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Design of an open-shell nitrogen-centered diradicaloid with tunable stimuli-responsive electronic properties. Commun Chem 2022; 5:127. [PMID: 36697916 PMCID: PMC9814612 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-022-00747-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic diradicaloids usually display an open-shell singlet ground state with significant singlet diradical character (y0) which endow them with intriguing physiochemical properties and wide applications. In this study, we present the design of an open-shell nitrogen-centered diradicaloid which can reversibly respond to multiple stimuli and display the tunable diradical character and chemo-physical properties. 1a was successfully synthesized through a simple and high-yielding two-step synthetic strategy. Both experimental and calculated results indicated that 1a displayed an open-shell singlet ground state with small singlet-triplet energy gap (ΔES-T = -2.311 kcal mol-1) and a modest diradical character (y0 = 0.60). Interestingly, 1a was demonstrated to undergo reversible Lewis acid-base reaction to form acid-base adducts, which was proven to effectively tune the ground-state electronic structures of 1a as well as its diradical character and spin density distributions. Based on this, we succeeded in devising a photoresponsive system based on 1a and a commercially available photoacid merocyanine (MEH). We believe that our studies including the molecular design methodology and the stimuli-responsive organic diradicaloid system will open up a new way to develop organic diradicaloids with tunable properties and even intelligent-responsive diradicaloid-based materials.
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2
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Intorp SN, Hodecker M, Müller M, Tverskoy O, Rosenkranz M, Dmitrieva E, Popov AA, Rominger F, Freudenberg J, Dreuw A, Bunz UHF. Quinoidal Azaacenes: 99 % Diradical Character. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:12396-12401. [PMID: 32190951 PMCID: PMC7384067 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201915977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Quinoidal azaacenes with almost pure diradical character (y=0.95 to y=0.99) were synthesized. All compounds exhibit paramagnetic behavior investigated by EPR and NMR spectroscopy, and SQUID measurements, revealing thermally populated triplet states with an extremely low-energy gap ΔEST' of 0.58 to 1.0 kcal mol-1 . The species are persistent in solution (half-life≈14-21 h) and in the solid state they are stable for weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian N. Intorp
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-UniversitätIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Manuel Hodecker
- Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Wissenschaftliches RechnenRuprecht Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 20569120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Matthias Müller
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-UniversitätIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Olena Tverskoy
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-UniversitätIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Marco Rosenkranz
- Center of SpectroelectrochemistryLeibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW) DresdenHelmholtzstraße 2001069DresdenGermany
| | - Evgenia Dmitrieva
- Center of SpectroelectrochemistryLeibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW) DresdenHelmholtzstraße 2001069DresdenGermany
| | - Alexey A. Popov
- Center of SpectroelectrochemistryLeibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW) DresdenHelmholtzstraße 2001069DresdenGermany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-UniversitätIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Jan Freudenberg
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-UniversitätIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Wissenschaftliches RechnenRuprecht Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 20569120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Uwe H. F. Bunz
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-UniversitätIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
- Centre for Advanced MaterialsRuprecht-Karls-UniversitätIm Neuenheimer Feld 22569120HeidelbergGermany
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Intorp SN, Hodecker M, Müller M, Tverskoy O, Rosenkranz M, Dmitrieva E, Popov AA, Rominger F, Freudenberg J, Dreuw A, Bunz UHF. Quinoidal Azaacenes: 99 % Diradical Character. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201915977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian N. Intorp
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Manuel Hodecker
- Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Wissenschaftliches Rechnen Ruprecht Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 205 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Matthias Müller
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Olena Tverskoy
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Marco Rosenkranz
- Center of Spectroelectrochemistry Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW) Dresden Helmholtzstraße 20 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Evgenia Dmitrieva
- Center of Spectroelectrochemistry Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW) Dresden Helmholtzstraße 20 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Alexey A. Popov
- Center of Spectroelectrochemistry Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW) Dresden Helmholtzstraße 20 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Jan Freudenberg
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Wissenschaftliches Rechnen Ruprecht Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 205 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Uwe H. F. Bunz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
