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Misselwitz E, Spengler J, Rominger F, Kivala M. Indenoannulated Tridecacyclene: An All-Carbon Seven-Stage Redox-Amphoter. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400696. [PMID: 38563636 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
We disclose an indenoannulated tridecacyclene comprising a central cyclooctatetraene moiety with multiple adjacent pentagonal rings which is accessible in a concise synthetic sequence. The saddle-shaped geometry of the non-benzenoid polycyclic scaffold and its unique packing behavior in the solid state were characterized by X-ray crystallography. In electrochemical studies, the compound undergoes seven reversible redox events comprising five reductions and two oxidations. The dicationic and dianionic species obtained by chemical oxidation and reduction, respectively, were characterized spectroscopically in solution. Density functional theory calculations were applied to provide insights into aromaticity evolution in the respective charged species, highlighting the beneficial effect of the non-benzenoid moieties on charge stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Misselwitz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jonas Spengler
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Milan Kivala
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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2
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Zahra FT, Saeed A, Mumtaz K, Albericio F. Tropylium Ion, an Intriguing Moiety in Organic Chemistry. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104095. [PMID: 37241836 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The tropylium ion is a non-benzenoid aromatic species that works as a catalyst. This chemical entity brings about a large number of organic transformations, such as hydroboration reactions, ring contraction, the trapping of enolates, oxidative functionalization, metathesis, insertion, acetalization, and trans-acetalization reactions. The tropylium ion also functions as a coupling reagent in synthetic reactions. This cation's versatility can be seen in its role in the synthesis of macrocyclic compounds and cage structures. Bearing a charge, the tropylium ion is more prone to nucleophilic/electrophilic reactions than neutral benzenoid equivalents. This ability enables it to assist in a variety of chemical reactions. The primary purpose of using tropylium ions in organic reactions is to replace transition metals in catalysis chemistry. It outperforms transition-metal catalysts in terms of its yield, moderate conditions, non-toxic byproducts, functional group tolerance, selectivity, and ease of handling. Furthermore, the tropylium ion is simple to synthesize in the laboratory. The current review incorporates the literature reported from 1950 to 2021; however, the last two decades have witnessed a phenomenal upsurge in the utilization of the tropylium ion in the facilitation of organic conversions. The importance of the tropylium ion as an environmentally safe catalyst in synthesis and a comprehensive summary of some important reactions catalyzed via tropylium cations are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Tuz Zahra
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Aamer Saeed
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Khansa Mumtaz
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Fernando Albericio
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
- CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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3
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Saha PK, Mallick A, Turley AT, Bismillah AN, Danos A, Monkman AP, Avestro AJ, Yufit DS, McGonigal PR. Rupturing aromaticity by periphery overcrowding. Nat Chem 2023; 15:516-525. [PMID: 36879076 PMCID: PMC10070187 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01149-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
The balance between strain relief and aromatic stabilization dictates the form and function of non-planar π-aromatics. Overcrowded systems are known to undergo geometric deformations, but the energetically favourable π-electron delocalization of their aromatic ring(s) is typically preserved. In this study we incremented the strain energy of an aromatic system beyond its aromatic stabilization energy, causing it to rearrange and its aromaticity to be ruptured. We noted that increasing the steric bulk around the periphery of π-extended tropylium rings leads them to deviate from planarity to form contorted conformations in which aromatic stabilization and strain are close in energy. Under increasing strain, the aromatic π-electron delocalization of the system is broken, leading to the formation of a non-aromatic, bicyclic analogue referred to as 'Dewar tropylium'. The aromatic and non-aromatic isomers have been found to exist in rapid equilibrium with one another. This investigation demarcates the extent of steric deformation tolerated by an aromatic carbocycle and thus provides direct experimental insights into the fundamental nature of aromaticity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Andrew Danos
- Department of Physics, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | | | | | | | - Paul R McGonigal
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, UK.
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK.
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Ejlli B, Rominger F, Freudenberg J, Bunz UHF, Müllen K. Ring-Expanding Rearrangement of Benzo-Fused Tris-Cycloheptenylenes towards Nonplanar Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203735. [PMID: 36602008 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A strongly twisted benzo-fused tris-cycloheptenylene, containing three dibenzosuberenone units fused to a common benzene ring, was subjected to Ramirez olefination and subsequent palladium-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling with 4-substituted phenylboronic acids. The high steric demand within the overcrowded, benzene-rich benzo-fused tris-cycloheptenylenes enforced an unprecedented 1,2-rearrangement upon π-extension during the Suzuki coupling reaction. According to crystal structure analysis, the resulting negatively curved polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons consist of two heptagons and one octagon surrounding a central benzene ring as a result of strain release. In the solid state, the materials exhibit a blue to blue-green fluorescence with increased quantum yields and a hypsochromic shift of the emission maxima compared to their respective solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Ejlli
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany.,Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Freudenberg
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,InnovationLab, Speyerer Strasse 4, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uwe H F Bunz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Centre for Advanced Materials, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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5
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Kumar R, Chmielewski PJ, Lis T, Volkmer D, Stępień M. Tridecacyclene Tetraimide: An Easily Reduced Cyclooctatetraene Derivative. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202207486. [PMID: 35819871 PMCID: PMC9545420 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202207486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar
- Wydział Chemii Uniwersytet Wrocławski ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Piotr J. Chmielewski
- Wydział Chemii Uniwersytet Wrocławski ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Tadeusz Lis
