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Arnodo D, De Nardi F, Parisotto S, De Nardo E, Cananà S, Salvatico F, De Marchi E, Scarpi D, Blangetti M, Occhiato EG, Prandi C. Asymmetric Reduction of Cyclic Imines by Imine Reductase Enzymes in Non-Conventional Solvents. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202301243. [PMID: 37751248 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
The first enantioselective reduction of 2-substituted cyclic imines to the corresponding amines (pyrrolidines, piperidines, and azepines) by imine reductases (IREDs) in non-conventional solvents is reported. The best results were obtained in a glycerol/phosphate buffer 1 : 1 mixture, in which heterocyclic amines were produced with full conversions (>99 %), moderate to good yields (22-84 %) and excellent S-enantioselectivities (up to >99 % ee). Remarkably, the process can be performed at a 100 mM substrate loading, which, for the model compound, means a concentration of 14.5 g L-1 . A fed-batch protocol was also developed for a convenient scale-up transformation, and one millimole of substrate 1 a was readily converted into 120 mg of enantiopure amine (S)-2 a with a remarkable 80 % overall yield. This aspect strongly contributes to making the process potentially attractive for large-scale applications in terms of economic and environmental sustainability for a good number of substrates used to produce enantiopure cyclic amines of high pharmaceutical interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Arnodo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Federica De Nardi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Stefano Parisotto
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Eugenio De Nardo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Stefania Cananà
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125, Torino, Italy
- Scuola Universitaria Superiore I.U.S.S. Pavia, Piazza Vittoria 15, 2700, Pavia, Italy
| | - Federica Salvatico
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Elisa De Marchi
- Dipartimento di Chimica 'Ugo Schiff', Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Dina Scarpi
- Dipartimento di Chimica 'Ugo Schiff', Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Marco Blangetti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Ernesto G Occhiato
- Dipartimento di Chimica 'Ugo Schiff', Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Cristina Prandi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125, Torino, Italy
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Marset X, Guillena G. Deep Eutectic Solvents as à-la-Carte Medium for Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Organic Processes. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238445. [PMID: 36500536 PMCID: PMC9736881 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Our society is facing a tremendous challenge to become more sustainable in every sphere of life. Regarding the chemical industry, one of the most significant issues to be addressed is the use of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as solvents because they are petrol-derived and most of them are toxic and flammable. Among the possible solutions, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have emerged as sustainable alternatives to VOCs in organic catalyzed transformations and other fields. The advantages of these new reaction media are not only related to their more benign physical and chemical properties and, for most of them, their renewable sources but also due to the possibility of being recycled after their use, increasing the sustainability of the catalyzed process in which they are involved. However, their use as media in catalytic transformations introduces new challenges regarding the compatibility and activity of known catalysts. Therefore, designed catalysts and "à-la-carte" DESs systems have been developed to overcome this problem, to maximize the reaction outcomes and to allow the recyclability of the catalyst/media system. Over the last decade, the popularity of these solvents has steadily increased, with several examples of efficient metal-catalyzed organic transformations, showing the efficiency of the catalysts/DES system, compared to the related transformations carried out in VOCs. Additionally, due to the inherent properties of the DES, unknown transformations can be carried out using the appropriated catalyst/DES system. All these examples of sustainable catalytic processes are compiled in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Marset
- Correspondence: (X.M.); (G.G.); Tel.: +34-965903400 (G.G.)
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Enhanced C2 and C3 Product Selectivity in Electrochemical CO2 Reduction on Carbon-Doped Copper Oxide Catalysts Prepared by Deep Eutectic Solvent Calcination. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11050542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper and its oxides are the main catalyst materials able to promote the formation of hydrocarbons from the electrocatalytic CO2 conversion. Herein, we describe a novel preparation method for carbon-doped copper oxide catalysts based on an oxidative thermal treatment of copper-containing deep eutectic solvents (DES). XRD and EDX analysis of the samples show that thermal treatment at 500 °C in air for a prolonged time (60 min) provides exclusively carbon-doped copper(II) oxide catalysts, whereas shorter calcination time leads to a mixture of less oxidized forms of copper (Cu2O and Cu0), CuO, and a higher carbon content from the DES. Chronoamperometry of the electrode containing the prepared materials in 0.5 M KHCO3 electrolyte show the reduction of CuO to less oxidized copper species. The materials prepared by the use of different DES, copper precursors and calcination times were used as electrocatalysts for the electrochemical CO2 reduction. Chemical analysis of the products reveals an enhanced selectivity toward C2 and C3 products for the catalyst prepared from the DES galactose-urea with copper nanoparticles and calcination for 60 min in air. The electrocatalytic activity of the prepared materials were compared to commercial CuO and showed a higher product concentration at −1.7 V vs. Ag/AgCl, with formation rates of 7.4, 6.0, and 10.4 µmol h−1 cm−2 for ethanol, n-propanol, and ethylene, respectively.
