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Galstyan A, Strokov K. Influence of photosensitizer concentration and polymer composition on photoinduced antimicrobial activity of PVA- and PVA-chitosan-based electrospun nanomaterials cross-linked with tailor-made silicon(IV) phthalocyanine. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2022; 21:1387-1398. [PMID: 35513693 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-022-00229-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The ongoing effort to eradicate pathogenic bacteria and viruses is a major endeavor that requires development of new and innovative materials. Materials based on photodynamic action represent an emerging and attractive area of research, and therefore, a broad understanding of chemical design principles is required. In the present study, we investigated the antibacterial and antiviral activities of five different nanofibrous membranes composed of poly(vinyl alcohol) or poly(vinyl alcohol)-chitosan mixture cross-linked through silicon(IV)phthalocyanine derivative with the aim to identify the role of the carrier polymer and photosensitizers concentration on its efficacy. A straightforward cross-linking process was adopted to create a water-stable material with an almost uniform distribution of the fiber structure, as revealed by scanning electron microscopy. The results of the antimicrobial studies showed that the increase in the amount of chitosan in the polymer mixture, rather than the increase in the photosensitizer concentration, enhanced the activity of the material. Due to their visible light-triggered antimicrobial activity, the resulting materials provide valuable opportunities for both topical antimicrobial photodynamic therapy and the area of environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anzhela Galstyan
- Faculty of Chemistry, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE) and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany. .,Center for Soft Nanoscience, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
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2
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Sowa A, Höing A, Dobrindt U, Knauer SK, Galstyan A, Voskuhl J. Umbelliferone Decorated Water-soluble Zinc(II) Phthalocyanines - In Vitro Phototoxic Antimicrobial Anti-cancer Agents. Chemistry 2021; 27:14672-14680. [PMID: 34324228 PMCID: PMC8596868 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In this contribution we report on the synthesis, characterization and application of water-soluble zinc(II) phthalocyanines, which are decorated with four or eight umbelliferone moieties for photodynamic therapy (PDT). These compounds are linked peripherally to zinc(II) phthalocyanine by a triethylene glycol linker attached to pyridines, leading to cationic pyridinium units, able to increase the water solubility of the system. Beside their photophysical properties they were analyzed concerning their cellular distribution in human hepatocyte carcinoma (HepG2) cells as well as their phototoxicity towards HepG2 cells, Gram-positive (S. aureus strain 3150/12 and B. subtilis strain DB104) and Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli strain UTI89 and E. coli strain Nissle 1917). At low light doses and concentrations, they exhibit superb antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria as well as anti-tumor activity against HepG2. They are even capable to inactivate Gram-negative bacteria, whereas the dark toxicity remains low. These unique water-soluble compounds can be regarded as all-in-one type photosensitizers with broad applications ranges in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Sowa
- Institute of Chemistry (Organic chemistry)University of Duisburg-EssenUniversitätsstraße 745117EssenGermany
| | - Alexander Höing
- Department of Molecular Biology II Center for Medical Biotechnology (ZMB)University of Duisburg-EssenUniversitätsstrasse 545117EssenGermany
| | - Ulrich Dobrindt
- Institute of HygieneWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterMendelstraße 748149MünsterGermany
| | - Shirley K. Knauer
- Department of Molecular Biology II Center for Medical Biotechnology (ZMB)University of Duisburg-EssenUniversitätsstrasse 545117EssenGermany
| | - Anzhela Galstyan
- Center for Soft NanoscienceWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterBusso-Peus-Straße 1048149MünsterGermany
| | - Jens Voskuhl
- Institute of Chemistry (Organic chemistry)University of Duisburg-EssenUniversitätsstraße 745117EssenGermany
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3
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Fiala J, Schöbel H, Vrabl P, Dietrich D, Hammerle F, Artmann DJ, Stärz R, Peintner U, Siewert B. A New High-Throughput-Screening-Assay for Photoantimicrobials Based on EUCAST Revealed Unknown Photoantimicrobials in Cortinariaceae. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:703544. [PMID: 34421861 PMCID: PMC8375034 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.703544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is one of the biggest health and subsequent economic threat humanity faces. Next to massive global awareness campaigns, governments and NGOs alike stress the need for new innovative strategies to treat microbial infections. One of such innovative strategies is the photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) in which the synergistic effects of photons and drugs are exploited. While many promising reports are available, PACT - and especially the drug-design part behind - is still in its infancy. Common best-practice rules, such as the EUCAST or CLSI protocols for classic antibiotics as well as high-throughput screenings, are missing, and this, in turn, hampers the identification of hit structures. Hit-like structures might come from synthetic approaches or from natural sources. They are identified via activity-guided synthesis or isolation strategies. As source for