1
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Benchimol E, Tessarolo J, Clever GH. Photoswitchable coordination cages. Nat Chem 2024; 16:13-21. [PMID: 38182764 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01387-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive behaviour is key to the design of smart materials, surfaces, nano-systems and effector molecules, allowing their application as switchable catalysts, molecular transporters, bioimaging probes or caged drugs. Supramolecular chemistry has embraced the widespread integration of photoswitches because of their precise spatiotemporal addressability and waste-free nature. In the vibrant area of discrete metal-mediated self-assembly, however, photoswitches are still rarely employed. Only recently has it been shown that embedding photoswitches into the organic backbones of coordination cages enables control of their host and material properties and thus unlocks the hitherto unexploited dynamic adaptivity of such systems. Here we discuss four cases where triggering ligand-integrated photoswitches leads to (1) control over disassembly/reassembly, (2) bi-stable switching between defined states, (3) interplay with thermal processes in metastable systems and (4) light-fuelled dissipative self-assembly. We highlight first clues concerning the relationship between fundamental photophysics and dynamic assembly equilibria and propose directions for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elie Benchimol
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jacopo Tessarolo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany.
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
| | - Guido H Clever
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany.
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2
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Schäfter D, Wischnat J, Tesi L, De Sousa JA, Little E, McGuire J, Mas-Torrent M, Rovira C, Veciana J, Tuna F, Crivillers N, van Slageren J. Molecular One- and Two-Qubit Systems with Very Long Coherence Times. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2302114. [PMID: 37289574 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202302114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
General-purpose quantum computation and quantum simulation require multi-qubit architectures with precisely defined, robust interqubit interactions, coupled with local addressability. This is an unsolved challenge, primarily due to scalability issues. These issues often derive from poor control over interqubit interactions. Molecular systems are promising materials for the realization of large-scale quantum architectures, due to their high degree of positionability and the possibility to precisely tailor interqubit interactions. The simplest quantum architecture is the two-qubit system, with which quantum gate operations can be implemented. To be viable, a two-qubit system must possess long coherence times, the interqubit interaction must be well defined and the two qubits must also be addressable individually within the same quantum manipulation sequence. Here results are presented on the investigation of the spin dynamics of chlorinated triphenylmethyl organic radicals, in particular the perchlorotriphenylmethyl (PTM) radical, a mono-functionalized PTM, and a biradical PTM dimer. Extraordinarily long ensemble coherence times up to 148 µs are found at all temperatures below 100 K. Two-qubit and, importantly, individual qubit addressability in the biradical system are demonstrated. These results underline the potential of molecular materials for the development of quantum architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Schäfter
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jonathan Wischnat
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Lorenzo Tesi
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - J Alejandro De Sousa
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Networking Research Center on Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Campus de la UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
- Laboratorio de Electroquímica, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de los Andes, Mérida, 5101, Venezuela
| | - Edmund Little
- Department of Chemistry and Photon Science Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Jake McGuire
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marta Mas-Torrent
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Networking Research Center on Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Campus de la UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
| | - Concepció Rovira
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Networking Research Center on Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Campus de la UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
| | - Jaume Veciana
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Networking Research Center on Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Campus de la UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
| | - Floriana Tuna
- Department of Chemistry and Photon Science Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Núria Crivillers
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Networking Research Center on Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Campus de la UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
| | - Joris van Slageren
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
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3
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Borilovic I, Roubeau O, Le Guennic B, van Slageren J, Lenz S, Teat SJ, Aromí G. Three individually addressable spin qubits in a single molecule. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:7530-7533. [PMID: 35703317 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc02495k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An asymmetric bis-phenol-β-diketone (H4L) has been designed as a ligand programmed to promote the assembly of a molecular arrangement composed of three magnetically exchanged [NiCu] pairs, each exhibiting an S = 1/2 spin. The latter are shown by EPR and magnetometry to be good qubit realizations and non-equivalent within the molecule in the solid state, as required for conditional quantum gates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Borilovic
- Departament de Química Inorgànica and IN2UB, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Olivier Roubeau
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC and Universidad de Zaragoza, Plaza San Francisco s/n, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Boris Le Guennic
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Joris van Slageren
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Samuel Lenz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Simon J Teat
- Advanced Light Source, Berkeley Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Guillem Aromí
- Departament de Química Inorgànica and IN2UB, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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4
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Clegg JK, Li F, Lindoy LF. Oligo-β-diketones as versatile ligands for use in metallo-supramolecular chemistry: Recent progress and perspectives. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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5
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Galangau O, Norel L, Rigaut S. Metal complexes bearing photochromic ligands: photocontrol of functions and processes. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:17879-17891. [PMID: 34792058 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03397b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Metal complexes associated with photochromic molecules are attractive platforms to achieve smart light-switching materials with innovative and exciting properties due to specific optical, electronic, magnetic or catalytic features of metal complexes and by perturbing the excited-state properties of both components to generate new reactivity and photochemical properties. In this overview, we focus on selected achievements in key domains dealing with optical, redox, magnetic properties, as well as application in catalysis or supramolecular chemistry. We also try to point out scientific challenges that are still faced for future developments and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Galangau
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Lucie Norel
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Stéphane Rigaut
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France.