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Grabovskii SA, Akchurin TI, Dokichev VA. Heterogeneous Palladium Catalysts in the Hydrogenation of the Carbon-carbon Double Bond. CURR ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272824999201202084812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The results of studies over the past ten years in the field of C=C bond hydrogenation
in the presence of palladium catalysts deposited on various inorganic and organic carriers
such activated carbons, carbon nanotubes, alumina, zeolites, or composite materials based on
Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-SiO<sub>2</sub>, polystyrene, polypropyleneimine, polyamidoamine and hybrid inorganic/
polymer-carriers, are presented. The selectivity and rates of the hydrogenation process
are considered and some comparisons are made. Porous supports and containing dendrimers
generally retain palladium particles more effectively. Nanosized palladium stabilized by different
dendrimers catalyzes the hydrogenation of C=C bonds in polyfunctional compounds
chemoselectively without affecting functional groups, such as CHO, C=O, C(O)OR, CN,
NO2, and halogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav A. Grabovskii
- Ufa Institute of Chemistry - Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 69, Prospect Oktyabrya, 450054, Ufa, Russian Federation
| | - Timur I. Akchurin
- Ufa Institute of Chemistry - Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 69, Prospect Oktyabrya, 450054, Ufa, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir A. Dokichev
- Ufa Institute of Chemistry - Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 69, Prospect Oktyabrya, 450054, Ufa, Russian Federation
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Iwanow M, Vieira L, Rud I, Seidler J, Kaiser M, Van Opdenbosch D, Zollfrank C, Richter M, Gärtner T, König B, Sieber V. Pyrolysis of Deep Eutectic Solvents for the Preparation of Supported Copper Electrocatalysts. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202003295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Iwanow
- Bio-, Electro- and Chemocatalysis BioCat Straubing Branch Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB Schulgasse 11a 94315 Straubing Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy University of Regensburg Universitätsstraße 31 93040 Regensburg Germany
| | - Luciana Vieira
- Bio-, Electro- and Chemocatalysis BioCat Straubing Branch Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB Schulgasse 11a 94315 Straubing Germany
| | - Igor Rud
- Bio-, Electro- and Chemocatalysis BioCat Straubing Branch Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB Schulgasse 11a 94315 Straubing Germany
| | - Johannes Seidler
- Bio-, Electro- and Chemocatalysis BioCat Straubing Branch Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB Schulgasse 11a 94315 Straubing Germany
| | - Manuela Kaiser
- Bio-, Electro- and Chemocatalysis BioCat Straubing Branch Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB Schulgasse 11a 94315 Straubing Germany
| | - Daniel Van Opdenbosch
- Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability Technical University of Munich Schulgasse 16 94315 Straubing Germany
| | - Cordt Zollfrank
- Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability Technical University of Munich Schulgasse 16 94315 Straubing Germany
| | - Michael Richter
- Bio-, Electro- and Chemocatalysis BioCat Straubing Branch Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB Schulgasse 11a 94315 Straubing Germany
| | - Tobias Gärtner
- Bio-, Electro- and Chemocatalysis BioCat Straubing Branch Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB Schulgasse 11a 94315 Straubing Germany
- ESy-Labs An der Irler Höhe 3a 93055 Regensburg Germany
| | - Burkhard König
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy University of Regensburg Universitätsstraße 31 93040 Regensburg Germany
| | - Volker Sieber
- Bio-, Electro- and Chemocatalysis BioCat Straubing Branch Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB Schulgasse 11a 94315 Straubing Germany
- Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability Technical University of Munich Schulgasse 16 94315 Straubing Germany
