1
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Su YL, Xiong W, Yue L, Paul MK, Otte KS, Bacsa J, Qi HJ, Gutekunst WR. Michael Addition-Elimination Ring-Opening Polymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:18074-18082. [PMID: 38906845 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
A cyclic thioenone system capable of controlled ring-opening polymerization (ROP) is presented that leverages a reversible Michael addition-elimination (MAE) mechanism. The cyclic thioenone monomers are easy to access and modify and for the first time incorporate the dynamic reversibility of MAE with chain-growth polymerization. This strategy features mild polymerization conditions, tunable functionalities, controlled molecular weights (Mn), and narrow dispersities. The obtained polythioenones exhibit excellent optical transparency and good mechanical properties and can be depolymerized to recover the original monomers. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations of model reactions offer insights into the role of monomer conformation in the polymerization process, as well as explaining divergent reactivity observed in seven-membered thiepane (TP) and eight-membered thiocane (TC) ring systems. Collectively, these findings demonstrate the feasibility of MAE mechanisms in ring-opening polymerization and provide important guidelines toward future monomer designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Liang Su
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Wei Xiong
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Liang Yue
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Mckinley K Paul
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Kaitlyn S Otte
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - John Bacsa
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - H Jerry Qi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Will R Gutekunst
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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2
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Weng C, Ding Z, Qiu W, Wang B, Tang X. Achieving Exceptional Thermal and Hydrolytic Resistance in Chemically Circular Polyesters via In-Chain 1,3-Cyclobutane Rings. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401682. [PMID: 38587230 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Polyesters, a highly promising class of circular polymers for achieving a closed-loop sustainable plastic economy, inherently exhibit material stability defects, especially in thermal and hydrolytic instability. Here, we introduce a class of polyesters, P(4R-BL) (R=Ph, Bu), featuring conformationally rigid 1,3-cyclobutane rings in the backbone. These polyesters not only exhibit superior thermostability (Td,5%=376-380 °C) but also demonstrate exceptional hydrolytic resistance with good integrity even after 1 year in basic and acidic aqueous solutions, distinguishing themselves from typical counterparts. Tailoring the flexibility of the side group R enables the controlled thermal and mechanical performance of P(4Ph-BL) and P(4Bu-BL) to rival durable syndiotactic polystyrene (SPS) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE), respectively. Significantly, despite their high stability, both polyesters can be effectively depolymerized into pristine monomers, establishing a circular life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqun Weng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhiqiang Ding
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite & Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Weijie Qiu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite & Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Xiaoyan Tang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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3
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Zhang D, Wang X, Zhang Z, Hadjichristidis N. Heteroatom Substitution Strategy Modulates Thermodynamics Towards Chemically Recyclable Polyesters and Monomeric Unit Sequence by Temperature Switching. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202402233. [PMID: 38591713 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
In this paper, we proposed a heteroatom substitution strategy (HSS) in the δ-valerolactone (VL) system to modulate thermodynamics toward chemically recyclable polyesters. Three VL-based monomers containing different heteroatoms (M1 (N), M2 (S), and M3 (O)), instead of C-5 carbon, were designed and synthesized to verify our proposed HSS. All three monomers undergo organocatalytic living/controlled ROP and controllable depolymerization. Impressively, the resulting P(M1) achieved over 99 % monomer recovery under both mild solution depolymerization and high vacuum pyrolysis conditions without any side reactions, and the recycled monomers can be polymerized again forming new polymers. The systematic study of the relationship between heteroatom substitution and recyclability shows that introducing heteroatoms does change the thermodynamics of the monomers (ΔHp o, ΔSp o and Tc values), thereby adjusting the polymerizability and depolymerizability. DFT calculations found that the introduction of heteroatoms adjusts the ring strain by changing the angular strain of the monomers, and the order of their angular strain (M2>M1>M3) is consistent with the order of the experimentally obtained enthalpy change. Notably, the one-pot/one-step copolymerization of two of each of the three monomers enables the synthesis of sequence-controlled copolymers from gradient to random to block structures, by simply switching the copolymerization temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Zhang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Zhengbiao Zhang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Nikos Hadjichristidis
- Polymer Synthesis Laboratory, KAUST Catalysis Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
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4
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Pal A, Wong AR, Lamb JR. Chemically Recyclable, High Molar Mass Polyoxazolidinones via Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization. ACS Macro Lett 2024; 13:502-507. [PMID: 38625148 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.4c00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
The development of robust methods for the synthesis of chemically recyclable polymers with tunable properties is necessary for the design of next-generation materials. Polyoxazolidinones (POxa), polymers with five-membered urethanes in their backbones, are an attractive target because they are strongly polar and have high thermal stability, but existing step-growth syntheses limit molar masses and methods to chemically recycle POxa to monomer are rare. Herein, we report the synthesis of high molar mass POxa via ring-opening metathesis polymerization of oxazolidinone-fused cyclooctenes. These novel polymers show <5% mass loss up to 382-411 °C and have tunable glass transition temperatures (14-48 °C) controlled by the side chain structure. We demonstrate facile chemical recycling to monomer and repolymerization despite moderately high monomer ring-strain energies, which we hypothesize are facilitated by the conformational restriction introduced by the fused oxazolidinone ring. This method represents the first chain growth synthesis of POxa and provides a versatile platform for the study and application of this emerging subclass of polyurethanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpan Pal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Allison R Wong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Jessica R Lamb
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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5
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Shi C, Quinn EC, Diment WT, Chen EYX. Recyclable and (Bio)degradable Polyesters in a Circular Plastics Economy. Chem Rev 2024; 124:4393-4478. [PMID: 38518259 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Polyesters carrying polar main-chain ester linkages exhibit distinct material properties for diverse applications and thus play an important role in today's plastics economy. It is anticipated that they will play an even greater role in tomorrow's circular plastics economy that focuses on sustainability, thanks to the abundant availability of their biosourced building blocks and the presence of the main-chain ester bonds that can be chemically or biologically cleaved on demand by multiple methods and thus bring about more desired end-of-life plastic waste management options. Because of this potential and promise, there have been intense research activities directed at addressing recycling, upcycling or biodegradation of existing legacy polyesters, designing their biorenewable alternatives, and redesigning future polyesters with intrinsic chemical recyclability and tailored performance that can rival today's commodity plastics that are either petroleum based and/or hard to recycle. This review captures these exciting recent developments and outlines future challenges and opportunities. Case studies on the legacy polyesters, poly(lactic acid), poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate)s, poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly(butylene succinate), and poly(butylene-adipate terephthalate), are presented, and emerging chemically recyclable polyesters are comprehensively reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changxia Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Ethan C Quinn
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Wilfred T Diment
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Eugene Y-X Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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6