new antimicrobials, fungi are highly ranked. They share the same ecological niche with many other microbes and consequently established chemical strategies to combat with the others. Recently, in members of the Cortinariaceae, especially of the subgenus Dermocybe, photoactive metabolites were detected. To study their putative photoantimicrobial effect, a photoantimicrobial high-throughput screening (HTS) based on The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) was established. After validation, the established HTS was used to evaluate a sample set containing six colorful representatives from the genus Cortinarius (i.e., Cortinarius callisteus, C. rufo-olivaceus, C. traganus, C. trivialis, C. venetus, and C. xanthophyllus). The assay is built on a uniform, light-emitting diode (LED)-based light irradiation across a 96-well microtiter plate, which was achieved by a pioneering arrangement of the LEDs. The validation of the assay was accomplished with well-known photoactive drugs, so-called photosensitizers, utilizing six distinct emission wavelengths (λexc = 428, 478, 523, 598, or 640 nm) and three microbial strains (Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli). Evaluating the extracts of six Cortinarius species revealed two highly promising species, i.e., C. rufo-olivaceus and C. xanthophyllus. Extracts from the latter were photoactive against the Gram-positive S. aureus (c = 7.5 μg/ml, H = 30 J/cm2, λ = 478 nm) and the fungus C. albicans (c = 75 μg/ml, H = 30 J/cm2, λ = 478 nm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Fiala
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Pamela Vrabl
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dorothea Dietrich
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Fabian Hammerle
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Ronald Stärz
- MCI - The Entrepreneurial School, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ursula Peintner
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bianka Siewert
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Galstyan A. Turning Photons into Drugs: Phthalocyanine-Based Photosensitizers as Efficient Photoantimicrobials. Chemistry 2021; 27:1903-1920. [PMID: 32677718 PMCID: PMC7894475 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
One of the most promising alternatives for treating bacterial infections is antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT), making the synthesis and application of new photoactive compounds called photosensitizers (PS) a dynamic research field. In this regard, phthalocyanine (Pc) derivatives offer great opportunities due to their extraordinary light-harvesting and tunable electronic properties, structural versatility, and stability. This Review, rather than focusing on synthetic strategies, intends to overview current progress in the structural design strategies for Pcs that could achieve effective photoinactivation of microorganisms. In addition, the Review provides a concise look into the recent developments and applications of nanocarrier-based Pc delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anzhela Galstyan
- Center for Soft NanoscienceWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterBusso-Peus-Straße 1048149MünsterGermany
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5
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Strokov K, Galstyan A. Chitosan‐Silicon Phthalocyanine Conjugate as Effective Photo‐Functional Hydrogel for Tracking and Killing of Bacteria. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Strokov
- Center for Soft Nanoscience Westfälische Wilhelms‐Universität Münster Busso‐Peus‐Straße 10 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Anzhela Galstyan
- Center for Soft Nanoscience Westfälische Wilhelms‐Universität Münster Busso‐Peus‐Straße 10 48149 Münster Germany
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Galstyan A, Maurya YK, Zhylitskaya H, Bae YJ, Wu YL, Wasielewski MR, Lis T, Dobrindt U, Stępień M. π-Extended Donor-Acceptor Porphyrins and Metalloporphyrins for Antimicrobial Photodynamic Inactivation. Chemistry 2020; 26:8262-8266. [PMID: 31968144 PMCID: PMC7384002 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Free base, zinc and palladium π‐extended porphyrins containing fused naphthalenediamide units were employed as photosensitizers in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT). Their efficacy, assessed by photophysical and in vitro photobiological studies on Gram‐positive bacteria, was found to depend on metal coordination, showing a dramatic enhancement of photosensitizing activity for the palladium complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anzhela Galstyan
- Center for Soft Nanoscience, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Busso-Peus-Straße 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Yogesh Kumar Maurya
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Halina Zhylitskaya
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Youn Jue Bae
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, 60208-3113, USA
| | - Yi-Lin Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, 60208-3113, USA.,Current address: School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, 60208-3113, USA
| | - Tadeusz Lis
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Ulrich Dobrindt
- Institute of Hygiene, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Mendelstraße 7, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Marcin Stępień
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50383, Wrocław, Poland
