1
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Nguyen T, Dutton JL, Chang CY, Zhou W, Piers WE. Direct C-H electrophilic borylation with (C 6F 5) 2B-NTf 2 to generate B-N dibenzo[ a, h]pyrenes. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:7273-7281. [PMID: 38487875 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00469h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
The borylation of aryl substituted pyridines is an effective way of preparing B-N doped conjugated organic frameworks. Trihaloborane Lewis acids are often employed for this protocol, and may require further functionalization to replace the remaining halides on boron. We report a new, fully characterized, electrophilic borylating agent, (C6F5)2B(κ2-NTf2), that smoothly incorporates a -B(C6F5)2 unit into the model substrate 2-phenylpyridine. To demonstrate its utility in preparing more complex B-N doped structures, we use it to prepare seven examples of the 6a,13a-diaza-7,14-dibora-dibenzo[a,h]pyrene framework, with substituents of varying donor properties. The structural, redox, and photophysical properties of this new family of B-N doped polycyclic hydrocarbon compounds were probed experimentally and computationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Jason L Dutton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Chia Yun Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Wen Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Warren E Piers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada.
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2
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Tuci G, Pugliesi M, Rossin A, Pham‐Huu C, Berretti E, Giambastiani G. Design of a Novel Naphtiridine‐based Covalent Triazine Framework for Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage Applications. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202203560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Tuci
- Institute of Chemistry of OrganoMetallic Compounds ICCOM-CNR and Consorzio INSTM Via Madonna del Piano, 10 50019 Sesto F.no Florence Italy
| | - Matteo Pugliesi
- Institute of Chemistry of OrganoMetallic Compounds ICCOM-CNR and Consorzio INSTM Via Madonna del Piano, 10 50019 Sesto F.no Florence Italy
| | - Andrea Rossin
- Institute of Chemistry of OrganoMetallic Compounds ICCOM-CNR and Consorzio INSTM Via Madonna del Piano, 10 50019 Sesto F.no Florence Italy
| | - Cuong Pham‐Huu
- Institute of Chemistry and Processes for Energy Environment and Health (ICPEES) ECPM, UMR 7515 of the CNRS and University of Strasbourg 25 rue Becquerel 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 02 France
| | - Enrico Berretti
- Institute of Chemistry of OrganoMetallic Compounds ICCOM-CNR and Consorzio INSTM Via Madonna del Piano, 10 50019 Sesto F.no Florence Italy
| | - Giuliano Giambastiani
- Institute of Chemistry of OrganoMetallic Compounds ICCOM-CNR and Consorzio INSTM Via Madonna del Piano, 10 50019 Sesto F.no Florence Italy
- Institute of Chemistry and Processes for Energy Environment and Health (ICPEES) ECPM, UMR 7515 of the CNRS and University of Strasbourg 25 rue Becquerel 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 02 France
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3
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Sunagatullina AS, Lutter FH, Knochel P. Preparation of Primary and Secondary Dialkylmagnesiums by a Radical I/Mg‐Exchange Reaction Using
s
Bu
2
Mg in Toluene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202116625. [PMID: 35044040 PMCID: PMC9302629 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202116625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of primary or secondary alkyl iodides with sBu2Mg in toluene (25–40 °C, 2–4 h) provided dialkylmagnesiums that underwent various reactions with aldehydes, ketones, acid chlorides or allylic bromides. 3‐Substituted secondary cyclohexyl iodides led to all‐cis‐3‐cyclohexylmagnesium reagents under these exchange conditions in a highly stereoconvergent manner. Enantiomerically enriched 3‐silyloxy‐substituted secondary alkyl iodides gave after an exchange reaction with sBu2Mg stereodefined dialkylmagnesiums that after quenching with various electrophiles furnished various 1,3‐stereodefined products including homo‐aldol products (99 % dr and 98 % ee). Mechanistic studies confirmed a radical pathway for these new iodine/magnesium‐exchange reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa S. Sunagatullina
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
| | - Ferdinand H. Lutter
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
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4
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Dietschreit JCB, Diestler DJ, Ochsenfeld C. How to obtain reaction free energies from free-energy profiles. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:114105. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0083423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