- Centre for Advanced Materials Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Im Neuenheimer Feld 225 69120 Heidelberg Germany
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Li G, Han Y, Zou Y, Lee JJC, Ni Y, Wu J. Dearomatization Approach Toward a Superbenzoquinone‐Based Diradicaloid, Tetraradicaloid, and Hexaradicaloid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201907030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guangwu Li
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Yi Han
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Ya Zou
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Johnathan Joo Cheng Lee
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Yong Ni
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Jishan Wu
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
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Li G, Han Y, Zou Y, Lee JJC, Ni Y, Wu J. Dearomatization Approach Toward a Superbenzoquinone‐Based Diradicaloid, Tetraradicaloid, and Hexaradicaloid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:14319-14326. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201907030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guangwu Li
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Yi Han
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Ya Zou
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Johnathan Joo Cheng Lee
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Yong Ni
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Jishan Wu
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
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A BODIPY-Bridged Bisphenoxyl Diradicaloid: Solvent-Dependent Diradical Character and Physical Properties. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24081446. [PMID: 31013683 PMCID: PMC6514698 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24081446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a new boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY)-bridged bisphenoxyl diradicaloid (2), which showed closed-shell diamagnetic character in less polar solvents such as dichloromethane but open-shell diradical character with paramagnetic activity in the very polar solvent N,N-dimethylformamide. X-ray crystallographic analysis of 2 revealed an anti-parallel stacked dimer structure via intermolecular dipole-dipole interaction, and the observed solvent-dependent diradical character can be explained by the different dihedral angles between the phenoxyl units and the BODIPY bridge, and structural flexibility of the molecule in different solvents. Compound 2 also exhibited solvent-dependent optical and electrochemical properties.
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Gao H, Liu H, Jiang L, Gai L, Shen Z. A near-infrared benzoquinone-coupled BODIPY: Synthesis, spectroscopic and electrochemical properties. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2019. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424619500044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A near-infrared absorbing boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY) chromophore coupled with two benzoquinone moieties at its 3,5-positions, 3, was prepared via Knoevenagel condensation of 1,3,5,7-tetramethyl-8-(4[Formula: see text]-benzonitrile) BODIPY 1 with 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde to afford 1,7-dimethyl-3,5-di-(4[Formula: see text]-hydroxy-3[Formula: see text],5[Formula: see text]-di-tert-butyl styryl)-8-(4[Formula: see text]-benzonitrile) BODIPY 2, followed by oxidization with Ag2O in good yield (91%). The UV-vis-NIR absorption spectrum of 3 exhibits two major bands at 795 and 895 nm in the near-IR region, while 2shows maximum absorbance at 661 nm and strong fluorescence at 692 nm ([Formula: see text] 0.59). The cyclic voltammetry of 3 consists of two pairs of reversible one-electron reductions at -0.61 V and -0.88 V and two pairs of one-electron oxidation waves at 0.26 V and 0.54 V. Compared with the redox potentials of 2([Formula: see text] V and [Formula: see text] 0.25 V), the first reduction of 3 is anodically shifted for 710 mV, whereas the first oxidation potential is close. Theoretical calculation reveals that conjugation with the benzoquinone moieties on the BODIPY chromophore significantly lowers the LUMO energy level and the HOMO–LUMO energy gap, resulting in a dramatic bathochromic shift of the S0–S1 transition of 3 compared with that of 2. X-ray crystallographic analysis of 3 reveals that the whole molecule adopts a V-type twisted conformation along the delocalized [Formula: see text]-conjugated pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Liang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Lizhi Gai
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Zhen Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China
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Hu X, Chen H, Zhao L, Miao M, Han J, Wang J, Guo J, Hu Y, Zheng Y. Nitrogen analogues of Chichibabin's and Müller's hydrocarbons with small singlet-triplet energy gaps. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:7812-7815. [PMID: 31215565 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc02725d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen analogues of Chichibabin's and Müller's hydrocarbons, DPh-D and TPh-D, based on 1,2,4-benzotriazinyl (Blatter) were studied. The two diradicaloids with good chemical and thermal stability exhibit smaller singlet-triplet energy gaps (ΔES-T from -1.05 to -1.27 kcal mol-1) than the hydrocarbon diradicaloids with the same bridges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Hu
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu 610054, People's Republic of China.
