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Habets T, Seychal G, Caliari M, Raquez JM, Sardon H, Grignard B, Detrembleur C. Covalent Adaptable Networks through Dynamic N, S-Acetal Chemistry: Toward Recyclable CO 2-Based Thermosets. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:25450-25462. [PMID: 37942776 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Finding new chemistry platforms for easily recyclable polymers has become a key challenge to face environmental concerns and the growing plastics demand. Here, we report a dynamic chemistry between CO2-sourced alkylidene oxazolidones and thiols, delivering circular non-isocyanate polyurethane networks embedding N,S-acetal bonds. The production of oxazolidone monomers from CO2 is facile and scalable starting from cheap reagents. Their copolymerization with a polythiol occurs under mild conditions in the presence of a catalytic amount of acid to furnish polymer networks. The polymer structure is easily tuned by virtue of monomer design, translating into a wide panel of mechanical properties similar to commodity plastics, ranging from PDMS-like elastomers [with Young's modulus (E) of 2.9 MPa and elongation at break (εbreak) of 159%] to polystyrene-like rigid plastics (with E = 2400 MPa, εbreak = 3%). The highly dissociative nature of the N,S-acetal bonds is demonstrated and exploited to offer three different recycling scenarios to the thermosets: (1) mechanical recycling by compression molding, extrusion, or injection molding─with multiple recycling (at least 10 times) without any material property deterioration, (2) chemical recycling through depolymerization, followed by repolymerization, also applicable to composites, and (3) upcycling of two different oxazolidone-based thermosets into a single one with distinct properties. This work highlights a new facile and scalable chemical platform for designing highly dynamic polymer networks containing elusive oxazolidone motifs. The versatility of this chemistry shows great potential for the preparation of materials (including composites) of tuneable structures and properties, with multiple end-of-life scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Habets
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), CESAM Research Unit, University of Liege, Sart-Tilman B6a, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Guillem Seychal
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons UMONS, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Center, Avda. Tolosa 7, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Marco Caliari
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), CESAM Research Unit, University of Liege, Sart-Tilman B6a, 4000 Liege, Belgium
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Center, Avda. Tolosa 7, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Jean-Marie Raquez
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons UMONS, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Haritz Sardon
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Center, Avda. Tolosa 7, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Bruno Grignard
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), CESAM Research Unit, University of Liege, Sart-Tilman B6a, 4000 Liege, Belgium
- FRITCO2T Platform, University of Liege, Sart-Tilman B6a, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Christophe Detrembleur
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), CESAM Research Unit, University of Liege, Sart-Tilman B6a, 4000 Liege, Belgium
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Habets T, Olmedo-Martínez JL, Del Olmo R, Grignard B, Mecerreyes D, Detrembleur C. Facile Access to CO 2 -Sourced Polythiocarbonate Dynamic Networks And Their Potential As Solid-State Electrolytes For Lithium Metal Batteries. ChemSusChem 2023:e202300225. [PMID: 36943420 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Poly(monothiocarbonate)s are an interesting class of sulfur-containing materials whose application as solid polymer electrolytes was barely studied, certainly due to the elusive production of diversified polymer architectures. Herein, a new liquid CO2 -sourced bis(α-alkylidene cyclic carbonate) monomer was designed at high yield to allow its one-step and solvent-free copolymerization with thiols to produce linear and cross-linked polymers in mild conditions. The influence of the monomer structure on the thermal properties and the ionic conductivity of linear polymers was assessed. The polymer network showed to be thermally re-processable owing to the dynamic nature of the monothiocarbonate bonds. A solid polymer electrolyte was easily obtained from the cross-linked material when combined with LiTFSI salt. The solid polymer electrolyte was characterized by an ionic conductivity reaching 6×10-6 S cm-1 at room temperature with a lithium transference number of 0.37 and a wide electrochemical stability window (4.0 V vs Li0 /Li+ ) valid for lithium cycling. This work thus reports an attractive valorizing approach for carbon dioxide to deliver under mild operating conditions poly(monothiocarbonate)-containing novel covalent adaptable network materials of high potential for energy applications, especially as solid electrolytes for batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Habets
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), CESAM Research Unit, University of Liege, Sart-Tilman B6a, Quartier Agora, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Jorge L Olmedo-Martínez
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Tolosa 72, Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Rafael Del Olmo
