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Raja Rajamanikkam SCR, Anbalagan G, Subramanian B, Suresh V, Sivaperumal P. Green Synthesis of Copper and Copper Oxide Nanoparticles From Brown Algae Turbinaria Species' Aqueous Extract and Its Antibacterial Properties. Cureus 2024; 16:e57366. [PMID: 38694645 PMCID: PMC11061661 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.57366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Copper and copper oxide nanoparticles synthesized by green methods have attracted considerable attention due to their environmentally friendly properties and potential applications. Green synthesis involves non-hazardous and sustainable techniques used in the production of a wide range of substances, including nanoparticles, pharmaceuticals, and chemicals. These methods often use different organisms, including bacteria, fungi, algae, and plants, each offering different advantages in terms of simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and environmental sustainability. The environmentally friendly nature of these green synthesis methods responds to the growing need for sustainable nanotechnologies. Brown algae have gained popularity due to their distinct morphological characteristics and diverse biochemical composition. This research focuses on the process of synthesizing copper and copper oxide nanoparticles from the brown algae Turbinaria. It emphasizes the natural ability of the bioactive compounds contained in the algae extract to reduce and stabilize the nanoparticles. The green synthesis of copper and copper oxide nanoparticles from brown algae has demonstrated a wide range of applications, including antibacterial activity. Materials and methods Fresh Turbinaria algae were collected from marine environments to ensure that they were free of contaminants. The algae underwent a purification process to remove impurities and were dried. An aqueous extract was prepared by pulverizing the dried algae and mixing them with distilled water. A copper salt solution utilizing copper nitrate was prepared. The algae extract was mixed with the copper salt solution. There are bioactive compounds in the algae extract that help reduce copper ions, which makes copper and copper oxide nanoparticles come together. The reaction mixture was incubated in a controlled environment to facilitate the growth and enhance the stability of the nanoparticles. To separate the nanoparticles from the reaction mixture, centrifugation was employed, or filtration was done with Whatman filter paper (Merck, Burlington, MA). The nanoparticles were dried to yield a stable powder. Results Copper and copper oxide nanoparticles derived from brown algae extract showed antibacterial effects against Streptococcus mutans, Klebsiella sp., and Staphylococcus mutans. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis verified the irregular shape and elemental content of the synthesized copper and copper oxide nanoparticles. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis indicated that the synthesized nanoparticles exhibited a crystallinity nature and were composed of a mixture of copper and copper oxide species, namely face-centered cubic and monoclinic structures. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images showed copper and copper oxide nanoparticles that were evenly distributed and had a rectangular shape. They exhibited substantial antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Conclusions This study enhances the field of green synthesis techniques by showcasing the adaptability of Turbinaria brown algae to synthesize copper and copper oxide nanoparticles. It underscores the potential advantages of these nanoparticles in terms of their antibacterial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- San Chitta Raj Raja Rajamanikkam
- Department of Physiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS) Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
| | - Geetha Anbalagan
- Department of Physiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS) Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
| | - Balachandran Subramanian
- Department of Physiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS) Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
| | - Vasugi Suresh
- Department of Physiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS) Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
| | - Pitchiah Sivaperumal
- Department of Prosthodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS) Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
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Xiao Y, Pang YX, Yan Y, Qian P, Zhao H, Manickam S, Wu T, Pang CH. Synthesis and Functionalization of Graphene Materials for Biomedical Applications: Recent Advances, Challenges, and Perspectives. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2023; 10:e2205292. [PMID: 36658693 PMCID: PMC10037997 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202205292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Since its discovery in 2004, graphene is increasingly applied in various fields owing to its unique properties. Graphene application in the biomedical domain is promising and intriguing as an emerging 2D material with a high surface area, good mechanical properties, and unrivalled electronic and physical properties. This review summarizes six typical synthesis methods to fabricate pristine graphene (p-G), graphene oxide (GO), and reduced graphene oxide (rGO), followed by characterization techniques to examine the obtained graphene materials. As bare graphene is generally undesirable in vivo and in vitro, functionalization methods to reduce toxicity, increase biocompatibility, and provide more functionalities are demonstrated. Subsequently, in vivo and in vitro behaviors of various bare and functionalized graphene materials are discussed to evaluate the functionalization effects. Reasonable control of dose (<20 mg kg-1 ), sizes (50-1000 nm), and functionalization methods for in vivo application are advantageous. Then, the key biomedical applications based on graphene materials are discussed, coupled with the current challenges and outlooks of this growing field. In a broader sense, this review provides a comprehensive discussion on the synthesis, characterization, functionalization, evaluation, and application of p-G, GO, and rGO in the biomedical field, highlighting their recent advances and potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Xiao
- Department of Chemical and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of Nottingham Ningbo ChinaNingbo315100P. R. China
- New Materials InstituteUniversity of NottinghamNingbo315100P. R. China