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Shi C, Rorrer NA, Shaw AL, Clarke RW, Buss BL, Beckham GT, Broadbelt LJ, Chen EYX. Topology-Accelerated and Selective Cascade Depolymerization of Architecturally Complex Polyesters. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:9261-9271. [PMID: 38517949 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Despite considerable recent advances already made in developing chemically circular polymers (CPs), the current framework predominantly focuses on CPs with linear-chain structures of different monomer types. As polymer properties are determined by not only composition but also topology, manipulating the topology of the single-monomer-based CP systems from linear-chain structures to architecturally complex polymers could potentially modulate the resulting polymer properties without changing the chemical composition, thereby advancing the concept of monomaterial product design. To that end, here, we introduce a chemically circular hyperbranched polyester (HBPE), synthesized by a mixed chain-growth and step-growth polymerization of a rationally designed bicyclic lactone with a pendent hydroxyl group (BiLOH). This HBPE exhibits full chemical recyclability despite its architectural complexity, showing quantitative selectivity for regeneration of BiLOH, via a unique cascade depolymerization mechanism. Moreover, distinct differences in materials properties and performance arising from topological variations between HBPE, hb-PBiLOH, and its linear analogue, l-PBiLOH, have been revealed where generally the branched structure led to more favorable interchain interactions, and topology-amplified optical activity has also been observed for chiral (1S, 4S, 5S)-hb-PBiLOH. More intriguingly, depolymerization of l-PBiLOH proceeds through an unexpected, initial topological transformation to the HBPE polymer, followed by the faster cascade depolymerization pathway adopted by hb-PBiLOH. Overall, these results demonstrate that CP design can go beyond typical linear polymers, and rationally redesigned, architecturally complex polymers for their unique properties may synergistically impart advantages in topology-augmented depolymerization acceleration and selectivity for exclusive monomer regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changxia Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Nicholas A Rorrer
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- BOTTLE Consortium, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Alexander L Shaw
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Ryan W Clarke
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- BOTTLE Consortium, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Bonnie L Buss
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- BOTTLE Consortium, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Gregg T Beckham
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- BOTTLE Consortium, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Linda J Broadbelt
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Eugene Y-X Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
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7
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Minami Y, Imamura S, Matsuyama N, Nakajima Y, Yoshida M. Catalytic thiolation-depolymerization-like decomposition of oxyphenylene-type super engineering plastics via selective carbon-oxygen main chain cleavages. Commun Chem 2024; 7:37. [PMID: 38378901 PMCID: PMC10879179 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-024-01120-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
As the effective use of carbon resources has become a pressing societal issue, the importance of chemical recycling of plastics has increased. The catalytic chemical decomposition for plastics is a promising approach for creating valuable products under efficient and mild conditions. Although several commodity and engineering plastics have been applied, the decompositions of stable resins composed of strong main chains such as polyamides, thermoset resins, and super engineering plastics are underdeveloped. Especially, super engineering plastics that have high heat resistance, chemical resistance, and low solubility are nearly unexplored. In addition, many super engineering plastics are composed of robust aromatic ethers, which are difficult to cleave. Herein, we report the catalytic depolymerization-like chemical decomposition of oxyphenylene-based super engineering plastics such as polyetheretherketone and polysulfone using thiols via selective carbon-oxygen main chain cleavage to form electron-deficient arenes with sulfur functional groups and bisphenols. The catalyst combination of a bulky phosphazene base P4-tBu with inorganic bases such as tripotassium phosphate enabled smooth decomposition. This method could be utilized with carbon- or glass fiber-enforced polyetheretherketone materials and a consumer resin. The sulfur functional groups in one product could be transformed to amino and sulfonium groups and fluorine by using suitable catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Minami
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry (IRC3), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan.
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan.
| | - Sae Imamura
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry (IRC3), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Nao Matsuyama
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry (IRC3), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Yumiko Nakajima
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry (IRC3), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Masaru Yoshida
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry (IRC3), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
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8
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Minami Y, Inagaki Y, Tsuyuki T, Sato K, Nakajima Y. Hydroxylation-Depolymerization of Oxyphenylene-Based Super Engineering Plastics To Regenerate Arenols. JACS AU 2023; 3:2323-2332. [PMID: 37654597 PMCID: PMC10466334 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Super engineering plastics, high-performance thermoplastic resins, show high thermal stability and mechanical strength as well as chemical resistance. On the other hand, chemical recycling for these plastics has not been developed due to their stability. This study describes depolymerization of oxyphenylene super engineering plastics via carbon-oxygen main chain cleaving hydroxylation reaction with an alkali hydroxide nucleophile. This method is conducted with cesium hydroxide as a hydroxy source and calcium hydride as a dehydration agent in 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone, which provides hydroxylated monomers effectively. In the case of polysulfone, both 4,4'-sulfonyldiphenol (bisphenol S) and 4,4'-(propane-2,2-diyl)diphenol (bisphenol A) were obtained in high yields. Other super engineering plastics such as polyethersulfone, polyphenylsulfone, and polyetheretherketone were also applicable to this depolymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Minami
- Interdisciplinary
Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry (IRC3), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
(AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
- PRESTO,
Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Yuuki Inagaki
- Interdisciplinary
Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry (IRC3), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
(AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
- Yoshimoto
Kogyo Holdings, 5-18-21
Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0022, Japan
| | - Tomoo Tsuyuki
- Interdisciplinary
Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry (IRC3), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
(AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Sato
- Interdisciplinary
Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry (IRC3), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
(AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Yumiko Nakajima
- Interdisciplinary
Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry (IRC3), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
(AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
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9
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Brown CM, Husted KEL, Wang Y, Kilgallon LJ, Shieh P, Zafar H, Lundberg DJ, Johnson JA. Thiol-triggered deconstruction of bifunctional silyl ether terpolymers via an S NAr-triggered cascade. Chem Sci 2023; 14:8869-8877. [PMID: 37621440 PMCID: PMC10445473 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02868b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
While Si-containing polymers can often be deconstructed using chemical triggers such as fluoride, acids, and bases, they are resistant to cleavage by mild reagents such as biological nucleophiles, thus limiting their end-of-life options and potential environmental degradability. Here, using ring-opening metathesis polymerization, we synthesize terpolymers of (1) a "functional" monomer (e.g., a polyethylene glycol macromonomer or dicyclopentadiene); (2) a monomer containing an electrophilic pentafluorophenyl (PFP) substituent; and (3) a cleavable monomer based on a bifunctional silyl ether . Exposing these polymers to thiols under basic conditions triggers a cascade of nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) at the PFP groups, which liberates fluoride ions, followed by cleavage of the backbone Si-O bonds, inducing polymer backbone deconstruction. This method is shown to be effective for deconstruction of polyethylene glycol (PEG) based graft terpolymers in organic or aqueous conditions as well as polydicyclopentadiene (pDCPD) thermosets, significantly expanding upon the versatility of bifunctional silyl ether based functional polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Keith E L Husted
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Yuyan Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Landon J Kilgallon
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Peyton Shieh
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Hadiqa Zafar
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - David J Lundberg