For chemical reactions that occur via the rearrangement of atoms from a configuration about one minimum (reactant, R) of the potential energy surface (PES) to a configuration about another minimum (product, P), an exact relation between the Helmholtz reaction free energy (Δ FRP) and the free-energy profile (FEP) can be derived. Since the FEP assumes a form similar to that of the PES along the minimum energy path between R and P, there is an unfortunate tendency to regard the FEP as the “free-energy” analog of the minimum energy path and consequently to equate Δ FRP to the difference between the values of the FEP at the minima corresponding to R and P. Analytic treatments of one- and two-dimensional models are presented that show how this mistaken idea leads to errors. In effect, treating the FEP by analogy with the minimum energy path neglects the role of entropy. The FEP is a function of a collective variable (CV), which must be chosen to describe the course of the rearrangement consistently with the exact relation between Δ FRP and the FEP. For large systems of common interest, the PES is often so complex that a straightforward way of choosing a CV is lacking. Consequently, one is forced to make an educated guess. A criterion for judging the quality of the guess is proposed and applied to a two-dimensional model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes C. B. Dietschreit
- Chair of Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 7, D-81377 München, Germany
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | | | - Christian Ochsenfeld
- Chair of Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 7, D-81377 München, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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5
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Suitability of Carbazolyl Hauser and Turbo‐Hauser Bases as Magnesium‐Based Electrolytes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202200149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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6
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Sunagatullina AS, Lutter FH, Knochel P. Herstellung von primären und sekundären Dialkylmagnesiumverbindungen durch eine radikalische I/Mg‐Austauschreaktion mit
s
Bu
2
Mg in Toluol. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202116625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alisa S. Sunagatullina
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81 377 München Deutschland
| | - Ferdinand H. Lutter
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81 377 München Deutschland
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81 377 München Deutschland
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7
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Täufer T, Quasdorf M, Ehlers P, Langer P. Synthesis and properties of Tetraaryl-1,8-naphthyridines. Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.132537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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8
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Wei B, Knochel P. Recent Advances in Cross-Couplings of Functionalized Organozinc Reagents. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1589-0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
AbstractCross-couplings involving organozinc reagents usually require a Pd-catalyst (Negishi cross-coupling), however, uncatalyzed cross-couplings of zinc organometallics proceed well in the absence of transition-metal catalysts with reactive electrophiles such as benzal 1,1-diacetates, benzhydryl acetates, and iminium trifluoroacetates. Organozinc compounds also undergo C–N bond formation with O-benzoylhydroxylamines or organic azides in the presence of cobalt- or iron-catalysts. Highly diastereoselective and enantioselective cross-couplings can be readily performed with room-temperature configurationally stable alkylzinc species, producing diastereoselectively and enantiomerically enriched products. Finally, highly regioselective magnesiations of functionalized arenes and heteroarenes undergo Negishi (after transmetalation with ZnCl2) or Cu-catalyzed cross-couplings.1 Introduction2 Uncatalyzed Cross-Couplings of Organozinc Reagents with Highly Electrophilic Partners3 Iron- and Cobalt-Catalyzed Aminations using Organozinc Reagents4 Stereo- and Regioselective Cross-Couplings of Organozinc Reagents5 Conclusion
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9
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Kremsmair A, Hess A, Heinz B, Knochel P. Regioselective Magnesiations and Zincations of Aromatics and Heterocycles Triggered by Lewis Acids. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202103269. [PMID: 34704653 PMCID: PMC9300163 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Mixed TMP‐bases (TMP=2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidyl), such as TMPMgCl ⋅ LiCl, TMP2Mg ⋅ 2LiCl, TMPZnCl ⋅ LiCl and TMP2Zn ⋅ 2LiCl, are outstanding reagents for the metalation of functionalized aromatics and heterocycles. In the presence of Lewis acids, such as BF3 ⋅ OEt2 or MgCl2, the metalation scope of such bases was dramatically increased, and regioselectivity switches were achieved in the presence or absence of these Lewis acids. Furthermore, highly reactive lithium bases, such as TMPLi or Cy2NLi, are also compatible with various Lewis acids, such as MgCl2 ⋅ 2LiCl, ZnCl2 ⋅ 2LiCl or CuCN ⋅ 2LiCl. Performing such metalations in continuous flow using commercial setups permitted practical and convenient reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kremsmair
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Chemie und Pharmazie, GERMANY
| | - Andreas Hess
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Chemie und Pharmazie, GERMANY
| | - Benjamin Heinz