- Materials Interfaces CenterShenzhen Institute of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenzhenGuangdong518055P. R. China
| | - Yoong Xin Pang
- Department of Chemical and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of Nottingham Ningbo ChinaNingbo315100P. R. China
- New Materials InstituteUniversity of NottinghamNingbo315100P. R. China
| | - Yuxin Yan
- College of Energy EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310027P. R. China
| | - Ping Qian
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome EngineeringBeijing100083P. R. China
- School of Mathematics and PhysicsUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijing100083P. R. China
| | - Haitao Zhao
- Materials Interfaces CenterShenzhen Institute of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenzhenGuangdong518055P. R. China
| | - Sivakumar Manickam
- Petroleum and Chemical EngineeringFaculty of EngineeringUniversiti Teknologi BruneiBandar Seri BegawanBE1410Brunei Darussalam
| | - Tao Wu
- New Materials InstituteUniversity of NottinghamNingbo315100P. R. China
- Key Laboratory for Carbonaceous Wastes Processing and ProcessIntensification Research of Zhejiang ProvinceUniversity of Nottingham Ningbo ChinaNingbo315100P. R. China
| | - Cheng Heng Pang
- Department of Chemical and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of Nottingham Ningbo ChinaNingbo315100P. R. China
- Municipal Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Conversion TechnologiesUniversity of Nottingham Ningbo ChinaNingbo315100P. R. China
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Yang H, Cheng W, Lu X, Chen Z, Liu C, Tian L, Li Z. Coupling Transition Metal Compound with Single-Atom Site for Water Splitting Electrocatalysis. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202200237. [PMID: 36538728 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202200237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Single-atom site catalysts (SACs) provide an ideal platform to identify the active centers, explore the catalytic mechanism, and establish the structure-property relationships, and thus have attracted increasing interests for electrocatalytic energy conversion. Substantial endeavors have been devoted to the construction of carbon-supported SACs, and their progress have been comprehensively reviewed. Compared with carbon-supported SACs, transition metal compounds (TMCs)-supported SACs are still in their infancy in the field of electrocatalysis. However, they have also aroused ever-increasing attention for driving electrocatalytic water splitting, and emerged as an indispensable class of SACs in recent years, predominately owing to their inherently structural features, such as rich anchoring sites, surface defects, and lattice vacancy. Herein, in this review, we have systematically summarized the recent advances of a variety of TMC supported SACs toward electrocatalytic water splitting. The advanced characterization techniques and theoretical analyses for identifying and monitoring the atomic structure of SACs are firstly manifested. Subsequently, the anchoring and stabilization mechanisms for TMC supported SACs are also highlighted. Thereafter, the advances of TMC supported SACs for driving water electrolysis are systematically unraveled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Yang
- University and College Key Lab of Natural Product Chemistry and Application in Xinjiang, School of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Yili Normal University, Yili, 835000, China.,School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, 221018, PR China
| | - Wenjing Cheng
- University and College Key Lab of Natural Product Chemistry and Application in Xinjiang, School of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Yili Normal University, Yili, 835000, China.,School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, 221018, PR China
| | - Xinhua Lu
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, 221018, PR China
| | - Zhenyang Chen
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, 221018, PR China
| | - Chao Liu
- School of Environmental Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, 221018, PR China
| | - Lin Tian
- University and College Key Lab of Natural Product Chemistry and Application in Xinjiang, School of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Yili Normal University, Yili, 835000, China.,School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, 221018, PR China
| | - Zhao Li
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, 221018, PR China
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Ciftyurek E, Li Z, Schierbaum K. Adsorbed Oxygen Ions and Oxygen Vacancies: Their Concentration and Distribution in Metal Oxide Chemical Sensors and Influencing Role in Sensitivity and Sensing Mechanisms. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 23:29. [PMID: 36616627 PMCID: PMC9824271 DOI: 10.3390/s23010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Oxidation reactions on semiconducting metal oxide (SMOs) surfaces have been extensively worked on in catalysis, fuel cells, and sensors. SMOs engage powerfully in energy-related applications such as batteries, supercapacitors, solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), and sensors. A deep understanding of SMO surface and oxygen interactions and defect engineering has become significant because all of the above-mentioned applications are based on the adsorption/absorption and consumption/transportation of adsorbed (physisorbed-chemisorbed) oxygen. More understanding of adsorbed oxygen and oxygen vacancies (VO•,VO••) is needed, as the former is the vital requirement for sensing chemical reactions, while the latter facilitates the replenishment of adsorbed oxygen ions on the surface. We determined the relation between sensor response (sensitivity) and the amounts of adsorbed oxygen ions (O2(ads)−, O(ads), −O2(ads)2−, O(ads)2−), water/hydroxide groups (H2O/OH−), oxygen vacancies (VO•, VO••), and ordinary lattice oxygen ions (Olattice2−) as a function of temperature. During hydrogen (H2) testing, the different oxidation states (W6+, W5+, and W4+) of WO3 were quantified and correlated with oxygen vacancy formation (VO•, VO••). We used a combined application of XPS, UPS, XPEEM-LEEM, and chemical, electrical, and sensory analysis for H2 sensing. The sensor response was extraordinarily high: 424 against H2 at a temperature of 250 °C was recorded and explained on the basis of defect engineering, including oxygen vacancies and chemisorbed oxygen ions and surface stoichiometry of WO3. We established a correlation between the H2 sensing mechanism of WO3, sensor signal magnitude, the amount of adsorbed oxygen ions, and sensor testing temperature. This paper also provides a review of the detection, quantification, and identification of different adsorbed oxygen species. The different surface and bulk-sensitive characterization techniques relevant to analyzing the SMOs-based sensor are tabulated, providing the sensor designer with the chemical, physical, and electronic information extracted from each technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Engin Ciftyurek