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Jeremiah A Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge Massachusetts 02139 USA
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10
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Su YL, Yue L, Tran H, Xu M, Engler A, Ramprasad R, Qi HJ, Gutekunst WR. Chemically Recyclable Polymer System Based on Nucleophilic Aromatic Ring-Opening Polymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37307298 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The development of chemically recyclable polymers with desirable properties is a long-standing but challenging goal in polymer science. Central to this challenge is the need for reversible chemical reactions that can equilibrate at rapid rates and provide efficient polymerization and depolymerization cycles. Based on the dynamic chemistry of nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr), we report a chemically recyclable polythioether system derived from readily accessible benzothiocane (BT) monomers. This system represents the first example of a well-defined monomer platform capable of chain-growth ring-opening polymerization through an SNAr manifold. The polymerizations reach completion in minutes, and the pendant functionalities are easily customized to tune material properties or render the polymers amenable to further functionalization. The resulting polythioether materials exhibit comparable performance to commercial thermoplastics and can be depolymerized to the original monomers in high yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Liang Su
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Liang Yue
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Huan Tran
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Mizhi Xu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Anthony Engler
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Rampi Ramprasad
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - H Jerry Qi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Will R Gutekunst
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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11
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Tu YM, Gong FL, Wu YC, Cai Z, Zhu JB. Insights into substitution strategy towards thermodynamic and property regulation of chemically recyclable polymers. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3198. [PMID: 37268636 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38916-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of chemically recyclable polymers serves as an attractive approach to address the global plastic pollution crisis. Monomer design principle is the key to achieving chemical recycling to monomer. Herein, we provide a systematic investigation to evaluate a range of substitution effects and structure-property relationships in the ɛ-caprolactone (CL) system. Thermodynamic and recyclability studies reveal that the substituent size and position could regulate their ceiling temperatures (Tc). Impressively, M4 equipped with a tert-butyl group displays a Tc of 241 °C. A series of spirocyclic acetal-functionalized CLs prepared by a facile two-step reaction undergo efficient ring-opening polymerization and subsequent depolymerization. The resulting polymers demonstrate various thermal properties and a transformation of the mechanical performance from brittleness to ductility. Notably, the toughness and ductility of P(M13) is comparable to the commodity plastic isotactic polypropylene. This comprehensive study is aimed to provide a guideline to the future monomer design towards chemically recyclable polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Min Tu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Rd, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Fu-Long Gong
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Rd, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Chen Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Rd, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Zhongzheng Cai
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Rd, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China.
| | - Jian-Bo Zhu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Rd, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China.
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12
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Shi C, Zhang Z, Scoti M, Yan XY, Chen EYX. Endowing Polythioester Vitrimer with Intrinsic Crystallinity and Chemical Recyclability. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202300008. [PMID: 36638158 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Technologically important thermosets face a long-standing end-of-life (EoL) problem of non-reprocessability, a more sustainable solution of which has resolved to nascent vitrimers that can merge the robust material properties of thermosets and the reprocessability of thermoplastics. However, the lifecycle of vitrimers is still finite, as they often suffer from significant deterioration of mechanical performance following multiple reprocessing cycles, analogous to mechanical recycling, and they often show undesired creep under working conditions. To address these two key limitations, we have developed a cross-linked semi-crystalline polythioester with both dynamic covalent bonds and intrinsic crystallinity and chemical recyclability, affording a vitrimeric system that exhibits not only reprocessability and crystallinity-restricted creep but also complete chemical recyclability to initial monomer by catalyzed depolymerization in solution or bulk. Therefore, reported herein is an "infinite" vitrimer system that is empowered with a facile closed-loop EoL option once serial reprocessing deteriorates performance and the material can no longer meet the application requirements. Specifically, the polythioester vitrimer was constructed by copolymerization of a bicyclic thioester with a bis-dithiolane, producing dynamically cross-linked polythioesters with excellent property tunability, from amorphous to semi-crystalline states and melting transition temperatures from 91 to 178 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changxia Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523-1872, United States
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523-1872, United States
| | - Miriam Scoti
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523-1872, United States
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Xiao-Yun Yan
- Department of Polymer Science, School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, 44325-3909, United States
| | - Eugene Y-X Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523-1872, United States
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13
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Liu Y, Lu XB. Current Challenges and Perspectives in CO 2-Based Polymers. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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14
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Plummer CM, Li L, Chen Y. Ring-Opening Polymerization for the Goal of Chemically Recyclable Polymers. Macromolecules 2023; 56:731-750. [PMID: 36818576 PMCID: PMC9933900 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A crucial modern dilemma relates to the ecological crisis created by excess plastic waste production. An emerging technology for reducing plastic waste is the production of "chemically recyclable" polymers. These polymers can be efficiently synthesized through ring-opening polymerization (ROP/ROMP) and later recycled to pristine monomer by ring-closing depolymerization, in an efficient circular-type system. This Perspective aims to explore the chemistry involved in the preparation of these monomer/polymer systems, while also providing an overview of the challenges involved, including future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Plummer
- International
Centre for Research on Innovative Biobased Materials (ICRI-BioM), Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland,
| | - Le Li
- Key
Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry
of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China,School
of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Yongming Chen
- Key
Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry
of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China,School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun
Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
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15
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A circular polyester platform based on simple gem-disubstituted valerolactones. Nat Chem 2023; 15:278-285. [PMID: 36344817 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-01077-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Geminal disubstitution of cyclic monomers is an effective strategy to enhance the chemical recyclability of their polymers, but it is utilized for that purpose alone and often at the expense of performance properties. Here we present synergistic use of gem-α,α-disubstitution of available at-scale, bio-based δ-valerolactones to yield gem-dialkyl-substituted valerolactones ([Formula: see text]), which generate polymers that solve not only the poor chemical recyclability but also the low melting temperature and mechanical performance of the parent poly(δ-valerolactone); the gem-disubstituted polyesters ([Formula: see text]) therefore not only exhibit complete chemical recyclability but also thermal, mechanical and transport properties that rival or exceed those of polyethylene. Through a fundamental structure-property study that reveals intriguing impacts of the alkyl chain length on materials performance of [Formula: see text], this work establishes a simple circular, high-performance polyester platform based on [Formula: see text] and highlights the importance of synergistic utilization of gem-disubstitution for enhancing both chemical recyclability and materials performance of sustainable polyesters.