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Chemie und Pharamzie, GERMANY
| | - Paul Knochel
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Department of Chemistry, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, München, GERMANY
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10
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Rak K, Klikar M, Burešová Z, Mazúr P, Mikešová M, Kvíčala J, Bureš F. Electrochemical investigation of structurally varied azinium scaffolds. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:8830-8839. [PMID: 34554164 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01758f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Inspired by the successful utilization of aziniums as anolytes in redox-flow batteries, we have designed and prepared a systematically extended series of (di)azinium compounds based on pyrazine, bipyridine, 1,5-naphthyridine, 3,8-phenanthroline, (E)-4,4'-diazastilbene and 1,2-bis(pyridin-4-yl)acetylene. It has been revealed that the fundamental electrochemical properties are affected mostly by the water-solubility and chemical stability of the particular redox forms. Based on the systematically evolved azinium structure and gathered electrochemical data, structure-property relationships were thoroughly elucidated. Further investigation on flow battery cells identified that the known 4,4'-bipyridinium decorated with two peripheral N-propyl-3-sulfonato pendants allows utilizing both redox steps with good cycling stability, while the naphthyridine scaffold turned out to be a new and promising scaffold for redox-flow batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Rak
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, Pardubice, 53210, Czech Republic.
| | - Milan Klikar
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, Pardubice, 53210, Czech Republic.
| | - Zuzana Burešová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, Pardubice, 53210, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Mazúr
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague, 16628, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Mikešová
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague, 16628, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Kvíčala
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague, 16628, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Bureš
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, Pardubice, 53210, Czech Republic.
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11
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Miwa S, Yokota M, Ueyama Y, Maeda K, Ogoshi Y, Seki N, Ogawa N, Nishihata J, Nomura A, Adachi T, Kitao Y, Nozawa K, Ishikawa T, Ukaji Y, Shiozaki M. Discovery of Selective Transforming Growth Factor β Type II Receptor Inhibitors as Antifibrosis Agents. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:745-751. [PMID: 34055221 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, modulation of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling has been deemed a rational strategy to treat many disorders, though few successful examples have been reported to date. This difficulty could be partially attributed to the challenges of achieving good specificity over many closely related enzymes that are implicated in distinct phenotypes in organ development and in tissue homeostasis. Recently, fresolimumab and disitertide, two peptidic TGF-β blockers, demonstrated significant therapeutic effects toward human skin fibrosis. Therefore, the selective blockage of TGF-β signaling assures a viable treatment option for fibrotic skin disorders such as systemic sclerosis (SSc). In this report, we disclose selective TGF-β type II receptor (TGF-βRII) inhibitors that exhibited high functional selectivity in cell-based assays. The representative compound 29 attenuated collagen type I alpha 1 chain (COL1A1) expression in a mouse fibrosis model, which suggests that selective inhibition of TGF-βRII-dependent signaling could be a new treatment for fibrotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Miwa
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
- Division of Material Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yokota
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Ueyama
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Katsuya Maeda
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Yosuke Ogoshi
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Noriyoshi Seki
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Naoki Ogawa
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Jun Nishihata
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Akihiro Nomura
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Adachi
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Yuki Kitao
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Keisuke Nozawa
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Ishikawa
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Yutaka Ukaji
- Division of Material Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Makoto Shiozaki
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
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12