- Department of Materials Science, Institute for Experimental Condensed Matter Physics, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Zheshen Li
- ASTRID2 Synchrotron Light Source, ISA, Centre for Storage Ring Facilities, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, 8000C Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Klaus Schierbaum
- Department of Materials Science, Institute for Experimental Condensed Matter Physics, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Tan J, Li Z, Ye M, Shen J. Nanoconfined Space: Revisiting the Charge Storage Mechanism of Electric Double Layer Capacitors. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:37259-37269. [PMID: 35951420 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c07775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The electric double layer capacitor (EDLC) has been recognized as one of the most appealing electrochemical energy storage devices. Nanoporous materials with relatively high specific surface areas are generally used as the electrode materials for electric double layer capacitors (EDLCs). The past decades have witnessed anomalous phenomena of EDLCs under nanoconfined space, which to a large degree doubt the conventional recognition. However, there are currently still no deep insights and consensus on the mechanism of these striking discoveries. In this Perspective, we start with a brief introduction to contextualize the significance of EDLCs, especially with electrode materials of nanoconfined space. Next, we briefly review the landmark studies in light of the charge storage mechanism of EDLCs, mainly focusing on the study of nanoporous materials for EDLCs. Subsequently, we reexamine the basic concepts under nanoconfined space and some representative in situ characterization techniques applied to understand the charge storage mechanism of EDLCs. Finally, we provide general conclusions and insights into the future research directions in the field of EDLCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Tan
- Institute of Special Materials and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhiheng Li
- Institute of Special Materials and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Mingxin Ye
- Institute of Special Materials and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jianfeng Shen
- Institute of Special Materials and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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Subhani MA, Irshad M, Nazir A, Hafeez M, Ali S. Synthesis and antibacterial potential of Loranthus pulverulentus conjugated silver nanoparticles. Microsc Res Tech 2022; 85:3530-3540. [PMID: 35861158 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The green method is not only harmonious to our environment but saves time and is comparatively cheaper than other methods. The current study is aimed to synthesize the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using the green method by using the leaves of Loranthus pulverulentus Wall (LPW) which functioned as a reducing as well as capping agent. The synthesis of biogenic AgNPs was confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopy (UV-Vis.), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). The absorbance maxima of the synthesized AgNPs were observed in the range of 405-435 nm. The SEM was used to find out the size and shape of the synthesized AgNPs, which revealed that the NPs were rectangular having sizes from 05 to 16 nm. XRD revealed that the synthesized NPs were crystalline and face-centered cubic (FCC). EDX analysis reflected the elemental composition of the synthesized product and showed that the percentage of silver = 92. FTIR was used to confirm the functional groups responsible for the reduction and stabilization of silver ions. It revealed that biomolecules present in plant extract were responsible for the reduction and stabilization of silver ions. The effect of temperature, pH, reaction time, silver nitrate concentration, and plant extract concentration on the synthesis of AgNPs were also investigated. The synthesized silver nanoparticles were tested against four bacterial strains which showed strong antibacterial activity. We conclude that biogenic silver nanoparticles could be used as antibacterial agents to treat various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ali Subhani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kotli, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Irshad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kotli, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan
| | - Asma Nazir
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kotli, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Hafeez
- Nanomateirals Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan
| | - Shaukat Ali
- Applied Entomology and Medical Toxicology Laboratory, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
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Nicolae-Maranciuc A, Chicea D, Chicea LM. Ag Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications-Synthesis and Characterization-A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105778. [PMID: 35628585 PMCID: PMC9146088 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles have been intensively studied over a long period of time because they exhibit antibacterial properties in infection treatments, wound healing, or drug delivery systems. The advantages that silver nanoparticles offer regarding the functionalization confer prolonged stability and make them suitable for biomedical applications. Apart from functionalization, silver nanoparticles exhibit various shapes and sizes depending on the conditions used through their fabrications and depending on their final purpose. This paper presents a review of silver nanoparticles with respect to synthesis procedures, including the polluting green synthesis. Currently, the most commonly used characterization techniques required for nanoparticles investigation in antibacterial treatments are described briefly, since silver nanoparticles possess differences in their structure or morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Nicolae-Maranciuc