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16
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Li XL, Ma K, Xu F, Xu TQ. Advances in the Synthesis of Chemically Recyclable Polymers. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202201167. [PMID: 36623942 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202201167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The development of modern society is closely related to polymer materials. However, the accumulation of polymer materials and their evolution in the environment causes not only serious environmental problems, but also waste of resources. Although physical processing can be used to reuse polymers, the properties of the resulting polymers are significantly degraded. Chemically recyclable polymers, a type of polymer that degrades into monomers, can be an effective solution to the degradation of polymer properties caused by physical recycling of polymers. The ideal chemical recycling of polymers, i. e., quantitative conversion of the polymer to monomers at low energy consumption and repolymerization of the formed monomers into polymers with comparable properties to the original, is an attractive research goal. In recent years, significant progress has been made in the design of recyclable polymers, enabling the regulation of the "polymerization-depolymerization" equilibrium and closed-loop recycling under mild conditions. This review will focus on the following aspects of closed-loop recycling of poly(sulfur) esters, polycarbonates, polyacetals, polyolefins, and poly(disulfide) polymer, illustrate the challenges in this area, and provide an outlook on future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Lei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Department of Chemistry School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Kai Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Department of Chemistry School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Fei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Department of Chemistry School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Tie-Qi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Department of Chemistry School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
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17
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Minami Y, Matsuyama N, Takeichi Y, Watanabe R, Mathew S, Nakajima Y. Depolymerization of robust polyetheretherketone to regenerate monomer units using sulfur reagents. Commun Chem 2023; 6:14. [PMID: 36697710 PMCID: PMC9873933 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-00814-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Super engineering plastics, high-performance thermoplastic resins such as polyetheretherketone, and polyphenylene sulfide have been utilized in industries, owing to their high thermal stability and mechanical strength. However, their robustness hinders their depolymerization to produce monomers and low-weight molecules. Presently, chemical recycling for most super engineering plastics remains relatively unexplored. Herein, we report the depolymerization of insoluble polyetheretherketone using sulfur nucleophiles via carbon-oxygen bond cleavages to form benzophenone dithiolate and hydroquinone. Treatment with organic halides converted only the former products to afford various dithiofunctionalized benzophenones. The depolymerization proceeded as a solid-liquid reaction in the initial phase. Therefore, this method was not affected by the shape of polyetheretherketone, e.g., pellets or films. Moreover, this depolymerization method was applicable to carbon- or glass fiber-enforced polyetheretherketone material. The depolymerized product, dithiofunctionalized benzophenones, could be converted into diiodobenzophenone, which was applicable to the polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Minami
- grid.208504.b0000 0001 2230 7538Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry (IRC3), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565 Japan ,grid.419082.60000 0004 1754 9200PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565 Japan
| | - Nao Matsuyama
- grid.208504.b0000 0001 2230 7538Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry (IRC3), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565 Japan
| | - Yasuo Takeichi
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Ryota Watanabe
- grid.208504.b0000 0001 2230 7538Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565 Japan
| | - Siby Mathew
- grid.208504.b0000 0001 2230 7538Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry (IRC3), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565 Japan
| | - Yumiko Nakajima
- grid.208504.b0000 0001 2230 7538Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry (IRC3), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565 Japan
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18
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Recyclable polythioesters and polydisulfides with near-equilibrium thermodynamics and dynamic covalent bonds. Sci China Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-022-1418-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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19
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Zhou X, Liu Q, Xu G, Yang R, Sun H, Wang Q. Chemical upcycling of poly(lactide) plastic waste to lactate ester, lactide and new poly(lactide) under Mg-catalysis condition. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.108158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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20
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A facile approach towards high-performance poly(thioether-thioester)s with full recyclability. Sci China Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-022-1392-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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21
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Oldroyd NL, Chitnis SS, LaPierre EA, Annibale VT, Walsgrove HTG, Gates DP, Manners I. Ambient Temperature Carbene-Mediated Depolymerization: Stoichiometric and Catalytic Reactions of N-Heterocyclic- and Cyclic(Alkyl)Amino Carbenes with Poly( N-Methylaminoborane) [MeNH–BH 2] n. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:23179-23190. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola L. Oldroyd
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria BC V8W 3V6, Canada
| | - Saurabh S. Chitnis
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Etienne A. LaPierre
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria BC V8W 3V6, Canada
| | - Vincent T. Annibale
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria BC V8W 3V6, Canada
| | - Henry T. G. Walsgrove
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z1, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Derek P. Gates
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z1, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ian Manners
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria BC V8W 3V6, Canada
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22
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Chemical recycling and upcycling of poly(bisphenol A carbonate) via metal acetate catalyzed glycolysis. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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23
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Zhao JZ, Yue TJ, Ren BH, Liu Y, Ren WM, Lu XB. Recyclable Sulfur-Rich Polymers with Enhanced Thermal, Mechanical, and Optical Performance. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Zhuo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Tian-Jun Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Bai-Hao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Ye Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Wei-Min Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China
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24
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Bruckmoser J, Remke S, Rieger B. Ring-Opening Polymerization of a Bicyclic Lactone: Polyesters Derived from Norcamphor with Complete Chemical Recyclability. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:1162-1166. [PMID: 36073975 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chemical recycling of polymers is an elegant approach to achieve a circular economy and address the sustainability and end-of-life issues of plastics. Herein, we report the ring-opening polymerization of a bicyclic lactone that is easily accessible from norcamphor. High molecular weight polyesters (Mn up to 164 kg mol-1) are obtained using ZnEt2 as catalyst, while the polymerizability of the monomer is good even at high temperatures. More importantly, the polymers can be completely depolymerized under thermolysis conditions to selectively recover the pristine monomer. Thus, the monomer design strategy of using ring-fused/hybridized lactones enables an innovative monomer-polymer system that shows both high polymerizability and high depolymerizability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Bruckmoser
- WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Sebastian Remke
- WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Bernhard Rieger
- WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
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25
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Yu Y, Gao B, Liu Y, Lu XB. Efficient and Selective Chemical Recycling of CO 2 -Based Alicyclic Polycarbonates via Catalytic Pyrolysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204492. [PMID: 35770495 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Chemical recycling of polymers to their constituent monomers is the foremost challenge in building a sustainable circular plastics economy. Here, we report a strategy for highly efficient depolymerization of various CO2 -based alicyclic polycarbonates to epoxide monomers in solvent-free conditions by a simple CrIII -Salen complex mediated catalytic pyrolysis process. The chemical recycling of the widely studied poly(cyclohexene carbonate) exhibits excellent reactivity (TOF up to 3000 h-1 , 0.1 mol % catalyst loading) and high epoxide monomer selectivity (>99 %). Mechanistic investigation reveals that the process proceeds in a sequential fashion via a trans-carbonate intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Bang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Ye Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
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26
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Yao H, Zuo Y, Song Y, Huang W, Jiang Q, Xue X, Jiang L, Xu J, Yang H, Jiang B. Precisely Tailoring and Renewing Polymers: An Efficient Strategy for Polymer Recycling. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202200117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongxin Yao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu 213164 P. R. China
| | - Yongkang Zuo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu 213164 P. R. China
| | - Yiye Song
- Changzhou University Huaide College Jingjiang Jiangsu 214500 P. R. China
| | - Wenyan Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu 213164 P. R. China
| | - Qimin Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu 213164 P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqiang Xue
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu 213164 P. R. China
| | - Li Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu 213164 P. R. China
| | - Jinbao Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Soft Condensed Matter School of Materials and Energy Guangdong University of Technology Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Hongjun Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu 213164 P. R. China
| | - Bibiao Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu 213164 P. R. China
- Changzhou University Huaide College Jingjiang Jiangsu 214500 P. R. China
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27
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Stellmach KA, Paul MK, Xu M, Su YL, Fu L, Toland AR, Tran H, Chen L, Ramprasad R, Gutekunst WR. Modulating Polymerization Thermodynamics of Thiolactones Through Substituent and Heteroatom Incorporation. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:895-901. [PMID: 35786872 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A central challenge in the development of next-generation sustainable materials is to design polymers that can easily revert back to their monomeric starting material through chemical recycling to monomer (CRM). An emerging monomer class that displays efficient CRM are thiolactones, which exhibit rapid rates of polymerization and depolymerization. This report details the polymerization thermodynamics for a series of thiolactone monomers through systematic changes to substitution patterns and sulfur heteroatom incorporation. Additionally, computational studies highlight the importance of conformation in modulating the enthalpy of polymerization, leading to monomers that display high conversions to polymer at near-ambient temperatures, while maintaining low ceiling temperatures (Tc). Specifically, the combination of a highly negative enthalpy (-19.3 kJ/mol) and entropy (-58.4 J/(mol·K)) of polymerization allows for a monomer whose equilibrium polymerization conversion is very sensitive to temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellie A Stellmach
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - McKinley K Paul
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Mizhi Xu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Yong-Liang Su
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Liangbing Fu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Aubrey R Toland
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 771 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Huan Tran
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 771 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Lihua Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 771 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Rampi Ramprasad
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 771 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Will R Gutekunst
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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28
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Yu Y, Gao B, Liu Y, Lu XB. Efficient and Selective Chemical Recycling of CO2‐based Alicyclic Polycarbonates via Catalytic Pyrolysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202204492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yu
- Dalian University of Technology State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals CHINA
| | - Bang Gao
- Dalian University of Technology State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals CHINA
| | - Ye Liu
- Dalian University of Technology State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals CHINA
| | - Xiao-Bing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of fine chemicals,Dalian University of Technology State Key Laboratory of fine chemicals, 2 Linggong road 116024 Dalian CHINA
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29
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Siragusa F, Demarteau J, Habets T, Olazabal I, Robeyns K, Evano G, Mereau R, Tassaing T, Grignard B, Sardon H, Detrembleur C. Unifying Step-Growth Polymerization and On-Demand Cascade Ring-Closure Depolymerization via Polymer Skeletal Editing. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Siragusa
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), CESAM Research Unit, University of Liège, Sart-Tilman B6a, 4000 Liege, Belgium
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et Physico-Chimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jeremy Demarteau
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Center, Avenida Tolosa 7, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Thomas Habets
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), CESAM Research Unit, University of Liège, Sart-Tilman B6a, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Ion Olazabal
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Center, Avenida Tolosa 7, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Koen Robeyns
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-La-Neuve B-1348, Belgium
| | - Gwilherm Evano
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et Physico-Chimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Raphael Mereau
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires (ISM), UMR 5255 CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, 351 Cours de la libération, F-33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | - Thierry Tassaing
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires (ISM), UMR 5255 CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, 351 Cours de la libération, F-33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | - Bruno Grignard
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), CESAM Research Unit, University of Liège, Sart-Tilman B6a, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Haritz Sardon
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Center, Avenida Tolosa 7, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Christophe Detrembleur