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Bozzini LA, Santos TD, Murie VE, de Mello MBM, Vessecchi R, Clososki GC. Regioselective Functionalization of Ester-, Amide-, Carbonate-, and Carbamate-Substituted 2-Phenyl-2-oxazolines with Mixed Lithium-Magnesium Amides. J Org Chem 2021; 86:1204-1215. [PMID: 33296214 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We have prepared novel highly functionalized benzene derivatives by regioselective metalation of ester-, amide-, carbamate-, and carbonate-substituted 2-phenyl-2-oxazolines with mixed lithium-magnesium amides followed by reaction with different electrophiles. While a complementary metalation site can be accessed by using different bases, steric and electronic effects promoted by the aromatic ring substituents also play an important role in reaction regioselectivity. Computational calculations of the aromatic hydrogen pKa values have helped us to rationalize the metalation preference by the complex-induced proximity effect concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro A Bozzini
- Departamento de Ciências BioMoleculares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, Ribeirão Preto-SP 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Thiago Dos Santos
- Departamento de Ciências BioMoleculares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, Ribeirão Preto-SP 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Valter E Murie
- Departamento de Ciências BioMoleculares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, Ribeirão Preto-SP 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Murilo B M de Mello
- Departamento de Ciências BioMoleculares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, Ribeirão Preto-SP 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Vessecchi
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. dos Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto-SP 14090-901, Brazil
| | - Giuliano C Clososki
- Departamento de Ciências BioMoleculares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, Ribeirão Preto-SP 14040-903, Brazil
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13
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Ucar S, Dastan A. One‐pot
homo‐ and
cross‐coupling
of diazanaphthalenes via
C‐H
substitution: Synthesis of Bis‐ and
Tris‐diazanaphthalenes. J Heterocycl Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.4111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sefa Ucar
- Institution, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences Atatürk University Erzurum Turkey
| | - Arif Dastan
- Institution, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences Atatürk University Erzurum Turkey
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14
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Lutter FH, Grokenberger L, Perego LA, Broggini D, Lemaire S, Wagschal S, Knochel P. Regioselective functionalization of aryl azoles as powerful tool for the synthesis of pharmaceutically relevant targets. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4443. [PMID: 32895371 PMCID: PMC7477575 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18188-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aryl azole scaffolds are present in a wide range of pharmaceutically relevant molecules. Their ortho-selective metalation at the aryl ring is challenging, due to the competitive metalation of the more acidic heterocycle. Seeking a practical access to a key Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) intermediate currently in development, we investigated the metalation of 1-aryl-1H-1,2,3-triazoles and other related heterocycles with sterically hindered metal-amide bases. We report here a room temperature and highly regioselective ortho-magnesiation of several aryl azoles using a tailored magnesium amide, TMPMgBu (TMP = 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidyl) in hydrocarbon solvents followed by an efficient Pd-catalyzed arylation. This scalable and selective reaction allows variation of the initial substitution pattern of the aryl ring, the nature of the azole moiety, as well as the nature of the electrophile. This versatile method can be applied to the synthesis of bioactive azole derivatives and complements existing metal-mediated ortho-functionalizations. Aryl azoles are common scaffolds in pharmaceutically relevant molecules. Here, the authors report the mild and highly regioselective ortho magnesiation of aryl azoles using a tailored magnesium amide base in hydrocarbon solvents followed by an efficient Pd-catalyzed arylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinand H Lutter
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department Chemie, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Lucie Grokenberger
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department Chemie, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Luca Alessandro Perego
- Discovery Product Development and Supply, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Hochstrasse 201, 8200, Schaffhausen, Switzerland
| | - Diego Broggini
- Discovery Product Development and Supply, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Hochstrasse 201, 8200, Schaffhausen, Switzerland
| | - Sébastien Lemaire
- Discovery Product Development and Supply, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Simon Wagschal
- Discovery Product Development and Supply, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Hochstrasse 201, 8200, Schaffhausen, Switzerland.
| | - Paul Knochel
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department Chemie, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F, 81377, München, Germany.