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Strokov K, Schäfer AH, Dobrindt U, Galstyan A. Facile Fabrication of Silicon(IV)Phthalocyanine-Embedded Poly(vinyl alcohol)-Based Antibacterial and Antifouling Interfaces. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:3751-3760. [PMID: 35025245 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Interest in the photodynamic inactivation of bacteria as an alternative method to antibiotic treatment continues to grow. Based on this approach, light-activated anti-infective interfaces could be fabricated via incorporation of photosensitizers into the polymer-based materials. In order to combine photobactericidal and antifouling functions, the choice of the carrier polymer is of particular significance: it should enable fast and effective conjugation of photosensitizer and reduce the formation of bioburden on the artificial material in a biological environment. This study reports one-pot fabrication and characterization of two silicon(IV)phthalocyanine /poly(vinyl alcohol)-based electrospun mats. The method relies on the thermal cross-linking of components by esterification using sebacic acid as a cross-linking agent. Fabricated flexible mats showed photosensitizer-dependent antibacterial photoactivity against different Gram-positive bacteria with low cytotoxic effects on human fibroblasts and were effective against bacterial attachment, as an early step toward future biofilm formation. This work provides practical guidelines in developing photoactive materials and interfaces that can be used in nonadhesive wound dressings, food packaging, water, and air filtration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Strokov
- Center for Soft Nanoscience Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Busso-Peus Strasse 10, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Andreas H Schäfer
- Centre for Nanotechnology, NanoAnalytics GmbH, Heisenbergstraße 11, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Ulrich Dobrindt
- Institute of Hygiene, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Mendelstrasse 7, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Anzhela Galstyan
- Center for Soft Nanoscience Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Busso-Peus Strasse 10, Münster 48149, Germany
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Photoeradication of bacteria with porphycenes: Substituent effects on the efficiency. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 200:112472. [PMID: 32505852 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Considering the world-wide problem of growing antibiotic resistance of bacteria, photodynamic inactivation (PDI) has a potential to become the treatment approach against some infectious diseases. In our study, four differently substituted porphycenes were compared in terms of their bactericidal activity against E. faecalis. All tested compounds had a similar photophysical characteristics, i.e., there were no significant differences in the location of absorption bands or molar absorption coefficients. Also, singlet oxygen generation quantum yields were very similar. Surprisingly, differently substituted porphycenes caused very diverse PDI effects. Special attention was drawn to the tert-butyl moieties. Our studies demonstrated that the presence of these substituents lowers the bactericidal potential significantly and can completely block the activity when more than one moiety is introduced to the molecule. The porphycenes lacking tert-butyl groups exhibited much higher PDI potential and we assign this effect to different interactions of the differently substituted porphycenes with the bacterial cells. Most likely, the presence of tert-butyls impairs cell penetration by the photosensitizer. These results remind that the favorable photophysical characteristics do not ensure that the compound considered as a potential PDI agent can reach the microbial cells.
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Galstyan A, Ricker A, Nüsse H, Klingauf J, Dobrindt U. Exploring the Impact of Coordination-Driven Self Assembly on the Antibacterial Activity of Low-Symmetry Phthalocyanines. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 3:400-411. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b00873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anzhela Galstyan
- Center for Soft Nanoscience, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Busso-Peus Strasse 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Andrea Ricker
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Robert-Koch-Strasse 31, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Harald Nüsse
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Robert-Koch-Strasse 31, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jürgen Klingauf
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Robert-Koch-Strasse 31, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ulrich Dobrindt
- Institut of Hygiene, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Mendelstrasse 7, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Galstyan A, Dobrindt U. Determining and unravelling origins of reduced photoinactivation efficacy of bacteria in milk. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2019; 197:111554. [PMID: 31326843 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Bovine mastitis is an endemic disease of dairy cattle that is considered to be one of the most frequent and costly diseases in veterinary medicine. An increase in the incidence of disease results in the increased use of antibiotics, which in turn increases the potential of bacterial resistance. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) in the treatment of bovine mastitis, as an alternative to systemic antibiotics. To identify the key factors affecting photoinactivation efficacy, realistic experiments in view of the end-use were conducted in milk samples using two different photosensitizers: methylene blue (MB) and silicon (IV) phthalocyanine derivative (SiPc). We explored the effects of divalent ions and fat content on the aPDT outcome and determined influence of different proteins on aPDT efficacy. Levels of bacterial sensitivity to PSs varied depending on the type of bacteria (Gram-positive vs. Gram-negative) and light exposure time. Critical interrelated factors affecting aPDT in milk were identified and an efficient combination of treatment conditions that can lead to a full photodynamic inactivation of bacteria was determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anzhela Galstyan