- Research Center for Complex Physical Systems, Faculty of Sciences, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Dr. Ion Raţiu Street 5−7, 550012 Sibiu, Romania;
| | - Dan Chicea
- Research Center for Complex Physical Systems, Faculty of Sciences, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Dr. Ion Raţiu Street 5−7, 550012 Sibiu, Romania;
- Correspondence:
| | - Liana Maria Chicea
- Faculty of Medicine, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 550169 Sibiu, Romania;
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Kadukkattil Ramanunny A, Singh SK, Wadhwa S, Gulati M, Kapoor B, Khursheed R, Kuppusamy G, Dua K, Dureja H, Chellappan DK, Jha NK, Gupta PK, Vishwas S. Overcoming hydrolytic degradation challenges in topical delivery: non-aqueous nano-emulsions. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2021; 19:23-45. [PMID: 34913772 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2022.2019218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Non-aqueous nano-emulsions (NANEs) are colloidal lipid-based dispersions with nano-sized droplets formed by mixing two immiscible phases, none of which happens to be an aqueous phase. Their ability to incorporate water and oxygen sensitive drugs without any susceptibility to degradation makes them the optimum dosage form for such candidates. In NANEs, polar liquids or polyols replace the aqueous phase while surfactants remain same as used in conventional emulsions. They are a part of the nano-emulsion family albeit with substantial difference in composition and application. AREAS COVERED The present review provides a brief insight into the strategies of loading water-sensitive drugs into NANEs. Further advancement in these anhydrous systems with the use of solid particulate surfactants in the form of Pickering emulsions is also discussed. EXPERT OPINION NANEs offer a unique platform for delivering water-sensitive drugs by loading them in anhydrous formulation. The biggest advantage of NANEs vis-à-vis the other nano-cargos is that they can also be prepared without using equipment-intensive techniques. However, the use of NANEs in drug delivery is quite limited. Looking at the small number of studies available in this direction, a need for further research in this field is required to explore this delivery system further.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Sheetu Wadhwa
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Monica Gulati
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Bhupinder Kapoor
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Rubiya Khursheed
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Gowthamarajan Kuppusamy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Nilgiris, India.,Centre of Excellence in Nanoscience & Technology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Nilgiris, India
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
| | - Harish Dureja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (Set), Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Piyush Kumar Gupta
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Sukriti Vishwas
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
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Kravanja KA, Finšgar M. Analytical Techniques for the Characterization of Bioactive Coatings for Orthopaedic Implants. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1936. [PMID: 34944750 PMCID: PMC8698289 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of bioactive coatings for orthopedic implants has been of great interest in recent years in order to achieve both early- and long-term osseointegration. Numerous bioactive materials have been investigated for this purpose, along with loading coatings with therapeutic agents (active compounds) that are released into the surrounding media in a controlled manner after surgery. This review initially focuses on the importance and usefulness of characterization techniques for bioactive coatings, allowing the detailed evaluation of coating properties and further improvements. Various advanced analytical techniques that have been used to characterize the structure, interactions, and morphology of the designed bioactive coatings are comprehensively described by means of time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), 3D tomography, quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), coating adhesion, and contact angle (CA) measurements. Secondly, the design of controlled-release systems, the determination of drug release kinetics, and recent advances in drug release from bioactive coatings are addressed as the evaluation thereof is crucial for improving the synthesis parameters in designing optimal bioactive coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matjaž Finšgar
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
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Butreddy A, Gaddam RP, Kommineni N, Dudhipala N, Voshavar C. PLGA/PLA-Based Long-Acting Injectable Depot Microspheres in Clinical Use: Production and Characterization Overview for Protein/Peptide Delivery. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8884. [PMID: 34445587 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past few decades, long acting injectable (LAI) depots of polylactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) or polylactic acid (PLA) based microspheres have been developed for controlled drug delivery to reduce dosing frequency and to improve the therapeutic effects. Biopharmaceuticals such as proteins and peptides are encapsulated in the microspheres to increase their bioavailability and provide a long release period (days or months) with constant drug plasma concentration. The biodegradable and biocompatible properties of PLGA/PLA polymers, including but not limited to molecular weight, end group, lactide to glycolide ratio, and minor manufacturing changes, could greatly affect the quality attributes of microsphere formulations such as release profile, size, encapsulation efficiency, and bioactivity of biopharmaceuticals. Besides, the encapsulated proteins/peptides are susceptible to harsh processing conditions associated with microsphere fabrication methods, including exposure to organic solvent, shear stress, and temperature fluctuations. The protein/peptide containing LAI microspheres in clinical use is typically prepared by double emulsion, coacervation, and spray drying techniques. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the formulation attributes and conventional manufacturing techniques of LAI microspheres that are currently in clinical use for protein/peptides. Furthermore, the physicochemical characteristics of the microsphere formulations are deliberated.