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15
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Balkenhohl M, Jangra H, Makarov IS, Yang S, Zipse H, Knochel P. A Predictive Model Towards Site-Selective Metalations of Functionalized Heterocycles, Arenes, Olefins, and Alkanes using TMPZnCl⋅LiCl. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:14992-14999. [PMID: 32400069 PMCID: PMC7497272 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202005372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The development of a predictive model towards site-selective deprotometalation reactions using TMPZnCl⋅LiCl is reported (TMP=2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl). The pKa values of functionalized N-, S-, and O-heterocycles, arenes, alkenes, or alkanes were calculated and compared to the experimental deprotonation sites. Large overlap (>80 %) between the calculated and empirical deprotonation sites was observed, showing that thermodynamic factors strongly govern the metalation regioselectivity. In the case of olefins, calculated frozen state energies of the deprotonated substrates allowed a more accurate prediction. Additionally, various new N-heterocycles were analyzed and the metalation regioselectivities rationalized using the predictive model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Balkenhohl
- Department of ChemistryLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstr. 5–1381377MunichGermany
| | - Harish Jangra
- Department of ChemistryLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstr. 5–1381377MunichGermany
| | - Ilya S. Makarov
- Department of ChemistryLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstr. 5–1381377MunichGermany
| | - Shu‐Mei Yang
- Department of ChemistryNational (Taiwan) Normal University88, Sec. 4, Tingchow RoadTaipei11677Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hendrik Zipse
- Department of ChemistryLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstr. 5–1381377MunichGermany
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department of ChemistryLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstr. 5–1381377MunichGermany
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16
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Balkenhohl M, Jangra H, Makarov IS, Yang S, Zipse H, Knochel P. A Predictive Model Towards Site‐Selective Metalations of Functionalized Heterocycles, Arenes, Olefins, and Alkanes using TMPZnCl⋅LiCl. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202005372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Balkenhohl
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstr. 5–13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Harish Jangra
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstr. 5–13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Ilya S. Makarov
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstr. 5–13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Shu‐Mei Yang
- Department of Chemistry National (Taiwan) Normal University 88, Sec. 4, Tingchow Road Taipei 11677 Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hendrik Zipse
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstr. 5–13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstr. 5–13 81377 Munich Germany
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17
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Synthetic Strategies, Reactivity and Applications of 1,5-Naphthyridines. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25143252. [PMID: 32708796 PMCID: PMC7397193 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25143252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This review covers the synthesis and reactivity of 1,5-naphthyridine derivatives published in the last 18 years. These heterocycles present a significant importance in the field of medicinal chemistry because many of them exhibit a great variety of biological activities. First, the published strategies related to the synthesis of 1,5-naphthyridines are presented followed by the reactivity of these compounds with electrophilic or nucleophilic reagents, in oxidations, reductions, cross-coupling reactions, modification of side chains or formation of metal complexes. Finally, some properties and applications of these heterocycles studied during this period are examined.
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18
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Berton M, Sheehan K, Adamo A, McQuade DT. Disposable cartridge concept for the on-demand synthesis of turbo Grignards, Knochel-Hauser amides, and magnesium alkoxides. Beilstein J Org Chem 2020; 16:1343-1356. [PMID: 32595782 PMCID: PMC7308606 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.16.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnesium organometallic reagents occupy a central position in organic synthesis. The freshness of these compounds is the key for achieving a high conversion and reproducible results. Common methods for the synthesis of Grignard reagents from metallic magnesium present safety issues and exhibit a batch-to-batch variability. Tubular reactors of solid reagents combined with solution-phase reagents enable the continuous-flow preparation of organomagnesium reagents. The use of stratified packed-bed columns of magnesium metal and lithium chloride for the synthesis of highly concentrated turbo Grignards is reported. A low-cost pod-style synthesizer prototype, which incorporates single-use prepacked perfluorinated cartridges and bags of reagents for the automated on-demand lab-scale synthesis of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen turbo magnesium bases is presented. This concept will provide access to fresh organomagnesium reagents on a discovery scale and will do so independent from the operator’s experience in flow and/or organometallic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateo Berton
