information Science, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Paula Rocha
- Department of Statistical Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chad M. Swanson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Torsten Schaller
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jernej Ule
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael H. Malim
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Latza P, Gilles P, Schaller T, Schrader T. Affinity Polymers Tailored for the Protein A Binding Site of Immunoglobulin G Proteins. Chemistry 2014; 20:11479-87. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201402399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Abstract
Perspectives of CP/MAS NMR at low external magnetic field (B0=2.35T) are discussed. Applications are illustrated for the case of heavy spin-1/2 nuclei such as 195Pt and 199Hg: 195Pt and 199Hg CP/MAS spectra of a variety of organometallic compounds are reported. Aspects of shielding anisotropics, of 195Pt-35/37Cl interactions and of 31P-M (M=Cd, Hg, Pt) coupling in transition metal phosphine complexes will be briefly addressed
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Ambrosius
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut, Universität Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth
| | - Elke Klaus
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut, Universität Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth
| | | | - Angelika Sebald
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut, Universität Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth
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Abstract
Vpx is a protein encoded by members of the HIV-2/SIVsmm and SIVrcm/SIVmnd-2 lineages of primate lentiviruses, and is packaged into viral particles. Vpx plays a critical role during the early steps of the viral life cycle and has been shown to counteract SAMHD1, a restriction factor in myeloid and resting T cells. However, it is becoming evident that Vpx is a multifunctional protein in that SAMHD1 antagonism is likely not its sole role. This review summarizes the current knowledge on this X-traordinary protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Schaller
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London London, UK
| | - Hélène Bauby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London London, UK
| | - Stéphane Hué
- Department of Infection, Division of Infection and Immunity, Centre for Medical Molecular Virology, University College London London, UK
| | - Michael H Malim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London London, UK
| | - Caroline Goujon
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London London, UK
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Schaller T, Pollpeter D, Apolonia L, Goujon C, Malim MH. Nuclear import of SAMHD1 is mediated by a classical karyopherin α/β1 dependent pathway and confers sensitivity to VpxMAC induced ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Retrovirology 2014; 11:29. [PMID: 24712655 PMCID: PMC4098787 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-11-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The deoxynucleotide-triphosphate (dNTP) hydrolase sterile alpha motif domain and HD domain 1 (SAMHD1) is a nuclear protein that inhibits HIV-1 infection in myeloid cells as well as quiescent CD4 T-cells, by decreasing the intracellular dNTP concentration below a level that is required for efficient reverse transcription. The Vpx proteins of the SIVSMM/HIV-2 lineage of lentiviruses bind SAMHD1 and recruit an ubiquitin ligase, leading to polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Results Here, we have investigated the importance of nuclear localization for SAMHD1′s antiviral function as well as its sensitivity to the Vpx protein of SIVMAC. Using GST pull down assays, as well as RNA silencing approaches, we show that SAMHD1 preferentially uses karyopherin α2 (KPNA2) and a classical N-terminal nuclear localization signal (14KRPR17) to enter the nucleus. Reduction of karyopherin β1 (KPNB1) or KPNA2 by RNAi also led to cytoplasmic re-distribution of SAMHD1. Using primary human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM), a cell type in which SAMHD1 is naturally expressed to high levels, we demonstrate that nuclear localization is not required for its antiviral activity. Cytoplasmic SAMHD1 still binds to VpxMAC, is efficiently polyubiquitinated, but is not degraded. We also find that VpxMAC-induced SAMHD1 degradation was partially reversed by ubiquitin carrying the K48R or K11R substitution mutations, suggesting involvement of K48 and K11 linkages in SAMHD1 polyubiquitination. Using ubiquitin K-R mutants also revealed differences in the ubiquitin linkages between wild type and cytoplasmic forms of SAMHD1, suggesting a potential association with the resistance of cytoplasmic SAMHD1 to VpxMAC induced degradation. Conclusions Our work extends published observations on SAMHD1 nuclear localization to a natural cell type for HIV-1 infection, identifies KPNA2/KPNB1 as cellular proteins important for SAMHD1 nuclear import, and indicates that components of the nuclear proteasomal degradation machinery are required for SAMHD1 degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Schaller
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London, 2nd Floor, Borough Wing, Guy's Hospital, London Bridge, London SE1 9RT, UK.