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Zhang S, Liu X, Liu C, Luo S, Wang L, Cai T, Zeng Y, Yuan J, Dong W, Pei Y, Liu Y. MoS 2 Quantum Dot Growth Induced by S Vacancies in a ZnIn 2S 4 Monolayer: Atomic-Level Heterostructure for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production. ACS NANO 2018; 12:751-758. [PMID: 29261276 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b07974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
It is highly demanded to steer the charge flow in photocatalysts for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen reactions (PHRs). In this study, we developed a smart strategy to position MoS2 quantum dots (QDs) at the S vacancies on a Zn facet in monolayered ZnIn2S4 (Vs-M-ZnIn2S4) to craft a two-dimensional (2D) atomic-level heterostructure (MoS2QDs@Vs-M-ZnIn2S4). The electronic structure calculations indicated that the positive charge density of the Zn atom around the sulfur vacancy (Vs) was more intensive than other Zn atoms. The Vs confined in monolayered ZnIn2S4 established an important link between the electronic manipulation and activities of ZnIn2S4. The Vs acted as electron traps, prevented vertical transmission of electrons, and enriched electrons onto the Zn facet. The Vs-induced atomic-level heterostructure sewed up vacancy structures of Vs-M-ZnIn2S4, resulting in a highly efficient interface with low edge contact resistance. Photogenerated electrons could quickly migrate to MoS2QDs through the intimate Zn-S bond interfaces. As a result, MoS2QDs@Vs-M-ZnIn2S4 showed a high PHR activity of 6.884 mmol g-1 h-1, which was 11 times higher than 0.623 mmol g-1 h-1 for bulk ZnIn2S4, and the apparent quantum efficiency reached as high as 63.87% (420 nm). This work provides a prototype material for looking into the role of vacancies between electronic structures and activities in 2D photocatalytic materials and gives insights into PHR systems at the atomic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University , Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, Xiangtan University , Xiangtan, Hunan Province 41105, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengbin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University , Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Shenglian Luo
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University , Nanchang 330063, People's Republic of China
| | - Longlu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University , Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Cai
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University , Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunxiong Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University , Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Jili Yuan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University , Changsha 410082 People's Republic of China
| | - Wanyue Dong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University , Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Pei
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, Xiangtan University , Xiangtan, Hunan Province 41105, People's Republic of China
| | - Yutang Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University , Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
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Ten YA, Salnikov OG, Amitina SA, Stass DV, Rybalova TV, Kazantsev MS, Bogomyakov AS, Mostovich EA, Mazhukin DG. The Suzuki–Miyaura reaction as a tool for modification of phenoxyl-nitroxyl radicals of the 4H-imidazole N-oxide series. RSC Adv 2018; 8:26099-26107. [PMID: 35541934 PMCID: PMC9082764 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra05103h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
2-(3,5-Di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(4-iodophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-4H-imidazole 3-oxide reacts with phenylboronic acid and its substituted derivatives in a cross-coupling reaction of the Suzuki–Miyaura type to form 5-biphenyl derivatives of 4H-imidazole-N-oxide. Interaction of the same compound with B2(pin)2 in the presence of PdCl2(PPh3)2 proceeds through the formation of intermediate 1,3,2-dioxoborolane and leads to the product of homocoupling: biphenyl-bis(imidazole). Oxidation of the resultant imidazoles with lead dioxide quantitatively yields stable conjugated phenoxyl-nitroxyl mono- and diradicals, which are of interest as electroactive paramagnetic materials. The crystal structure of the monoradical, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-[1-oxido-4-(biphenyl-4-yl)-5,5-dimethyl-1H-imidazole-2(5H)-ylidene]cyclohex-2,5-dienone, its magnetic susceptibility, EPR spectra of the obtained hybrid radicals in solution, and cyclic voltammetry characteristics of 4H-imidazoles were studied. Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction as a tool for modification of hybrid phenoxyl-nitroxides.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury A. Ten
- NN Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS
- Novosibirsk
- Russia,
| | | | - Svetlana A. Amitina
- NN Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS
- Novosibirsk
- Russia,
| | - Dmitri V. Stass
- Novosibirsk State University
- Novosibirsk
- Russia
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion SB RAS
- Novosibirsk
| | - Tatyana V. Rybalova
- NN Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS
- Novosibirsk
- Russia,
- Novosibirsk State University
- Novosibirsk
| | - Maxim S. Kazantsev
- NN Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS
- Novosibirsk
- Russia,
- Novosibirsk State University
- Novosibirsk
| | | | - Evgeny A. Mostovich
- NN Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS
- Novosibirsk
- Russia,
- Novosibirsk State University
- Novosibirsk
| | - Dmitrii G. Mazhukin
- NN Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS
- Novosibirsk
- Russia,
- Novosibirsk State University
- Novosibirsk
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