- Department of Chemical and Life Sciences Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Biotech Eight, 737 N. 5th St., Box 980100, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
| | - Kevin Sheehan
- Zaiput Flow Technologies, 300 2nd Avenue, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - Andrea Adamo
- Zaiput Flow Technologies, 300 2nd Avenue, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - D Tyler McQuade
- Department of Chemical and Life Sciences Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Biotech Eight, 737 N. 5th St., Box 980100, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
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19
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Bertallo CRDS, Arroio TR, Toledo MFZJ, Sadler SA, Vessecchi R, Steel PG, Clososki GC. C‐H Activation/Metalation Approaches for the Synthesis of Indolizine Derivatives. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Camila R. d. S. Bertallo
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto Universidade de São Paulo Av. do Café S/N 14040‐903 Ribeirão Preto ‐ SP Brazil
| | - Thais R. Arroio
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto Universidade de São Paulo Av. do Café S/N 14040‐903 Ribeirão Preto ‐ SP Brazil
| | - Mônica F. Z. J. Toledo
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto Universidade de São Paulo Av. do Café S/N 14040‐903 Ribeirão Preto ‐ SP Brazil
| | - Scott A. Sadler
- Department of Chemistry Durham University South Road DH1 3LE Durham UK
| | - Ricardo Vessecchi
- Departamento de Química Faculdade de Filosofia Universidade de São Paulo Av. Bandeirantes 3900 14040‐901 Ribeirão Preto ‐ SP Brazil
| | - Patrick G. Steel
- Department of Chemistry Durham University South Road DH1 3LE Durham UK
| | - Giuliano C. Clososki
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto Universidade de São Paulo Av. do Café S/N 14040‐903 Ribeirão Preto ‐ SP Brazil
- Departamento de Química Faculdade de Filosofia Universidade de São Paulo Av. Bandeirantes 3900 14040‐901 Ribeirão Preto ‐ SP Brazil
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20
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Balkenhohl M, Jangra H, Lenz T, Ebeling M, Zipse H, Karaghiosoff K, Knochel P. Lewis‐Säure‐dirigierte regioselektive Metallierungen an Pyridazin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201903839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Balkenhohl
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenDepartment Chemie Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Harish Jangra
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenDepartment Chemie Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Tobias Lenz
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenDepartment Chemie Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Marian Ebeling
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenDepartment Chemie Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Hendrik Zipse
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenDepartment Chemie Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Konstantin Karaghiosoff
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenDepartment Chemie Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Paul Knochel
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenDepartment Chemie Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
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21
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Balkenhohl M, Jangra H, Lenz T, Ebeling M, Zipse H, Karaghiosoff K, Knochel P. Lewis Acid Directed Regioselective Metalations of Pyridazine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:9244-9247. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201903839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Balkenhohl
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenDepartment Chemie Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
| | - Harish Jangra
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenDepartment Chemie Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
| | - Tobias Lenz
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenDepartment Chemie Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
| | - Marian Ebeling
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenDepartment Chemie Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
| | - Hendrik Zipse
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenDepartment Chemie Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
| | - Konstantin Karaghiosoff
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenDepartment Chemie Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
| | - Paul Knochel
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenDepartment Chemie Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
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22
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Bouarfa S, Graßl S, Ivanova M, Langlais T, Bentabed-Ababsa G, Lassagne F, Erb W, Roisnel T, Dorcet V, Knochel P, Mongin F. Copper- and Cobalt-Catalyzed Syntheses of Thiophene-Based Tertiary Amines. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Salima Bouarfa
- CNRS; ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226; Univ Rennes; 35000 Rennes France
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique Appliquée; Faculté des Sciences Exactes et Appliquées; Université Oran1 Ahmed Ben Bella; BP 1524 El M′Naouer 31000 Oran Algeria
| | - Simon Graßl
- Department Chemie; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
| | - Maria Ivanova
- Department Chemie; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
| | - Timothy Langlais
- CNRS; ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226; Univ Rennes; 35000 Rennes France
- Department Chemie; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
| | - Ghenia Bentabed-Ababsa