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Schaller T, Märkl B, Brunner FX, Brill R, Oetzel C, Arnholdt H, Ihrler S. [Case report of granulomatous necrotizing sialadenitis. Rarity of first manifestation in submandibular gland]. Pathologe 2014; 35:173-6. [PMID: 24619528 DOI: 10.1007/s00292-013-1849-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This article presents the case of a 43-year-old male patient with recurrent painful swelling of the right submandibular gland. Submandibulectomy was performed. Histological investigations showed an intense granulomatous inflammation with severe destruction of the parenchyma. The inflammatory infiltrate consisted of abscesses with neutrophilic and eosinophilic granulocytes and ill-defined granulomas with multinucleated giant cells. Some of the blood vessels showed evidence of vasculitis. After further clinical and serological investigations with highly elevated levels of cytoplasmic antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (c-ANCA) and antiproteinase-3 antibodies, a rare limited disease of granulomatous polyangiitis (Wegener granulomatosis) was finally diagnosed. Such a manifestation of the disease is exceedingly rare; therefore, only single case reports have so far been described. The certain establishment of the diagnosis seems to be challenging because of the lack of involvement of the respiratory tract and the kidneys. In this case a histological assessment and clinical findings are mandatory for the correct diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Schaller
- Institut für Pathologie, Klinikum Augsburg, Stenglinstr. 2, 86156, Augsburg, Deutschland,
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Lu Z, Bergeron JRC, Atkinson RA, Schaller T, Veselkov DA, Oregioni A, Yang Y, Matthews SJ, Malim MH, Sanderson MR. Insight into the HIV-1 Vif SOCS-box-ElonginBC interaction. Open Biol 2013; 3:130100. [PMID: 24225024 PMCID: PMC3843819 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.130100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 viral infectivity factor (Vif) neutralizes cell-encoded antiviral APOBEC3 proteins by recruiting a cellular ElonginB (EloB)/ElonginC (EloC)/Cullin5-containing ubiquitin ligase complex, resulting in APOBEC3 ubiquitination and proteolysis. The suppressors-of-cytokine-signalling-like domain (SOCS-box) of HIV-1 Vif is essential for E3 ligase engagement, and contains a BC box as well as an unusual proline-rich motif. Here, we report the NMR solution structure of the Vif SOCS–ElonginBC (EloBC) complex. In contrast to SOCS-boxes described in other proteins, the HIV-1 Vif SOCS-box contains only one α-helical domain followed by a β-sheet fold. The SOCS-box of Vif binds primarily to EloC by hydrophobic interactions. The functionally essential proline-rich motif mediates a direct but weak interaction with residues 101–104 of EloB, inducing a conformational change from an unstructured state to a structured state. The structure of the complex and biophysical studies provide detailed insight into the function of Vif's proline-rich motif and reveal novel dynamic information on the Vif–EloBC interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhisheng Lu
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, 3rd Floor, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London Bridge, London SE1 1UL, UK
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Bichel K, Price AJ, Schaller T, Towers GJ, Freund SMV, James LC. HIV-1 capsid undergoes coupled binding and isomerization by the nuclear pore protein NUP358. Retrovirology 2013; 10:81. [PMID: 23902822 PMCID: PMC3750474 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lentiviruses such as HIV-1 can be distinguished from other retroviruses by the cyclophilin A-binding loop in their capsid and their ability to infect non-dividing cells. Infection of non-dividing cells requires transport through the nuclear pore but how this is mediated is unknown. Results Here we present the crystal structure of the N-terminal capsid domain of HIV-1 in complex with the cyclophilin domain of nuclear pore protein NUP358. The structure reveals that HIV-1 is positioned to allow single-bond resonance stabilisation of exposed capsid residue P90. NMR exchange experiments demonstrate that NUP358 is an active isomerase, which efficiently catalyzes cis-trans isomerization of the HIV-1 capsid. In contrast, the distantly related feline lentivirus FIV can bind NUP358 but is neither isomerized by it nor requires it for infection. Conclusion Isomerization by NUP358 may be preserved by HIV-1 to target the nuclear pore and synchronize nuclear entry with capsid uncoating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsiaryna Bichel
- Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry Division, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
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Goujon C, Schaller T, Galão RP, Amie SM, Kim B, Olivieri K, Neil SJD, Malim MH. Evidence for IFNα-induced, SAMHD1-independent inhibitors of early HIV-1 infection. Retrovirology 2013; 10:23. [PMID: 23442224 PMCID: PMC3598776 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type I interferon (IFN) treatment of some cells, including dendritic cells, macrophages and monocytic THP-1 cells, restricts HIV-1 infection and prevents viral cDNA accumulation. Sterile alpha motif and HD domain protein 1 (SAMHD1), a dGTP-regulated deoxynucleotide triphosphohydrolase, reduces HIV-1 infectivity in myeloid cells, likely by limiting dNTPs available for reverse transcription, and has been described as IFNα-inducible. Myeloid cell infection by HIV-1 is enhanced by HIV-2/SIVSM Vpx, which promotes SAMHD1 degradation, or by exogenous deoxyribonucleoside (dN) addition. FINDINGS SAMHD1 expression was not substantially influenced by IFNα treatment of monocyte-derived macrophages or THP-1 cells. The contributions of SAMHD1 to the inhibition of HIV-1 infectivity by IFNα were assessed through the provision of Vpx, exogenous dN addition, or via RNAi-mediated SAMHD1 knock-down. Both Vpx and dN efficiently restored infection in IFNα-treated macrophages, albeit not to the levels seen with these treatments in the absence of IFNα. Similarly using differentiated THP-1 cells, the addition of Vpx or dNs, or SAMHD1 knock-down, also stimulated infection, but failing to match the levels observed without IFNα. Neither Vpx addition nor SAMHD1 knock-down reversed the IFNα-induced blocks to HIV-1 infection seen in dividing U87-MG or THP-1 cells. Therefore, altered SAMHD1 expression or function cannot account for the IFNα-induced restriction to HIV-1 infection seen in many cells and cell lines. CONCLUSION IFNα establishes an anti-HIV-1 phenotype in many cell types, and appears to accomplish this without potentiating SAMHD1 function. We conclude that additional IFNα-induced suppressors of the early stages of HIV-1 infection await identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Goujon