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Pan H, He Y, Zhang X. Interactions between Dislocations and Boundaries during Deformation. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:1012. [PMID: 33669924 DOI: 10.3390/ma14041012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The interactions between dislocations (dislocations and deformation twins) and boundaries (grain boundaries, twin boundaries and phase interfaces) during deformation at ambient temperatures are reviewed with focuses on interaction behaviors, boundary resistances and energies during the interactions, transmission mechanisms, grain size effects and other primary influencing factors. The structure of boundaries, interactions between dislocations and boundaries in coarse-grained, ultrafine-grained and nano-grained metals during deformation at ambient temperatures are summarized, and the advantages and drawbacks of different in-situ techniques are briefly discussed based on experimental and simulation results. The latest studies as well as fundamental concepts are presented with the aim that this paper can serve as a reference in the interactions between dislocations and boundaries during deformation.
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Vigata M, Meinert C, Hutmacher DW, Bock N. Hydrogels as Drug Delivery Systems: A Review of Current Characterization and Evaluation Techniques. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E1188. [PMID: 33297493 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12121188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to their tunable properties, controllable degradation, and ability to protect labile drugs, hydrogels are increasingly investigated as local drug delivery systems. However, a lack of standardized methodologies used to characterize and evaluate drug release poses significant difficulties when comparing findings from different investigations, preventing an accurate assessment of systems. Here, we review the commonly used analytical techniques for drug detection and quantification from hydrogel delivery systems. The experimental conditions of drug release in saline solutions and their impact are discussed, along with the main mathematical and statistical approaches to characterize drug release profiles. We also review methods to determine drug diffusion coefficients and in vitro and in vivo models used to assess drug release and efficacy with the goal to provide guidelines and harmonized practices when investigating novel hydrogel drug delivery systems.
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Aguayo MG, Fernández-Pérez A, Oviedo C, Reyes G, Reyes-Contreras P. Relationship between Structural Characteristics of Cellulose Nanocrystals Obtained from Kraft Pulp. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2020; 10:nano10091775. [PMID: 32911746 PMCID: PMC7560010 DOI: 10.3390/nano10091775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Kraft pulp cellulose was hydrolyzed using sulfuric acid, under different thermophysical conditions of temperature, time, pulp concentration, and sonication time. The experimental design revealed the effect of these conditions and their interaction on the hydrolysis yield obtained. In addition, the top five cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) yields from this experiment design were analyzed. The results obtained indicated that CNCs possess a morphology that can be described as individualized rod particles, with average diameters less than 50 nm and different size distribution. In the analysis of CNCs features, significant Pearson correlations were established between the crystallinity of the CNC, CNC yield, and interplanar crystallites distance (Δd/d). The thermogravimetric (DTG) profiles exhibited two CNCs degradation stages, where the second stage CNCs degradation showed a significative correlation with CNC sulfur content. In our analysis, the crystallographic parameters exhibited a correlation with the mechanical behavior of the CNC, since the potential variation between the distances of the crystalline planes is related to the stress and deformation present in the crystallites of CNCs. This study provides new knowledge regarding CNCs, further enhancing information for CNC-based industries and the processability of CNCs for the development of new materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Graciela Aguayo
- Centro de Biomateriales y Nanotecnología, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Concepción C.P. 4081112, Chile
- Correspondence:
| | - Arturo Fernández-Pérez
- Facultad de Ciencias, Depto. de Física, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Concepción C.P. 4081112, Chile;
| | - Claudia Oviedo
- Facultad de Ciencias, Depto. de Química, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Concepción C.P. 4081112, Chile;
| | - Guillermo Reyes
- Biobased Colloids and Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland;
| | - Pablo Reyes-Contreras
- Centro de Excelencia en Nanotecnología Leitat Chile (CEN), LEITAT Chile, Santiago C.P. 7500000, Chile;
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14
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Iwanow M, Gärtner T, Sieber V, König B. Activated carbon as catalyst support: precursors, preparation, modification and characterization. Beilstein J Org Chem 2020; 16:1188-1202. [PMID: 32550932 PMCID: PMC7277711 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.16.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The preparation of activated carbon materials is discussed along selected examples of precursor materials, of available production and modification methods and possible characterization techniques. We evaluate the preparation methods for activated carbon materials with respect to its use as catalyst support and identify important parameters for metal loading. The considered carbon sources include coal, wood, agricultural wastes or biomass as well as ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvents or precursor solutions. The preparation of the activated carbon usually involves pre-treatment steps followed by physical or chemical activation and application dependent modification. In addition, highly porous materials can also be produced by salt templating or ultrasonic spray pyrolysis as well as by microwave irradiation. The resulting activated carbon materials are characterized by a variety of techniques such as SEM, FTIR, nitrogen adsorption, Boehm titrations, adsorption of phenol, methylene blue and iodine, TPD, CHNS/O elemental analysis, EDX, XPS, XRD and TGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Iwanow