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique Appliquée; Faculté des Sciences Exactes et Appliquées; Université Oran1 Ahmed Ben Bella; BP 1524 El M′Naouer 31000 Oran Algeria
| | - Frédéric Lassagne
- CNRS; ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226; Univ Rennes; 35000 Rennes France
| | - William Erb
- CNRS; ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226; Univ Rennes; 35000 Rennes France
| | - Thierry Roisnel
- CNRS; ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226; Univ Rennes; 35000 Rennes France
| | - Vincent Dorcet
- CNRS; ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226; Univ Rennes; 35000 Rennes France
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department Chemie; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
| | - Florence Mongin
- CNRS; ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226; Univ Rennes; 35000 Rennes France
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23
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Robertson SD, Uzelac M, Mulvey RE. Alkali-Metal-Mediated Synergistic Effects in Polar Main Group Organometallic Chemistry. Chem Rev 2019; 119:8332-8405. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stuart D. Robertson
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, U.K
| | - Marina Uzelac
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, U.K
| | - Robert E. Mulvey
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, U.K
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24
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Li J, Tian Z, Ge X, Xu Z, Feng Y, Liu Z. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of fluorine and Naphthyridine–Based half-sandwich organoiridium/ruthenium complexes with bioimaging and anticancer activity. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 163:830-839. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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25
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Balkenhohl M, Heinz B, Abegg T, Knochel P. Amination of Phosphorodiamidate-Substituted Pyridines and Related N-Heterocycles with Magnesium Amides. Org Lett 2018; 20:8057-8060. [PMID: 30511876 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b03698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The amination of various phosphorodiamidate-substituted pyridines, quinolines, and quinoxaline with magnesium amides R2NMgCl·LiCl proceeds at room temperature within 8 h. Several pharmaceutically active amines were suitable substrates for this amination procedure, and also the antihistaminic tripelennamine was prepared. Additionally, several heterocyclic phosphorodiamidates underwent directed ortho-metalation (D oM) using TMPMgCl·LiCl (TMP = 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidyl) or TMP2Mg·2LiCl, followed by electrophilic functionalization prior to the amination step, which led to ortho-functionalized aminated N-heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Balkenhohl
- Department of Chemistry , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Butenandtstr. 5-13, Haus F , 81377 Munich , Germany
| | - Benjamin Heinz
- Department of Chemistry , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Butenandtstr. 5-13, Haus F , 81377 Munich , Germany
| | - Thomas Abegg
- Department of Chemistry , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Butenandtstr. 5-13, Haus F , 81377 Munich , Germany
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department of Chemistry , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Butenandtstr. 5-13, Haus F , 81377 Munich , Germany
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26
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Li J, Tan E, Keller N, Chen YH, Zehetmaier PM, Jakowetz AC, Bein T, Knochel P. Cobalt-Catalyzed Electrophilic Aminations with Anthranils: An Expedient Route to Condensed Quinolines. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 141:98-103. [PMID: 30558415 PMCID: PMC6400427 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b11466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
reaction of various organozinc pivalates with anthranils provides
anilines derivatives, which cyclize under acidic conditions providing
condensed quinolines. Using alkenylzinc pivalates, electron-rich arylzinc
pivalates or heterocyclic zinc pivalates produces directly the condensed
quinolines of which several structures belong to new heterocyclic
scaffolds. These N-heterocycles are of particular interest for organic
light emitting diodes with their high photoluminescence quantum yields
and long exciton lifetimes as well as for hole-transporting materials
in methylammonium lead iodide perovskites solar cells due to an optimal
band alignment for holes and a large bandgap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Department Chemie , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Butenandtstraße 5-13, Haus F , 81377 Munich , Germany.,School of Pharmaceutical Science , Jiangnan University , Lihu Road 1800 , 214122 Wuxi , Jiangsu , China
| | - Eric Tan
- Department Chemie , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Butenandtstraße 5-13, Haus F , 81377 Munich , Germany
| | - Niklas Keller
- Department Chemie , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Butenandtstraße 5-13, Haus F , 81377 Munich , Germany
| | - Yi-Hung Chen
- Department Chemie , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Butenandtstraße 5-13, Haus F , 81377 Munich , Germany
| | - Peter M Zehetmaier
- Department Chemie , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Butenandtstraße 5-13, Haus F , 81377 Munich , Germany
| | - Andreas C Jakowetz
- Department Chemie , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Butenandtstraße 5-13, Haus F , 81377 Munich , Germany
| | - Thomas Bein
- Department Chemie , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Butenandtstraße 5-13, Haus F , 81377 Munich , Germany