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London, 2nd Floor, Borough Wing, Guy's Hospital, London Bridge, London SE1 9RT, UK
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48
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Chan E, Schaller T, Eddaoudi A, Zhan H, Tan CP, Jacobsen M, Thrasher AJ, Towers GJ, Qasim W. Lentiviral gene therapy against human immunodeficiency virus type 1, using a novel human TRIM21-cyclophilin A restriction factor. Hum Gene Ther 2012; 23:1176-85. [PMID: 22909012 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2012.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
TRIM5α (tripartite motif-containing protein-5, isoform α)-cyclophilin A fusion proteins are anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) restriction factors that have evolved in certain nonhuman primates over millions of years and protect against HIV and related viruses. Restriction by TRIM5αCypA is potent and highly resistant to viral escape by mutation and, in combination with a suitable gene delivery platform, offers the possibility of novel therapeutic approaches against HIV. Here we report that lentiviral vector delivery of human mimics of TRIM5α-cyclophilin A (TRIM5CypA) fusion proteins afforded robust and durable protection against HIV-1, but resulted in downregulation of host cell antiviral responses mediated by endogenous TRIM5α. We found that substitution of TRIM5α RING, B-box, and coiled-coil domains with similar domains from a related TRIM protein, TRIM21, produced a novel and equally potent inhibitor of HIV-1. Both TRIM5CypA and TRIM21CypA inhibited transduction by HIV-1-derived viral vectors and prevented propagation of replication-competent HIV-1 in human cell lines and in primary human T cells. Restriction factor-modified T cells exhibited preferential survival in the presence of wild-type HIV. Restriction was dependent on proteasomal degradation and was reversed in the presence of the cyclophilin inhibitor cyclosporin. Importantly, TRIM21CypA did not disturb endogenous TRIM5α-mediated restriction of gammaretroviral infection. Furthermore, endogenous TRIM21 antiviral activity was assessed by measuring inhibition of adenovirus-antibody complexes and was found to be preserved in all TRIMCypA-modified groups. We conclude that lentivirus-mediated expression of the novel chimeric restriction factor TRIM21CypA provides highly potent protection against HIV-1 without loss of normal innate immune TRIM activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Chan
- Wolfson Centre for Gene Therapy, Institute of Child Health, University College London, UK
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Price AJ, Fletcher AJ, Schaller T, Elliott T, Lee K, KewalRamani VN, Chin JW, Towers GJ, James LC. CPSF6 defines a conserved capsid interface that modulates HIV-1 replication. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002896. [PMID: 22956906 PMCID: PMC3431306 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 genome enters cells inside a shell comprised of capsid (CA) protein. Variation in CA sequence alters HIV-1 infectivity and escape from host restriction factors. However, apart from the Cyclophilin A-binding loop, CA has no known interfaces with which to interact with cellular cofactors. Here we describe a novel protein-protein interface in the N-terminal domain of HIV-1 CA, determined by X-ray crystallography, which mediates both viral restriction and host cofactor dependence. The interface is highly conserved across lentiviruses and is accessible in the context of a hexameric lattice. Mutation of the interface prevents binding to and restriction by CPSF6-358, a truncated cytosolic form of the RNA processing factor, cleavage and polyadenylation specific factor 6 (CPSF6). Furthermore, mutations that prevent CPSF6 binding also relieve dependence on nuclear entry cofactors TNPO3 and RanBP2. These results suggest that the HIV-1 capsid mediates direct host cofactor interactions to facilitate viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J. Price
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Division of Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Adam J. Fletcher
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Molecular Virology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Torsten Schaller
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Molecular Virology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Elliott
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Division of Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - KyeongEun Lee
- HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Vineet N. KewalRamani
- HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jason W. Chin
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Division of Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Greg J. Towers
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Molecular Virology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Leo C. James
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Division of Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Schaller
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London School of Medicine, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
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