- Wydział Chemii Uniwersytet Wrocławski ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Dirk Volkmer
- Institute of Physics Chair of Solid State and Materials Science Augsburg University Universitätsstrasse 1 86159 Augsburg Germany
| | - Marcin Stępień
- Wydział Chemii Uniwersytet Wrocławski ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wrocław Poland
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Zhang Y, Pun SH, Miao Q. The Scholl Reaction as a Powerful Tool for Synthesis of Curved Polycyclic Aromatics. Chem Rev 2022; 122:14554-14593. [PMID: 35960873 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The past decade has witnessed remarkable success in the synthesis of curved polycyclic aromatics through Scholl reactions which enable oxidative aryl-aryl coupling even in company with the introduction of significant steric strain. These curved polycyclic aromatics are not only unique objects of structural organic chemistry in relation to the nature of aromaticity but also play an important role in bottom-up approaches to precise synthesis of nanocarbons of unique topology. Moreover, they have received considerable attention in the fields of supramolecular chemistry and organic functional materials because of their interesting properties and promising applications. Despite the great success of Scholl reactions in synthesis of curved polycyclic aromatics, the outcome of a newly designed substrate in the Scholl reaction still cannot be predicted in a generic and precise manner largely due to limited understanding on the reaction mechanism and possible rearrangement processes. This review provides an overview of Scholl reactions with a focus on their applications in synthesis of curved polycyclic aromatics with interesting structures and properties and aims to shed light on the key factors that affect Scholl reactions in synthesizing sterically strained polycyclic aromatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sai Ho Pun
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qian Miao
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
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7
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Kinoshita R, Tomura F, Fujita T, Ichikawa J. A New Family of Tropylium Ions: Tropone–Triarylborane Complexes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202200430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Kinoshita
- University of Tsukuba: Tsukuba Daigaku Division of Chemistry JAPAN
| | - Fumiya Tomura
- University of Tsukuba: Tsukuba Daigaku Division of Chemistry JAPAN
| | - Takeshi Fujita
- University of Tsukuba: Tsukuba Daigaku Division of Chemistry JAPAN
| | - Junji Ichikawa
- University of Tsukuba Department of Chemistry 1-1-1 Tennodai 305-8571 Tsukuba JAPAN
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8
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Kumar R, Chmielewski P, Lis T, Volkmer D, Stępień M. Tridecacyclene Tetraimide: An Easily Reduced Cyclooctatetraene Derivative. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202207486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar
- University of Wroclaw: Uniwersytet Wroclawski Faculty of Chemistry POLAND
| | - Piotr Chmielewski
- University of Wroclaw: Uniwersytet Wroclawski Faculty of Chemistry POLAND
| | - Tadeusz Lis
- University of Wroclaw: Uniwersytet Wroclawski Faculty of Chemistry POLAND
| | - Dirk Volkmer
- Augsburg University Institute of Physics, Chair of Solid State and Materials Science GERMANY
| | - Marcin Stępień
- University of Wroclaw Department of Chemistry ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wroclaw POLAND
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9
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Lyons DJM, Dinh AH, Ton NNH, Crocker RD, Mai BK, Nguyen TV. Ring Contraction of Tropylium Ions into Benzenoid Derivatives. Org Lett 2022; 24:2520-2525. [PMID: 35324211 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report a method to convert substituted tropylium ions into benzenoid derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demelza J M Lyons
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - An H Dinh
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Nhan N H Ton
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Reece D Crocker
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Binh Khanh Mai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Thanh Vinh Nguyen
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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10
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Mudráková B, Kisszékelyi P, Vargová D, Zakiewicz D, Šebesta R. Asymmetric Tandem Conjugate Addition and Reaction with Carbocations on Unsaturated Heterocycles. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202101485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brigita Mudráková
- Comenius University in Bratislava Faculty of Natural Sciences Department of Organic Chemistry, Mlynská dolina Ilkovičova 6 842 15 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Péter Kisszékelyi
- Comenius University in Bratislava Faculty of Natural Sciences Department of Organic Chemistry, Mlynská dolina Ilkovičova 6 842 15 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Denisa Vargová
- Comenius University in Bratislava Faculty of Natural Sciences Department of Organic Chemistry, Mlynská dolina Ilkovičova 6 842 15 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Dorota Zakiewicz
- Comenius University in Bratislava Faculty of Natural Sciences Department of Organic Chemistry, Mlynská dolina Ilkovičova 6 842 15 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Radovan Šebesta
- Comenius University in Bratislava Faculty of Natural Sciences Department of Organic Chemistry, Mlynská dolina Ilkovičova 6 842 15 Bratislava Slovakia
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11
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Abstract
Rearrangements in Scholl reaction are mostly serendipitous. The design of molecular precursors is what seems to guide the course of rearrangement. This review consolidates different classes of precursors used in Scholl reaction and their accompanying rearrangements that include aryl migration, migration followed by cyclization and skeletal rearrangements involving ring expansion, ring contraction and both, under the reaction conditions. The attempt in collating heretofore-reported examples in this review is to guide designing appropriate precursors to predictably achieve complex molecular structures or nanographenes or defect-nanographenes via rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nagaraju Ponugoti
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chemistry, Adyar, 600036, Chennai, INDIA
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12
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Hussein MA, Tran UPN, Huynh VT, Ho J, Bhadbhade M, Mayr H, Nguyen TV. Halide Anion Triggered Reactions of Michael Acceptors with Tropylium Ion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201910578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Junming Ho
- School of Chemistry UNSW Sydney Australia
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13
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Hussein MA, Tran UPN, Huynh VT, Ho J, Bhadbhade M, Mayr H, Nguyen TV. Halide Anion Triggered Reactions of Michael Acceptors with Tropylium Ion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 59:1455-1459. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201910578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Junming Ho
- School of Chemistry UNSW Sydney Australia
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