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department Chemie , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Butenandtstraße 5-13, Haus F , 81377 Munich , Germany
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27
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Dong ZB, Balkenhohl M, Tan E, Knochel P. Synthesis of Functionalized Diaryl Sulfides by Cobalt-Catalyzed Coupling between Arylzinc Pivalates and Diaryl Disulfides. Org Lett 2018; 20:7581-7584. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b03319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Bing Dong
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Moritz Balkenhohl
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Eric Tan
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
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28
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Uzelac M, Mulvey RE. Trans-Metal-Trapping: Concealed Crossover Complexes En Route to Transmetallation? Chemistry 2018; 24:7786-7793. [PMID: 29603459 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201800489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Defined as the transfer of ligands from one metal to another, transmetallation is a common reaction in organometallic chemistry. Its chemical celebrity stems from its role in important catalytic cycles of cross-coupling reactions such as those of Negishi, Sonogashira, Stille, or Suzuki. This article focuses on trans-metal-trapping (TMT), which could be construed as partially complete transmetallations. On mixing two distinct organometallic compounds, of for example lithium with aluminium or gallium, the two metals meet in a crossover co-complex, but the reaction ceases at that point and full transmetallation is not reached. Though in its infancy, trans-metal-trapping shows promise in transforming failed lithiations into successful lithiations and in stabilising sensitive carbanions through cooperative bimetallic effects making them more amenable to onward reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Uzelac
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK
| | - Robert E Mulvey
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK
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29
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Balkenhohl M, Salgues B, Hirai T, Karaghiosoff K, Knochel P. Regioselective Metalation and Functionalization of the Pyrazolo[1,5- a]pyridine Scaffold Using Mg- and Zn-TMP Bases. Org Lett 2018; 20:3114-3118. [PMID: 29738248 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b01204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A regioselective functionalization of the pyrazolo[1,5- a]pyridine scaffold using Mg- and Zn-TMP bases (TMP = 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidyl) in the presence or absence of BF3·OEt2 is described. Also, various functionalized pyrazolo[1,5- a]pyridines bearing an ester function (and an NHBoc or ethyl group) are magnesiated and functionalized, leading to polysubstituted heterocycles. Additionally, a sulfoxide directed ortho-metalation, followed by the transition-metal-free amination of a pyrazolo[1,5- a]pyridine sulfoxide, using a magnesium amide, is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Balkenhohl
- Department of Chemistry , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Butenandtstr. 5-13, Haus F , 81377 Munich , Germany
| | - Bruno Salgues
- Department of Chemistry , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Butenandtstr. 5-13, Haus F , 81377 Munich , Germany
| | - Takahiro Hirai
- Department of Chemistry , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Butenandtstr. 5-13, Haus F , 81377 Munich , Germany
| | - Konstantin Karaghiosoff
- Department of Chemistry , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Butenandtstr. 5-13, Haus F , 81377 Munich , Germany
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department of Chemistry , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Butenandtstr. 5-13, Haus F , 81377 Munich , Germany
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30
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Greiner R, Ziegler DS, Cibu D, Jakowetz AC, Auras F, Bein T, Knochel P. Preparation of Polyfunctional Naphthyridines by Cobalt-Catalyzed Cross-Couplings of Halogenated Naphthyridines with Magnesium and Zinc Organometallics. Org Lett 2017; 19:6384-6387. [PMID: 29152984 PMCID: PMC6400433 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b03242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
CoCl2 (5%)
catalyzes cross-couplings of various halogenated
naphthyridines with alkyl- and arylmagnesium halides. Also, arylzinc
halides undergo smooth cross-couplings with various naphthyridines
in the presence of CoCl2·2LiCl (5%) and sodium formate
(50%), leading to polyfunctional arylated naphthyridines. Two of these
arylated naphthyridines are highly fluorescent, with quantum efficiencies
reaching 95% and long excited-state lifetimes of up to 12 ns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Greiner
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität , Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Dorothée S Ziegler
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität , Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Denise Cibu
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität , Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas C Jakowetz
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität , Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Auras
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Bein
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität , Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität , Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
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