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6
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Kim E, Kononevich Y, Anisimov A, Buzin M, Vasil'ev V, Korlyukov A, Ionov D, Khanin D, Shtykova E, Volkov V, Muzafarov A. Cross-linked polymer networks based on polysiloxane and nickel β-diketonate precursors. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2021.104896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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7
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Gimeno I, Urtizberea A, Román-Roche J, Zueco D, Camón A, Alonso PJ, Roubeau O, Luis F. Broad-band spectroscopy of a vanadyl porphyrin: a model electronuclear spin qudit. Chem Sci 2021; 12:5621-5630. [PMID: 34168797 PMCID: PMC8179683 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00564b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We explore how to encode more than a qubit in vanadyl porphyrin molecules hosting a S = 1/2 electronic spin coupled to a I = 7/2 nuclear spin. The spin Hamiltonian and its parameters, as well as the spin dynamics, have been determined via a combination of electron paramagnetic resonance, heat capacity, magnetization and on-chip magnetic spectroscopy experiments performed on single crystals. We find low temperature spin coherence times of micro-seconds and spin relaxation times longer than a second. For sufficiently strong magnetic fields (B > 0.1 T, corresponding to resonance frequencies of 9-10 GHz) these properties make vanadyl porphyrin molecules suitable qubit realizations. The presence of multiple equispaced nuclear spin levels then merely provides 8 alternatives to define the '1' and '0' basis states. For lower magnetic fields (B < 0.1 T), and lower frequencies (<2 GHz), we find spectroscopic signatures of a sizeable electronuclear entanglement. This effect generates a larger set of allowed transitions between different electronuclear spin states and removes their degeneracies. Under these conditions, we show that each molecule fulfills the conditions to act as a universal 4-qubit processor or, equivalently, as a d = 16 qudit. These findings widen the catalogue of chemically designed systems able to implement non-trivial quantum functionalities, such as quantum simulations and, especially, quantum error correction at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Gimeno
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón, CSIC and Universidad de Zaragoza 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Ainhoa Urtizberea
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón, CSIC and Universidad de Zaragoza 50009 Zaragoza Spain
- Centro Universitario de la Defensa 50090 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Juan Román-Roche
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón, CSIC and Universidad de Zaragoza 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - David Zueco
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón, CSIC and Universidad de Zaragoza 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Agustín Camón
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón, CSIC and Universidad de Zaragoza 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Pablo J Alonso
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón, CSIC and Universidad de Zaragoza 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Olivier Roubeau
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón, CSIC and Universidad de Zaragoza 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Fernando Luis
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón, CSIC and Universidad de Zaragoza 50009 Zaragoza Spain
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8
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When Molecular Magnetism Meets Supramolecular Chemistry: Multifunctional and Multiresponsive Dicopper(II) Metallacyclophanes as Proof-of-Concept for Single-Molecule Spintronics and Quantum Computing Technologies? MAGNETOCHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/magnetochemistry6040069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Molecular magnetism has made a long journey, from the fundamental studies on through-ligand electron exchange magnetic interactions in dinuclear metal complexes with extended organic bridges to the more recent exploration of their electron spin transport and quantum coherence properties. Such a field has witnessed a renaissance of dinuclear metallacyclic systems as new experimental and theoretical models for single-molecule spintronics and quantum computing, due to the intercrossing between molecular magnetism and metallosupramolecular chemistry. The present review reports a state-of-the-art overview as well as future perspectives on the use of oxamato-based dicopper(II) metallacyclophanes as promising candidates to make multifunctional and multiresponsive, single-molecule magnetic (nano)devices for the physical implementation of quantum information processing (QIP). They incorporate molecular magnetic couplers, transformers, and wires, controlling and facilitating the spin communication, as well as molecular magnetic rectifiers, transistors, and switches, exhibiting a bistable (ON/OFF) spin behavior under external stimuli (chemical, electronic, or photonic). Special focus is placed on the extensive research work done by Professor Francesc Lloret, an outstanding chemist, excellent teacher, best friend, and colleague, in recognition of his invaluable contributions to molecular magnetism on the occasion of his 65th birthday.