- Center for Soft Nanoscience, University of Münster, Busso-Peus-Straße 10, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Ulrich Dobrindt
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, Mendelstraße 7, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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Tunçel A, Öztürk İ, Ince M, Ocakoglu K, Hoşgör-Limoncu M, Yurt F. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy against Staphylococcus aureus using zinc phthalocyanine and zinc phthalocyanine-integrated TiO2 nanoparticles. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2019. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424619500238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is an increasing healthcare problem worldwide. In the present study, the effects of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT) of ZnPc and ZnPc-integrated TiO2 nanoparticles (ZnPc-TiO[Formula: see text] were investigated against Staphylococcus aureus. A light emitting diode (LED) (630–700 nm, 17.4 mW/cm[Formula: see text] was used on S. aureus at different light doses (8 J/cm2 for 11 min, 16 J/cm2 for 22 min, 24 J/cm2 for 33 min) in the presence of the compounds under the minimum inhibitory concentration values. Both compounds showed similar phototoxicity toward S. aureus when high light doses (16 and 24 J/cm[Formula: see text] were applied. In addition, the success of APDT increased with an increasing light dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayça Tunçel
- Institute of Nuclear Science, Department of Nuclear Applications, Ege University, Bornova, 35100, Izmir, Turkey
| | - İsmail Öztürk
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Bornova, 35620, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Mine Ince
- Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Tarsus University, TR33400, Tarsus, Turkey
| | - Kasim Ocakoglu
- Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Tarsus University, TR33400, Tarsus, Turkey
| | - Mine Hoşgör-Limoncu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ege University, Bornova, 35100, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Fatma Yurt
- Institute of Nuclear Science, Department of Nuclear Applications, Ege University, Bornova, 35100, Izmir, Turkey
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Huda NU, Islam S, Zia M, William K, Abbas FI, Umar MI, Iqbal MA, Mannan A. Anticancer, antimicrobial and antioxidant potential of sterically tuned bis-N-heterocyclic salts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 74:17-23. [DOI: 10.1515/znc-2018-0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The current study was conducted to evaluate the antimicrobial, antioxidant, antileishmanial and cytotoxic potential of designed derivatives of 1,1′-(1,3-phenylenebis(methylene))bis(3-alkyl/aryl-1H-benzimidazol-3-ium) salts. The antibacterial potential of the test compounds was investigated against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and two methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains (MRSA10, MRSA11), where compound 6 showed the best results. For brine shrimp lethality bioassay (BSLB), compound 6 again showed up to 100% mortality at 200 μg/mL and 56.7% mortality at 6.25 μg/mL. Antileishmanial assay was performed against Leishmania tropica at 20 μg/mL dosage, where 6 showed the most promising activity with 16.26% survival (83.74% mortality; IC50=14.63 μg/mL). The anticancer potential of the selected benzimidazole derivatives was evaluated against two selected cell lines (human colorectal cancer, HCT-116 and breast adenocarcinoma, MCF-7) using sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay. Compound 6 was found to be the most effective cytotoxic compound with 75% inhibition of HCT-116 proliferation at 1 mg/mL concentration. Succinctly, 6 exhibited impressive pharmacological potential that might be attributed to its higher lipophilic character owing to the longer N-substituted alkyl chains when compared to the other test compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor ul Huda
- Department of Pharmacy , COMSATS University , Abbotabad 22060 , Pakistan
| | - Shamsul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy , COMSATS University , Abbotabad 22060 , Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zia
- Department of Biotechnology , Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad , Islamabad 45320 , Pakistan
| | - Kainaat William
- Bioresource Research Centre (BRC) , Islamabad 46000 , Pakistan
| | - Fakhar i Abbas
- Bioresource Research Centre (BRC) , Islamabad 46000 , Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Adnan Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry , University of Agriculture Faisalabad, University Main Rd , Faisalabad, Punjab 38040 , Pakistan , Phone: +92 334 4594372
| | - Abdul Mannan
- Department of Pharmacy , COMSATS University , Abbotabad 22060 , Pakistan , Phone: +92-992-383591
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Galstyan A, Dobrindt U. Breaching the wall: morphological control of efficacy of phthalocyanine-based photoantimicrobials. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:4630-4637. [DOI: 10.1039/c8tb01357h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, photophysical, theoretical and biological studies are combined, highlighting the importance of different characteristics for designing new and more effective PSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anzhela Galstyan
- Center for Soft Nanoscience
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- D-48149 Münster
- Germany
| | - Ulrich Dobrindt
- Institute of Hygiene
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- D-48149 Münster
- Germany
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