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Bio-, Electro- and Chemocatalysis BioCat, Straubing Branch, Schulgasse 11a, 94315 Straubing, Germany.,Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Gärtner
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Bio-, Electro- and Chemocatalysis BioCat, Straubing Branch, Schulgasse 11a, 94315 Straubing, Germany
| | - Volker Sieber
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Bio-, Electro- and Chemocatalysis BioCat, Straubing Branch, Schulgasse 11a, 94315 Straubing, Germany.,Technical University of Munich, Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Schulgasse 16, 94315 Straubing, Germany
| | - Burkhard König
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
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Ciftyürek E, Šmíd B, Li Z, Matolín V, Schierbaum K. Spectroscopic Understanding of SnO 2 and WO 3 Metal Oxide Surfaces with Advanced Synchrotron Based; XPS-UPS and Near Ambient Pressure (NAP) XPS Surface Sensitive Techniques for Gas Sensor Applications under Operational Conditions. Sensors (Basel) 2019; 19:E4737. [PMID: 31683653 DOI: 10.3390/s19214737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The most promising and utilized chemical sensing materials, WO3 and SnO2 were characterized by means advanced synchrotron based XPS, UPS, NAP-XPS techniques. The complementary electrical resistance and sensor testing experiments were also completed. A comparison and evaluation of some of the prominent and newly employed spectroscopic characterization techniques for chemical sensors were provided. The chemical nature and oxidation state of the WO3 and SnO2 thin films were explored at different depths from imminent surface to a maximum of 1.5 nm depth from the surface with non-destructive depth profiling. The adsorption and amount of chemisorbed oxygen species were precisely analyzed and quantified as a function of temperature between 25–400 °C under realistic operating conditions for chemical sensors employing 1–5 mbar pressures of oxygen (O2) and carbon monoxide (CO). The effect of realistic CO and O2 gas pressures on adsorbed water (H2O), OH− groups and chemisorbed oxygen species (O2(ads)−, O(ads), −O2(ads)2−) and chemical stability of metal oxide surfaces were evaluated and quantified.
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16
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Liu D, Shadike Z, Lin R, Qian K, Li H, Li K, Wang S, Yu Q, Liu M, Ganapathy S, Qin X, Yang QH, Wagemaker M, Kang F, Yang XQ, Li B. Review of Recent Development of In Situ/Operando Characterization Techniques for Lithium Battery Research. Adv Mater 2019; 31:e1806620. [PMID: 31099081 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201806620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The increasing demands of energy storage require the significant improvement of current Li-ion battery electrode materials and the development of advanced electrode materials. Thus, it is necessary to gain an in-depth understanding of the reaction processes, degradation mechanism, and thermal decomposition mechanisms under realistic operation conditions. This understanding can be obtained by in situ/operando characterization techniques, which provide information on the structure evolution, redox mechanism, solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation, side reactions, and Li-ion transport properties under operating conditions. Here, the recent developments in the in situ/operando techniques employed for the investigation of the structural stability, dynamic properties, chemical environment changes, and morphological evolution are described and summarized. The experimental approaches reviewed here include X-ray, electron, neutron, optical, and scanning probes. The experimental methods and operating principles, especially the in situ cell designs, are described in detail. Representative studies of the in situ/operando techniques are summarized, and finally the major current challenges and future opportunities are discussed. Several important battery challenges are likely to benefit from these in situ/operando techniques, including the inhomogeneous reactions of high-energy-density cathodes, the development of safe and reversible Li metal plating, and the development of stable SEI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqing Liu
- Engineering Laboratory for the Next Generation Power and Energy Storage Batteries, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zulipiya Shadike
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Ruoqian Lin
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Kun Qian
- Engineering Laboratory for the Next Generation Power and Energy Storage Batteries, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Nano Energy Materials Laboratory (NEM), Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Hai Li
- Engineering Laboratory for the Next Generation Power and Energy Storage Batteries, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Kaikai Li
- Interdisciplinary Division of Aeronautical and Aviation Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Shuwei Wang
- Engineering Laboratory for the Next Generation Power and Energy Storage Batteries, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Qipeng Yu
- Engineering Laboratory for the Next Generation Power and Energy Storage Batteries, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Radiation Science and Technology Delft University of Technology Mekelweg 15, Delft, 2629JB, The Netherlands
| | - Swapna Ganapathy
- Department of Radiation Science and Technology Delft University of Technology Mekelweg 15, Delft, 2629JB, The Netherlands
| | - Xianying Qin
- Engineering Laboratory for the Next Generation Power and Energy Storage Batteries, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Quan-Hong Yang
- Nanoyang Group, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Marnix Wagemaker
- Department of Radiation Science and Technology Delft University of Technology Mekelweg 15, Delft, 2629JB, The Netherlands
| | - Feiyu Kang
- Engineering Laboratory for the Next Generation Power and Energy Storage Batteries, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Nano Energy Materials Laboratory (NEM), Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Yang
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Baohua Li
- Engineering Laboratory for the Next Generation Power and Energy Storage Batteries, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Materials and Devices Testing Center, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University and Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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17