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9
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A dissymmetric [Gd 2] coordination molecular dimer hosting six addressable spin qubits. Commun Chem 2020; 3:176. [PMID: 36703386 PMCID: PMC9814487 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-020-00422-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Artificial magnetic molecules can host several spin qubits, which could then implement small-scale algorithms. In order to become of practical use, such molecular spin processors need to increase the available computational space and warrant universal operations. Here, we design, synthesize and fully characterize dissymetric molecular dimers hosting either one or two Gadolinium(III) ions. The strong sensitivity of Gadolinium magnetic anisotropy to its local coordination gives rise to different zero-field splittings at each metal site. As a result, the [LaGd] and [GdLu] complexes provide realizations of distinct spin qudits with eight unequally spaced levels. In the [Gd2] dimer, these properties are combined with a Gd-Gd magnetic interaction, sufficiently strong to lift all level degeneracies, yet sufficiently weak to keep all levels within an experimentally accessible energy window. The spin Hamiltonian of this dimer allows a complete set of operations to act as a 64-dimensional all-electron spin qudit, or, equivalently, as six addressable qubits. Electron paramagnetic resonance experiments show that resonant transitions between different spin states can be coherently controlled, with coherence times TM of the order of 1 µs limited by hyperfine interactions. Coordination complexes with embedded quantum functionalities are promising building blocks for quantum computation and simulation hybrid platforms.
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10
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Borilovic I, Alonso PJ, Roubeau O, Aromí G. A bis-vanadyl coordination complex as a 2-qubit quantum gate. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:3139-3142. [PMID: 32057059 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc09817h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A new bis-hydroxyphenylpyrazolyl ligand, H4L, allows isolating and structurally characterizing vanadyl and titanyl dinuclear complexes (Bu4N)2[(MO)2(HL)2] (M = V, Ti). The weak dipolar coupling and relatively short quantum coherence of the divanadyl anions are optimal for a 2-qubit molecular architecture proposed to implement electron-mediated nuclear quantum simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Borilovic
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain. guillem.aromi.qi.ub.es
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11
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Salinas‐Uber J, Barrios LA, Estrader M, Roubeau O, Aromí G. Dinuclear Copper(II) Complexes Exhibiting Reversible Photochromism. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201901141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Salinas‐Uber
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica Universitat de Barcelona Diagonal 645 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Leoní A. Barrios
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica Universitat de Barcelona Diagonal 645 08028 Barcelona Spain
- Institut of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology of the University of Barcelona (IN2UB) 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Marta Estrader
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica Universitat de Barcelona Diagonal 645 08028 Barcelona Spain
- Institut of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology of the University of Barcelona (IN2UB) 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Olivier Roubeau
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA) CSIC and Universidad de Zaragoza 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Guillem Aromí
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica Universitat de Barcelona Diagonal 645 08028 Barcelona Spain
- Institut of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology of the University of Barcelona (IN2UB) 08028 Barcelona Spain
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12
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Salinas-Uber J, Barrios LA, Roubeau O, Aromí G. Two [Ln 4] molecular rings folded as compact tetrahedra. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:7182-7188. [DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01259a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A new highly photo-switchable ligand furnishes supramolecular tetrahedral nanomagnets with Ln(iii) ions (Ln = Dy, Tb). Intramolecular weak interactions define the conformation of the ligand, quenching the photochromic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Salinas-Uber
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica
- Universitat de Barcelona
- 08028 Barcelona
- Spain
| | - Leoní A. Barrios
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica
- Universitat de Barcelona
- 08028 Barcelona
- Spain
- Institut of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology of the University of Barcelona (IN2UB)
| | - Olivier Roubeau
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA)
- CSIC and Universidad de Zaragoza
- Zaragoza
- Spain
| | - Guillem Aromí
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica
- Universitat de Barcelona