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), CESAM Research Unit, University of Liège, Sart-Tilman B6a, 4000 Liege, Belgium
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30
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Schirmeister CG, Mülhaupt R. Closing the Carbon Loop in the Circular Plastics Economy. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200247. [PMID: 35635841 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Today, plastics are ubiquitous in everyday life, problem solvers of modern technologies, and crucial for sustainable development. Yet the surge in global demand for plastics of the growing world population has triggered a tidal wave of plastic debris in the environment. Moving from a linear to a zero-waste and carbon-neutral circular plastic economy is vital for the future of the planet. Taming the plastic waste flood requires closing the carbon loop through plastic reuse, mechanical and molecular recycling, carbon capture, and use of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide. In the quest for eco-friendly products, plastics do not need to be reinvented but tuned for reuse and recycling. Their full potential must be exploited regarding energy, resource, and eco efficiency, waste prevention, circular economy, climate change mitigation, and lowering environmental pollution. Biodegradation holds promise for composting and bio-feedstock recovery, but it is neither the Holy Grail of circular plastics economy nor a panacea for plastic littering. As an alternative to mechanical downcycling, molecular recycling enables both closed-loop recovery of virgin plastics and open-loop valorization, producing hydrogen, fuels, refinery feeds, lubricants, chemicals, and carbonaceous materials. Closing the carbon loop does not create a Perpetuum Mobile and requires renewable energy to achieve sustainability. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl G Schirmeister
- Freiburg Materials Research Center and Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 31, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rolf Mülhaupt
- Sustainability Center, University of Freiburg, Ecker-Str. 4, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
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31
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Liu Y, Lu X. Chemical recycling to monomers: Industrial
Bisphenol‐A‐Polycarbonates
to novel aliphatic polycarbonate materials. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20220118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Dalian University of Technology Dalian China
| | - Xiao‐Bing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Dalian University of Technology Dalian China
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32
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Zhang ZH, Wang X, Weng B, Zhang Y, Zhang G, Hong M. Zinc-Mediated Allylation-Lactonization One-Pot Reaction to Methylene Butyrolactones: Renewable Monomers for Sustainable Acrylic Polymers with Closed-Loop Recyclability. ACS POLYMERS AU 2022; 2:266-274. [PMID: 36855566 PMCID: PMC9955236 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.2c00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite biomass-derived methylene butyrolactone monomers having great potential in substituting the petroleum-based methacrylates for synthesizing the sustainable acrylic polymers, the possible industrial production of these cyclic monomers is unfortunately not practical due to moderate overall yields and harsh reaction conditions or a time-consuming multistep process. Here we report a convenient and effective synthetic approach to a series of biomass-derived methylene butyrolactone monomers via a zinc-mediated allylation-lactonization one-pot reaction of biorenewable aldehydes with ethyl 2-(bromomethyl)acrylate. Under simple room-temperature sonication conditions, near-quantitative conversions (>90%) can be accomplished within 5-30 min, providing pure products with high isolated yields of 70-80%. Their efficient polymerizations with a high degree of control and complete chemoselectivity were enabled by the judiciously chosen Lewis pair catalyst based on methylaluminum bis(2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenoxide) [MeAl(BHT)2] Lewis acid and 3-diisopropyl-4,5-dimethylimidazol-2-ylidene (I i Pr) Lewis base, affording new poly(methylene butyrolactone)s with high thermal stability and thermal properties tuned in a wide range as well as pendant vinyl groups for postfunctionalization. Through the development of an effective depolymerization setup (370-390 °C, ca. 100 mTorr, 1 h, a muffle furnace), thermal depolymerizations of these polymers have been achieved with monomer recovery up to 99.8%, thus successfully constructing sustainable acrylic polymers with closed-loop recyclability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Hua Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of
Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xing Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of
Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Biwei Weng
- State
Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of
Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yixin Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of
Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Guozhu Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of
Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Miao Hong
- State
Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of
Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China,School
of Chemistry and Material Sciences, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced
Study, University of Chinese Academy of
Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou 310024, China,
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33
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Fan HZ, Yang X, Chen JH, Tu YM, Cai Z, Zhu JB. Advancing the Development of Recyclable Aromatic Polyesters by Functionalization and Stereocomplexation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202117639. [PMID: 35104021 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202117639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The development of innovative synthetic polymer systems to overcome the trade-offs between the polymer's depolymerizability and performance properties is in high demand for advanced material applications and sustainable development. In this contribution, we prepared a class of aromatic cyclic esters (M1-M5) from thiosalicylic acid and epoxides by facile one-pot synthesis. Ring-opening polymerization of Ms afforded aromatic polyesters P(M)s with high molecular weights and narrow dispersities. The physical and mechanical properties of P(M)s can be modulated by stereocomplexation and regulation of the side-chain flexibility of the polymers, ultimately achieving high-performance properties such as high thermal stability and crystallinity (Tm up to 209 °C), as well as polyolefin-like high mechanical strength, ductility, and toughness. Furthermore, the functionalizable moieties of P(M)s have driven a wide array of post-polymerization modifications toward access to value-added materials. More importantly, the P(M)s were able to selectively depolymerize into monomers in excellent yields, thus establishing its circular life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Zhong Fan
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Rd, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Xing Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Rd, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Hao Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Rd, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Min Tu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Rd, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Zhongzheng Cai
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Rd, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Bo Zhu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Rd, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
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34
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Fan H, Yang X, Chen J, Tu Y, Cai Z, Zhu J. Advancing the Development of Recyclable Aromatic Polyesters by Functionalization and Stereocomplexation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202117639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hua‐Zhong Fan
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan) College of Chemistry Sichuan University 29 Wangjiang Rd Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