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Tolosa 72, Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Bruno Grignard
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), CESAM Research Unit, University of Liege, Sart-Tilman B6a, Quartier Agora, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - David Mecerreyes
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Tolosa 72, Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, Bilbao, 48009, Spain
| | - Christophe Detrembleur
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), CESAM Research Unit, University of Liege, Sart-Tilman B6a, Quartier Agora, 4000, Liege, Belgium
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Siragusa F, Demarteau J, Habets T, Olazabal I, Robeyns K, Evano G, Mereau R, Tassaing T, Grignard B, Sardon H, Detrembleur C. Unifying Step-Growth Polymerization and On-Demand Cascade Ring-Closure Depolymerization via Polymer Skeletal Editing. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Siragusa
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), CESAM Research Unit, University of Liège, Sart-Tilman B6a, 4000 Liege, Belgium
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et Physico-Chimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jeremy Demarteau
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Center, Avenida Tolosa 7, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Thomas Habets
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), CESAM Research Unit, University of Liège, Sart-Tilman B6a, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Ion Olazabal
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Center, Avenida Tolosa 7, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Koen Robeyns
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-La-Neuve B-1348, Belgium
| | - Gwilherm Evano
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et Physico-Chimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Raphael Mereau
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires (ISM), UMR 5255 CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, 351 Cours de la libération, F-33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | - Thierry Tassaing
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires (ISM), UMR 5255 CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, 351 Cours de la libération, F-33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | - Bruno Grignard
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), CESAM Research Unit, University of Liège, Sart-Tilman B6a, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Haritz Sardon
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Center, Avenida Tolosa 7, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Christophe Detrembleur
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), CESAM Research Unit, University of Liège, Sart-Tilman B6a, 4000 Liege, Belgium
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Habets T, Siragusa F, Muller A, Grossman Q, Ruffoni D, Grignard B, Detrembleur C. Facile construction of functional poly(monothiocarbonate)s copolymers under mild operating conditions. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00307d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The installation of both oxazolidone and thiocarbonate linkages within a single polymer backbone remains elusive by simple procedures under mild conditions. In this work, we report the construction of copolymers...
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Habets T, Speller S, Elemans JAAW. Role of redox-active axial ligands of metal porphyrins adsorbed at solid-liquid interfaces in a liquid-STM setup. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2020; 11:1264-1271. [PMID: 32953370 PMCID: PMC7476586 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.11.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In a liquid-STM setup environment, the redox behavior of manganese porphyrins was studied at various solid-liquid interfaces. In the presence of a solution of Mn(III)Cl porphyrins in 1-phenyloctane, which was placed at a conductive surface, large and constant additional currents relative to a set tunneling current were observed, which varied with the magnitude of the applied bias voltage. These currents occurred regardless of the type of surface (HOPG or Au(111)) or tip material (PtIr, Au or W). The additional currents were ascribed to the occurrence of redox reactions in which chloride is oxidized to chlorine and the Mn(III) center of the porphyrin moiety is reduced to Mn(II). The resulting Mn(II) porphyrin products were identified by UV-vis analysis of the liquid phase. For solutions of Mn(III) porphyrins with non-redox active acetate instead of chloride axial ligands, the currents remained absent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Habets
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials (IMM), 6525 AJ Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Sylvia Speller
- University of Rostock, Institute of Physics, Albert-Einstein-Straße 23, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- University of Rostock, Department Life, Light, Matter, Albert-Einstein-Straße 25, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Johannes A A W Elemans
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials (IMM), 6525 AJ Nijmegen, Netherlands
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Habets
- Centre for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), CESAM Research Unit, University of Liege, Sart-Tilman