- 08028 Barcelona
- Spain
- Institut of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology of the University of Barcelona (IN2UB)
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13
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Diego R, Darawsheh M, Barrios LA, Sadurní A, García J, Lloyd-Williams P, Teat SJ, Roubeau O, Aguilà D, Aromí G. Designed asymmetric coordination helicates with bis-β-diketonate ligands. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:16844-16847. [PMID: 31681934 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt03398j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A new bis-(β-diketone) ligand featuring built-up structural asymmetry yields non-symmetric Fe(iii) and Ga(iii) dinuclear, triple-stranded helicates by design. Their structural properties have been studied, both in solid state and in solution, and compared with their corresponding symmetric analogues. The robustness observed shows the potential of this synthetic strategy to develop non-symmetric helicoidal motifs with specific functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Diego
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Inorgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain. and Institut of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology of the University of Barcelona (IN2UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mohanad Darawsheh
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Inorgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Leoní A Barrios
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Inorgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain. and Institut of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology of the University of Barcelona (IN2UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Sadurní
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi García
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paul Lloyd-Williams
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Simon J Teat
- Advanced Light Source, Berkeley Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Olivier Roubeau
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA), CSIC and Universidad de Zaragoza, Plaza San Francisco s/n, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - David Aguilà
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Inorgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain. and Institut of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology of the University of Barcelona (IN2UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guillem Aromí
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Inorgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain. and Institut of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology of the University of Barcelona (IN2UB), Barcelona, Spain
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14
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Atzori M, Sessoli R. The Second Quantum Revolution: Role and Challenges of Molecular Chemistry. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:11339-11352. [PMID: 31287678 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b00984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Implementation of modern Quantum Technologies might benefit from the remarkable quantum properties shown by molecular spin systems. In this Perspective, we highlight the role that molecular chemistry can have in the current second quantum revolution, i.e., the use of quantum physics principles to create new quantum technologies, in this specific case by means of molecular components. Herein, we briefly review the current status of the field by identifying the key advances recently made by the molecular chemistry community, such as for example the design of molecular spin qubits with long spin coherence and the realization of multiqubit architectures for quantum gates implementation. With a critical eye to the current state-of-the-art, we also highlight the main challenges needed for the further advancement of the field toward quantum technologies development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Atzori
- Laboratoire National des Champs Magnétiques Intenses, UPR 3228-CNRS , F-38042 Grenoble , France
| | - Roberta Sessoli
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Ugo Schiff" & INSTM RU , Università degli Studi di Firenze , I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino , Italy
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15
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Abstract
Spins in solids or in molecules possess discrete energy levels, and the associated quantum states can be tuned and coherently manipulated by means of external electromagnetic fields. Spins therefore provide one of the simplest platforms to encode a quantum bit (qubit), the elementary unit of future quantum computers. Performing any useful computation demands much more than realizing a robust qubit-one also needs a large number of qubits and a reliable manner with which to integrate them into a complex circuitry that can store and process information and implement quantum algorithms. This 'scalability' is arguably one of the challenges for which a chemistry-based bottom-up approach is best-suited. Molecules, being much more versatile than atoms, and yet microscopic, are the quantum objects with the highest capacity to form non-trivial ordered states at the nanoscale and to be replicated in large numbers using chemical tools.