| | - Xing Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan) College of Chemistry Sichuan University 29 Wangjiang Rd Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
| | - Jia‐Hao Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan) College of Chemistry Sichuan University 29 Wangjiang Rd Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
| | - Yi‐Min Tu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan) College of Chemistry Sichuan University 29 Wangjiang Rd Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
| | - Zhongzheng Cai
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan) College of Chemistry Sichuan University 29 Wangjiang Rd Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
| | - Jian‐Bo Zhu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan) College of Chemistry Sichuan University 29 Wangjiang Rd Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
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35
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Zhang W, Dai J, Wu YC, Chen JX, Shan SY, Cai Z, Zhu JB. Highly Reactive Cyclic Carbonates with a Fused Ring toward Functionalizable and Recyclable Polycarbonates. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:173-178. [PMID: 35574765 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Monomer design plays an important role in the development of polymers with desired thermal properties and chemical recyclability. Here we prepared a class of seven-membered ring carbonates containing trans-cyclohexyl fused rings. These monomers showed excellent activity for ring-opening polymerization (ROP) with turnover frequency (TOF) up to 6 × 105 h-1 and catalyst loading down to 50 ppm, which yielded high-molecular-weight polycarbonates (Mn up to 673 kg/mol) with great thermostability (Td > 300 °C). Ultimately, the resulting polycarbonates can completely depolymerize into their corresponding cyclic dimers that can repolymerize to synthesize the starting polymers in moderate yields, demonstrating a potential route to achieve chemical recycling. Postfunctionalization of the unsaturated polycarbonate was conducted through cross-linking reaction and "click" reaction under UV irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiang Dai
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan-Chen Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia-Xuan Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, People’s Republic of China
| | - Si-Yi Shan
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhongzheng Cai
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian-Bo Zhu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People’s Republic of China
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36
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Yang R, Xu G, Dong B, Hou H, Wang Q. A “Polymer to Polymer” Chemical Recycling of PLA Plastics by the “DE–RE Polymerization” Strategy. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rulin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guangqiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bingzhe Dong
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongbin Hou
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Qinggang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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37
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Shi C, Clarke RW, McGraw ML, Chen EYX. Closing the "One Monomer-Two Polymers-One Monomer" Loop via Orthogonal (De)polymerization of a Lactone/Olefin Hybrid. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:2264-2275. [PMID: 35084829 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Two well-known low-ceiling-temperature (LCT) monomers, γ-butyrolactone (γ-BL) toward ring-opening polymerization (ROP) to polyester and cyclohexene toward ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) to poly(cyclic olefin), are notoriously "nonpolymerizable". Here we present a strategy to render not only polymerizability of both the γ-BL and cyclohexene sites, orthogonally, but also complete and orthogonal depolymerization, through creating an LCT/LCT hybrid, bicyclic lactone/olefin (BiL=). This hybrid monomer undergoes orthogonal polymerization between ROP and ROMP, depending on the catalyst employed, affording two totally different classes of polymeric materials from this single monomer: polyester P(BiL=)ROP via ROP and functionalized poly(cyclic olefin) P(BiL=)ROMP via ROMP. Intriguingly, both P(BiL=)ROP and P(BiL=)ROMP are thermally robust but chemically recyclable under mild conditions (25-40 °C), in the presence of a catalyst, to recover cleanly the same monomer via chain unzipping and scission, respectively. In the ROP, topological and stereochemical controls have been achieved and the structures characterized. Furthermore, the intact functional group during the orthogonal polymerization (i.e., the double bond in ROP and the lactone in ROMP) is utilized for postfunctionalization for tuning materials' thermal and mechanical performances. The impressive depolymerization orthogonality further endows selective depolymerization of both the ROP/ROMP copolymer and the physical blend composites into the same starting monomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changxia Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Ryan W Clarke
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Michael L McGraw
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Eugene Y-X Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
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38
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Guo YT, Xiong W, Shi C, Du FS, Li ZC. Facile synthesis of eight-membered cyclic(ester-amide)s and their organocatalytic ring-opening polymerizations. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00683a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Facile modular synthesis of eight-membered cyclic(ester-amide)s based on phthalic anhydride and β-amino alcohols and organocatalitic ROP of the monomers to afford degradable semi-aromatic poly(ester-amides)s with tunable thermal properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Guo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Changxia Shi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Fu-Sheng Du
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zi-Chen Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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39
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Xu Y, Guo M, Lu S, Wei Z, Feng S. Synthesis and characterization of novel poly(sulfone siloxane)s with good solubility and recyclability based on siloxane units. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj00934j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A controllable circulation between poly(sulfone siloxane)s (PSS) and sulfone-containing cyclosiloxane monomers (SCS) was acheived in the presence of KHSO4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional Aggregated Materials & Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Advanced Silicone Materials and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250199, P. R. China
| | - Mengdong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional Aggregated Materials & Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Advanced Silicone Materials and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250199, P. R. China
| | - Shilong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional Aggregated Materials & Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Advanced Silicone Materials and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250199, P. R. China
| | - Zengyue Wei
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional Aggregated Materials & Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Advanced Silicone Materials and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250199, P. R. China
| | - Shengyu Feng
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional Aggregated Materials & Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Advanced Silicone Materials and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250199, P. R. China
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40
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Zhu XF, Lu X, Qi H, Wang Y, Wu GP. Sulfur-containing polymers derived from SO2: synthesis, properties, and applications. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00685e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur-containing polymers enjoy the merits of excellent optical performance, degradation, chemical recyclability, and adhesive abilities toward metal ions. Recently, increasing attentions in both academic and industrial circles have been paid...