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Issa AA, Luyt AS. Kinetics of Alkoxysilanes and Organoalkoxysilanes Polymerization: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11030537. [PMID: 30960521 PMCID: PMC6473841 DOI: 10.3390/polym11030537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Scientists from various different fields use organo-trialkoxysilanes and tetraalkoxysilanes in a number of applications. The silica-based materials are sometimes synthesized without a good understanding of the underlying reaction kinetics. This literature review attempts to be a comprehensive and more technical article in which the kinetics of alkoxysilanes polymerization are discussed. The kinetics of polymerization are controlled by primary factors, such as catalysts, water/silane ratio, pH, and organo-functional groups, while secondary factors, such as temperature, solvent, ionic strength, leaving group, and silane concentration, also have an influence on the reaction rates. Experiments to find correlations between these factors and reaction rates are restricted to certain conditions and most of them disregard the properties of the solvent. In this review, polymerization kinetics are discussed in the first two sections, with the first section covering early stage reactions when the reaction medium is homogenous, and the second section covering when phase separation occurs and the reaction medium becomes heterogeneous. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and other techniques are discussed in the third section. The last section summarizes the study of reaction mechanisms by using ab initio and Density Functional Theory (DFT) methods alone, and in combination with molecular dynamics (MD) or Monte Carlo (MC) methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Issa
- Department of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, CAS, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar.
| | - Adriaan S Luyt
- Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar.
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18
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Predescu AM, Matei E, Berbecaru AC, Pantilimon C, Drăgan C, Vidu R, Predescu C, Kuncser V. Synthesis and characterization of dextran-coated iron oxide nanoparticles. R Soc Open Sci 2018; 5:171525. [PMID: 29657763 PMCID: PMC5882687 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.171525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis and characterization of iron oxide nanoparticles coated with a large molar weight dextran for environmental applications are reported. The first experiments involved the synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles which were coated with dextran at different concentrations. The synthesis was performed by a co-precipitation technique, while the coating of iron oxide nanoparticles was carried out in solution. The obtained nanoparticles were characterized by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and superconducting quantum interference device magnetometry. The results demonstrated a successful coating of iron oxide nanoparticles with large molar weight dextran, of which agglomeration tendency depended on the amount of dextran in the coating solution. SEM and TEM observations have shown that the iron oxide nanoparticles are of about 7 nm in size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andra Mihaela Predescu
- University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, Bucharest 060042, Romania
| | - Ecaterina Matei
- University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, Bucharest 060042, Romania
- Author for correspondence: Ecaterina Matei e-mail:
| | | | - Cristian Pantilimon
- University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, Bucharest 060042, Romania
| | - Claudia Drăgan
- University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, Bucharest 060042, Romania
| | - Ruxandra Vidu
- University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, Bucharest 060042, Romania
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Cristian Predescu
- University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, Bucharest 060042, Romania
| | - Victor Kuncser
- National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomistilor Street 405A, Magurele, Ilfov 077125, Romania
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19
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Fornaguera C, Solans C. Methods for the In Vitro Characterization of Nanomedicines-Biological Component Interaction. J Pers Med 2017; 7:jpm7010002. [PMID: 28134833 PMCID: PMC5374392 DOI: 10.3390/jpm7010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The design of colloidal nanosystems intended for biomedical applications, specifically in the field of personalized medicine, has increased notably in the last years. Consequently, a variety of characterization techniques devoted to studying nanomedicine interactions with proteins and cells have been developed, since a deep characterization of nanosystems is required before starting preclinical and clinical studies. In this context, this review aims to summarize the main techniques used to assess the interaction of nanomedicines with biological systems, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages. Testing designed nanomaterials with these techniques is required in order to have more information about their behavior on a physiological environment. Moreover, techniques used to study the interaction of nanomedicines with proteins, such as albumin and fibrinogen, are summarized. These interactions are not desired, since they usually are the first signal to the body for the activation of the immune system, which leads to the clearance of the exogenous components. On the other hand, techniques for studying the cell toxicity of nanosystems are also summarized, since this information is required before starting preclinical steps. The translation of knowledge from novel designed nanosystems at a research laboratory scale to real human therapies is usually a limiting or even a final point due to the lack of systematic studies regarding these two aspects: nanoparticle interaction with biological components and nanoparticle cytotoxicity. In conclusion, this review will be a useful support for those scientists aiming to develop nanosystems for nanomedicine purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Conxita Solans
- Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC) and Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, 08034, Spain.