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Iwanow M, Gärtner T, Sieber V, König B. Activated carbon as catalyst support: precursors, preparation, modification and characterization. Beilstein J Org Chem 2020; 16:1188-1202. [PMID: 32550932 PMCID: PMC7277711 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.16.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The preparation of activated carbon materials is discussed along selected examples of precursor materials, of available production and modification methods and possible characterization techniques. We evaluate the preparation methods for activated carbon materials with respect to its use as catalyst support and identify important parameters for metal loading. The considered carbon sources include coal, wood, agricultural wastes or biomass as well as ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvents or precursor solutions. The preparation of the activated carbon usually involves pre-treatment steps followed by physical or chemical activation and application dependent modification. In addition, highly porous materials can also be produced by salt templating or ultrasonic spray pyrolysis as well as by microwave irradiation. The resulting activated carbon materials are characterized by a variety of techniques such as SEM, FTIR, nitrogen adsorption, Boehm titrations, adsorption of phenol, methylene blue and iodine, TPD, CHNS/O elemental analysis, EDX, XPS, XRD and TGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Iwanow
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Bio-, Electro- and Chemocatalysis BioCat, Straubing Branch, Schulgasse 11a, 94315 Straubing, Germany.,Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Gärtner
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Bio-, Electro- and Chemocatalysis BioCat, Straubing Branch, Schulgasse 11a, 94315 Straubing, Germany
| | - Volker Sieber
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Bio-, Electro- and Chemocatalysis BioCat, Straubing Branch, Schulgasse 11a, 94315 Straubing, Germany.,Technical University of Munich, Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Schulgasse 16, 94315 Straubing, Germany
| | - Burkhard König
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
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Dilauro G, García SM, Tagarelli D, Vitale P, Perna FM, Capriati V. Ligand-Free Bioinspired Suzuki-Miyaura Coupling Reactions using Aryltrifluoroborates as Effective Partners in Deep Eutectic Solvents. CHEMSUSCHEM 2018; 11:3495-3501. [PMID: 30074303 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201801382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Pd-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling between (hetero)aryl halides (Cl, Br, I) and versatile, moisture-stable mono- and bifunctional potassium aryltrifluoroborates proceeded efficiently and chemoselectively in air and under generally mild conditions; a catalyst loading as low as 1 mol % combined with Na2 CO3 as a base in choline chloride/glycerol (1:2) deep eutectic solvent (DES) was used as a sustainable and environmentally responsible medium. The catalyst, base, and DES were easily and successfully recycled up to six times with an E-factor as low as 8.74. Valuable biaryls and terphenyl derivatives were furnished in yields of up to 98 %; over 50 reactions were compared and discussed. The methodology was applied for the synthesis of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs Felbinac and Diflunisal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Dilauro
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Consorzio C.I.N.M.P.I.S., Università di Bari "Aldo Moro", Via E. Orabona 4, I-, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Sergio Mata García
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica e Istituto Universitario de Química Organometálica "Enrique Moles", Universidad de Oviedo, c/Julián Claveria 8, E-33006, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Donato Tagarelli
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Consorzio C.I.N.M.P.I.S., Università di Bari "Aldo Moro", Via E. Orabona 4, I-, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Paola Vitale
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Consorzio C.I.N.M.P.I.S., Università di Bari "Aldo Moro", Via E. Orabona 4, I-, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Filippo M Perna
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Consorzio C.I.N.M.P.I.S., Università di Bari "Aldo Moro", Via E. Orabona 4, I-, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Vito Capriati
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Consorzio C.I.N.M.P.I.S., Università di Bari "Aldo Moro", Via E. Orabona 4, I-, 70125, Bari, Italy
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Paris J, Ríos‐Lombardía N, Morís F, Gröger H, González‐Sabín J. Novel Insights into the Combination of Metal‐ and Biocatalysis: Cascade One‐Pot Synthesis of Enantiomerically Pure Biaryl Alcohols in Deep Eutectic Solvents. ChemCatChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201800768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Paris
- Vivero Ciencias de la SaludSanto Domingo de Guzmán 33011 Oviedo Spain
- Chair of Organic Chemistry I Faculty of ChemistryBielefeld University Universitätsstr. 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | | | - Francisco Morís
- Vivero Ciencias de la SaludSanto Domingo de Guzmán 33011 Oviedo Spain
| | - Harald Gröger
- Chair of Organic Chemistry I Faculty of ChemistryBielefeld University Universitätsstr. 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
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