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41
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Cai Z, Liu Y, Tao Y, Zhu JB. Recent Advances in Monomer Design for Recyclable Polymers. ACTA CHIMICA SINICA 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/a22050235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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42
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Tu YM, Wang XM, Yang X, Fan HZ, Gong FL, Cai Z, Zhu JB. Biobased High-Performance Aromatic-Aliphatic Polyesters with Complete Recyclability. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:20591-20597. [PMID: 34842423 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c10162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The development of high-performance recyclable polymers represents a circular plastics economy to address the urgent issues of plastic sustainability. Herein, we design a series of biobased seven-membered-ring esters containing aromatic and aliphatic moieties. Ring-opening polymerization studies showed that they readily polymerize with excellent activity (TOF up to 2.1 × 105 h-1) at room temperature and produce polymers with high molecular weight (Mn up to 438 kg/mol). The variety of functionalities allows us to investigate the substitution effect on polymerizability/recyclability of monomers and properties of polymers (such as Tgs from -1 to 79 °C). Remarkably, a stereocomplexed P(M2) exhibited significantly increased Tm and crystallization rate. More importantly, product P(M)s were capable of depolymerizing into their monomers in solution or bulk with high efficiency, thus establishing their circular life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Min Tu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Mei Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua-Zhong Fan
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Fu-Long Gong
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongzheng Cai
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Bo Zhu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
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43
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Alberti C, Enthaler S. Ruthenium‐catalyzed Chemical Recycling of Poly(ϵ‐caprolactone) via Hydrogenative Depolymerization and Dehydrogenative Polymerization. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202103366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Alberti
- Universität Hamburg Institut für Anorganische und Angewandte Chemie Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 D-20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Stephan Enthaler
- Universität Hamburg Institut für Anorganische und Angewandte Chemie Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 D-20146 Hamburg Germany
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44
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Chen H, Zhang Z, Hu T, Zhang X. Nanochannel {InZn}-Organic Framework with a High Catalytic Performance on CO 2 Chemical Fixation and Deacetalization-Knoevenagel Condensation. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:16429-16438. [PMID: 34644055 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The rare combination of InIII 5p and ZnII 3d in the presence of a structure-oriented TDP6- ligand led to a robust hybrid material of {(Me2NH2)[InZn(TDP)(OH2)]·4DMF·4H2O}n (NUC-42) with the interlaced hierarchical nanochannels (hexagonal and cylindrical) shaped by six rows of undocumented [InZn(CO2)6(OH2)] clusters, which represented the first 5p-3d nanochannel-based heterometallic metal-organic framework. With respect to the multifarious symbiotic Lewis acid-base and Brønsted acid sites in the high porous framework, the catalytic performance of activated NUC-42a upon CO2 cycloaddition with styrene oxide was evaluated under solvent-free conditions with 1 atm of CO2 pressure, which exhibited that the reaction could be well completed at ambient temperature within 48 h or at 60 °C within 4 h with high yield and selectivity. Moreover, because of the acidic function of metal sites and a central free pyridine in the TDP6- ligand, deacetalization-Knoevenagel condensation of acetals and malononitrile could be efficiently facilitated by an activated sample of NUC-42a under lukewarm conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtai Chen
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengguo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, People's Republic of China
| | - Tuoping Hu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiutang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, People's Republic of China
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45
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Wang Y, Li M, Chen J, Tao Y, Wang X. O-to-S Substitution Enables Dovetailing Conflicting Cyclizability, Polymerizability, and Recyclability: Dithiolactone vs. Dilactone. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:22547-22553. [PMID: 34424604 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202109767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Developing chemically recyclable polymers represents a greener alternative to landfill and incineration and offers a closed-loop strategy toward a circular materials economy. However, the synthesis of chemically recyclable polymers is still plagued with certain fundamental limitations, including trade-offs between the monomer's cyclizability and polymerizability, as well as between polymer's depolymerizability and properties. Here we describe the subtle O-to-S substitution, dithiolactone monomers derived from abundant feedstock α-amino acids can demonstrate appealing chemical properties different from those of dilactone, including accelerated ring closure, augmented kinetics polymerizability, high depolymerizability and selectivity, and thus constitute a unique class of polythioester materials exhibiting controlled molecular weight (up to 100.5 kDa), atactic yet high crystallinity, structurally diversity, and chemical recyclability. These polythioesters well addresses the formidable challenges of developing chemically recyclable polymers by having an unusual set of desired properties, including easy-to-make monomer from ubiquitous feedstock, and high polymerizability, crystallinity and precise tunability of physicochemical performance, as well as high depolymerizability and selectivity. Computational studies explain why O-to-S modification of polymer backbone enables dovetailing desirable, but conflicting, performance into one polymer structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Maosheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
| | - Jinlong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
| | - Youhua Tao
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Xianhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
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Wang Y, Li M, Chen J, Tao Y, Wang X. O‐to‐S Substitution Enables Dovetailing Conflicting Cyclizability, Polymerizability, and Recyclability: Dithiolactone vs. Dilactone. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202109767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanchao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun 130022 P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 P. R. China
| | - Maosheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun 130022 P. R. China
| | - Jinlong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun 130022 P. R. China
| | - Youhua Tao
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun 130022 P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 P. R. China
| | - Xianhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun 130022 P. R. China
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Endo T, Yonekawa M, Sudo A. Synthesis of polymers containing vicinal tricarbonyl moiety and construction of reversible crosslinking–decrosslinking polymer system. POLYM INT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Endo
- Molecular Engineering Institute Kyushu Institute of Technology Fukuoka Japan
| | - Morio Yonekawa
- Research Division of Organic Materials Osaka Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology Osaka Japan
| | - Atsushi Sudo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering Kindai University Osaka Japan
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Cheung E, Alberti C, Bycinskij S, Enthaler S. Zinc‐Catalyzed Chemical Recycling of Poly(ϵ‐caprolactone) Applying Transesterification Reactions. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202004294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Even Cheung
- Universität Hamburg Institut für Anorganische und Angewandte Chemie Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 D–20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Christoph Alberti
- Universität Hamburg Institut für Anorganische und Angewandte Chemie Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 D–20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Sergej Bycinskij
- Universität Hamburg Institut für Anorganische und Angewandte Chemie Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 D–20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Stephan Enthaler
- Universität Hamburg Institut für Anorganische und Angewandte Chemie Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 D–20146 Hamburg Germany
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49
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Yu Y, Fang LM, Liu Y, Lu XB. Chemical Synthesis of CO 2-Based Polymers with Enhanced Thermal Stability and Unexpected Recyclability from Biosourced Monomers. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c01376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li-Ming Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ye Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Bing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, People’s Republic of China
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Shi C, Li ZC, Caporaso L, Cavallo L, Falivene L, Chen EYX. Hybrid monomer design for unifying conflicting polymerizability, recyclability, and performance properties. Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2021.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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