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20
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Zeis R. Materials and characterization techniques for high-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2015; 6:68-83. [PMID: 25671153 PMCID: PMC4311728 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.6.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The performance of high-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (HT-PEMFC) is critically dependent on the selection of materials and optimization of individual components. A conventional high-temperature membrane electrode assembly (HT-MEA) primarily consists of a polybenzimidazole (PBI)-type membrane containing phosphoric acid and two gas diffusion electrodes (GDE), the anode and the cathode, attached to the two surfaces of the membrane. This review article provides a survey on the materials implemented in state-of-the-art HT-MEAs. These materials must meet extremely demanding requirements because of the severe operating conditions of HT-PEMFCs. They need to be electrochemically and thermally stable in highly acidic environment. The polymer membranes should exhibit high proton conductivity in low-hydration and even anhydrous states. Of special concern for phosphoric-acid-doped PBI-type membranes is the acid loss and management during operation. The slow oxygen reduction reaction in HT-PEMFCs remains a challenge. Phosphoric acid tends to adsorb onto the surface of the platinum catalyst and therefore hampers the reaction kinetics. Additionally, the binder material plays a key role in regulating the hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity of the catalyst layer. Subsequently, the binder controls the electrode-membrane interface that establishes the triple phase boundary between proton conductive electrolyte, electron conductive catalyst, and reactant gases. Moreover, the elevated operating temperatures promote carbon corrosion and therefore degrade the integrity of the catalyst support. These are only some examples how materials properties affect the stability and performance of HT-PEMFCs. For this reason, materials characterization techniques for HT-PEMFCs, either in situ or ex situ, are highly beneficial. Significant progress has recently been made in this field, which enables us to gain a better understanding of underlying processes occurring during fuel cell operation. Various novel tools for characterizing and diagnosing HT-PEMFCs and key components are presented in this review, including FTIR and Raman spectroscopy, confocal Raman microscopy, synchrotron X-ray imaging, X-ray microtomography, and atomic force microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roswitha Zeis
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Helmholtz Institute Ulm, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
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21
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Wang Y, Chen W, Wang B, Zheng Y. Ultrathin Ferroelectric Films: Growth, Characterization, Physics and Applications. Materials (Basel) 2014; 7:6377-6485. [PMID: 28788196 PMCID: PMC5456150 DOI: 10.3390/ma7096377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Ultrathin ferroelectric films are of increasing interests these years, owing to the need of device miniaturization and their wide spectrum of appealing properties. Recent advanced deposition methods and characterization techniques have largely broadened the scope of experimental researches of ultrathin ferroelectric films, pushing intensive property study and promising device applications. This review aims to cover state-of-the-art experimental works of ultrathin ferroelectric films, with a comprehensive survey of growth methods, characterization techniques, important phenomena and properties, as well as device applications. The strongest emphasis is on those aspects intimately related to the unique phenomena and physics of ultrathin ferroelectric films. Prospects and challenges of this field also have been highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
- Micro & Nano Physics and Mechanics Research Laboratory, School of Physics and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Weijin Chen
- Micro & Nano Physics and Mechanics Research Laboratory, School of Physics and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Biao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Yue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
- Micro & Nano Physics and Mechanics Research Laboratory, School of Physics and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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Potnis PR, Tsou NT, Huber JE. A Review of Domain Modelling and Domain Imaging Techniques in Ferroelectric Crystals. Materials (Basel) 2011; 4:417-47. [PMID: 28879998 DOI: 10.3390/ma4020417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The present paper reviews models of domain structure in ferroelectric crystals, thin films and bulk materials. Common crystal structures in ferroelectric materials are described and the theory of compatible domain patterns is introduced. Applications to multi-rank laminates are presented. Alternative models employing phase-field and related techniques are reviewed. The paper then presents methods of observing ferroelectric domain structure, including optical, polarized light, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray and neutron diffraction, atomic force microscopy and piezo-force microscopy. Use of more than one technique for unambiguous identification of the domain structure is also described.
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