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16
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McGuire J, Miras HN, Richards E, Sproules S. Enabling single qubit addressability in a molecular semiconductor comprising gold-supported organic radicals. Chem Sci 2019; 10:1483-1491. [PMID: 30809365 PMCID: PMC6354843 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc04500c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A bis(dithiolene)gold complex is presented as a model for an organic molecular electron spin qubit attached to a metallic surface that acts as a conduit to electrically address the qubit. A two-membered electron transfer series is developed of the formula [AuIII(adt)2]1-/0, where adt is a redox-active dithiolene ligand that is sequentially oxidized as the series is traversed while the central metal ion remains AuIII and steadfastly square planar. One-electron oxidation of diamagnetic [AuIII(adt)2]1- (1) produces an S = 1/2 charge-neutral complex, [AuIII(adt2 3-˙)] (2) which is spectroscopically and theoretically characterized with a near negligible Au contribution to the ground state. A phase memory time (T M) of 21 μs is recorded in 4 : 1 CS2/CCl4 at 10 K, which is the longest ever reported for a coordination complex possessing a third-row transition metal ion. With increasing temperature, T M dramatically decreases becoming unmeasurable above 80 K as a consequence of the diminishing spin-lattice (T 1) relaxation time fueled by spin-orbit coupling. These relaxation times are 1-2 orders of magnitude shorter for the solid dilution of 2 in isoelectronic [Ni(adt)2] because this material is a molecular semiconductor. Although the conducting properties of this material provide efficient pathways to dissipate the energy through the lattice, it can also be used to electrically address the paramagnetic dopant by tapping into the mild reduction potential to switch magnetism "on" and "off" in the gold complex without compromising the integrity of its structure. These results serve to highlight the need to consider all components of these spintronic assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake McGuire
- WestCHEM School of Chemistry , University of Glasgow , Glasgow , G12 8QQ , UK .
| | - Haralampos N Miras
- WestCHEM School of Chemistry , University of Glasgow , Glasgow , G12 8QQ , UK .
| | - Emma Richards
- School of Chemistry , Cardiff University , Main Building, Park Place , Cardiff , CF10 3AT , UK
| | - Stephen Sproules
- WestCHEM School of Chemistry , University of Glasgow , Glasgow , G12 8QQ , UK .
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McGuire J, Miras HN, Donahue JP, Richards E, Sproules S. Ligand Radicals as Modular Organic Electron Spin Qubits. Chemistry 2018; 24:17598-17605. [PMID: 30291646 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The intrinsic redox activity of the dithiolene ligand is presented here as the novel spin host in the design of a prototype molecular electron spin qubit, where the traditional roles of the metal and ligand components in coordination complexes are inverted. A series of paramagnetic bis(dithiolene) complexes with group 10 metals-nickel, palladium, platinum-provides a backdrop to investigate the spin dynamics of the organic ligand radical using pulsed EPR spectroscopy. The temperature dependence of the phase memory time (TM ) is shown to be dependent on the identity of the diamagnetic metal ion, with the short times recorded for platinum a consequence of a diminishing spin-lattice (T1 ) relaxation time driven by spin-orbit coupling. The utility of the radical ligand spin center is confirmed when it delivers one of the longest phase memory times ever recorded for a molecular two-qubit prototype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake McGuire
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Haralampos N Miras
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - James P Donahue
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, 6400 Freret Street, New Orleans, Louisiana, 70118, USA
| | - Emma Richards
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Stephen Sproules
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
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Brock AJ, Clegg JK, Li F, Lindoy LF. Recent developments in the metallo-supramolecular chemistry of oligo-β-diketonato ligands. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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19
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Starikova AA, Minkin VI. Adducts of transition metal complexes with redox-active ligands: the structure and spin-state-switching rearrangements. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2018. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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