B6a, Quartier Agora, Liege 4000, Belgium
| | - Fabiana Siragusa
- Centre for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), CESAM Research Unit, University of Liege, Sart-Tilman
B6a, Quartier Agora, Liege 4000, Belgium
| | - Bruno Grignard
- Centre for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), CESAM Research Unit, University of Liege, Sart-Tilman
B6a, Quartier Agora, Liege 4000, Belgium
| | - Christophe Detrembleur
- Centre for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), CESAM Research Unit, University of Liege, Sart-Tilman
B6a, Quartier Agora, Liege 4000, Belgium
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Habets T, Lensen D, Speller S, Elemans JAAW. Self-Assembly of Covalently Linked Porphyrin Dimers at the Solid-Liquid Interface. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24163018. [PMID: 31434280 PMCID: PMC6720350 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24163018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis and surface self-assembly behavior of two types of metal-porphyrin dimers is described. The first dimer type consists of two porphyrins linked via a rigid conjugated spacer, and the second type has an alkyne linker, which allows rotation of the porphyrin moieties with respect to each other. The conjugated dimers were equipped with two copper or two manganese centers, while the flexible dimers allowed a modular built-up that also made the incorporation of two different metal centers possible. The self-assembly of the new porphyrin dimers at a solid–liquid interface was investigated at the single-molecule scale using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). All dimers formed monolayers, of which the stability and the internal degree of ordering of the molecules depended on the metal centers in the porphyrins. While in all monolayers the dimers were oriented coplanar with respect to the underlying surface (‘face-on’), the flexible dimer containing a manganese and a copper center could be induced, via the application of a voltage pulse in the STM setup, to self-assemble into monolayers in which the porphyrin dimers adopted a non-common perpendicular (‘edge-on’) geometry with respect to the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Habets
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis Lensen
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sylvia Speller
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 23, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Department Life, Light & Matter-University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Johannes A A W Elemans
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Coenen MJJ, den Boer D, van den Bruele FJ, Habets T, Timmers KAAM, van der Maas M, Khoury T, Panduwinata D, Crossley MJ, Reimers JR, van Enckevort WJP, Hendriksen BLM, Elemans JAAW, Speller S. Polymorphism in porphyrin monolayers: the relation between adsorption configuration and molecular conformation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 15:12451-8. [PMID: 23620134 DOI: 10.1039/c3cp50829c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembled monolayers of meso-5,10,15,20-tetrakis(undecyl)porphyrin copper(II) on a graphite/1-octanoic acid interface have been studied by Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy. Four distinct polymorphs were observed, varying in their unit cell size. Arrays of unit cells of the various polymorphs seamlessly connect to each other via shared unit cell vectors. The monolayers are not commensurate, but coincident with the underlying graphite substrate. The seamless transition between the polymorphs is proposed to be the result of an adaptation of the molecular conformations in the polymorphs and at the boundaries, which is enabled by the conformational freedom of the alkyl tails of these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel J J Coenen
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Lensen D, Habets T, Elemans JAAW. Dynamic rearrangement of bilayers of porphyrin hetero-dimers at a solid/liquid interface. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:7291-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc02963a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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den Boer D, Habets T, Coenen MJJ, van der Maas M, Peters TPJ, Crossley MJ, Khoury T, Rowan AE, Nolte RJM, Speller S, Elemans JAAW. Controlled templating of porphyrins by a molecular command layer. Langmuir 2011; 27:2644-2651. [PMID: 21329373 DOI: 10.1021/la104724v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The copper porphyrin (5,10,15,20-tetraundecylporphyrinato)copper(II) can be templated in a well-defined arrangement using p-(hexadecyloxycarbonyl)phenylacetylene as a command layer on graphite. The bicomponent system was characterized at the submolecular level at a solid/liquid interface by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). It is proposed that the layer of copper porphyrins is templated on top of the command layer in a hierarchical fashion, via a combination of intermolecular π-π stacking and van der Waals interactions. A very subtle effect, i.e., a superstructure in the alkyl chain region of the phenylacetylene monolayers, was identified as a decisive factor for the templating process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan den Boer
- Radboud University Nijmegen , Institute for Molecules and Materials, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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