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Cugudda A, La Manna S, Marasco D. Are peptidomimetics the compounds of choice for developing new modulators of the JAK-STAT pathway? Front Immunol 2024; 15:1406886. [PMID: 38983855 PMCID: PMC11232365 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1406886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) play critical roles in a wide range of biological processes including the dysregulation of cellular pathways leading to the loss of cell function, which in turn leads to diseases. The dysfunction of several signaling pathways is linked to the insurgence of pathological processes such as inflammation, cancer development and neurodegeneration. Thus, there is an urgent need for novel chemical modulators of dysregulated PPIs to drive progress in targeted therapies. Several PPIs have been targeted by bioactive compounds, and, often, to properly cover interacting protein regions and improve the biological activities of modulators, a particular focus concerns the employment of macrocycles as proteomimetics. Indeed, for their physicochemical properties, they occupy an intermediate space between small organic molecules and macromolecular proteins and are prominent in the drug discovery process. Peptide macrocycles can modulate fundamental biological mechanisms and here we will focus on peptidomimetics active on the Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniela Marasco
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
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2
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Das S, Nag A. Tetrazine cyclized peptides for one-bead-one-compound library: Synthesis and sequencing. Methods Enzymol 2024; 698:141-167. [PMID: 38886030 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2024.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
While most FDA-approved peptide drugs are cyclic, robust cyclization chemistry of peptides and the deconvolution of the cyclic peptide sequences using tandem mass spectrometry render cyclic peptide drug discovery difficult. In this chapter, the protocol for the successful synthesis of tetrazine-linked cyclic peptide library in solid phase, which shows both robust cyclization and easy sequence deconvolution, is described. The protocol for the linearization and cleavage of cyclic peptides from the solid phase by simple UV light irradiation, followed by accurate sequencing using tandem mass spectrometry, is described. We describe the troubleshooting for this dithiol bis-arylation reaction and for the successful cleavage of the aryl cyclic peptide into linear form. This method for efficient solid-phase macrocyclization can be used for the rapid production of loop-based peptides and screening for inhibition of protein-protein interactions, by using the covalent inverse electron-demand Diels Alder reaction to supplement the non-covalent interaction between a protein and its peptide binder, isolating highly selective peptides in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Das
- Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Arundhati Nag
- Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University, Worcester, MA, United States.
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3
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Nag A, Mafi A, Das S, Yu MB, Alvarez-Villalonga B, Kim SK, Su Y, Goddard WA, Heath JR. Stereochemical engineering yields a multifunctional peptide macrocycle inhibitor of Akt2 by fine-tuning macrocycle-cell membrane interactions. Commun Chem 2023; 6:95. [PMID: 37202473 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-00890-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrocycle peptides are promising constructs for imaging and inhibiting extracellular, and cell membrane proteins, but their use for targeting intracellular proteins is typically limited by poor cell penetration. We report the development of a cell-penetrant high-affinity peptide ligand targeted to the phosphorylated Ser474 epitope of the (active) Akt2 kinase. This peptide can function as an allosteric inhibitor, an immunoprecipitation reagent, and a live cell immunohistochemical staining reagent. Two cell penetrant stereoisomers were prepared and shown to exhibit similar target binding affinities and hydrophobic character but 2-3-fold different rates of cell penetration. Experimental and computational studies resolved that the ligands' difference in cell penetration could be assigned to their differential interactions with cholesterol in the membrane. These results expand the tool kit for designing new chiral-based cell-penetrant ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arundhati Nag
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Clark University, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Amirhossein Mafi
- Materials and Process Simulation Center (139-74), California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Samir Das
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Clark University, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Mary Beth Yu
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | - Soo-Kyung Kim
- Materials and Process Simulation Center (139-74), California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Yapeng Su
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - William A Goddard
- Materials and Process Simulation Center (139-74), California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - James R Heath
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA.
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4
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Protein Catalyzed Capture (PCC) Agents for Antigen Targeting. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 34596849 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1689-5_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
The protein catalyzed capture agent (PCC) method is a powerful combinatorial screening strategy for discovering synthetic macrocyclic peptide ligands, called PCCs, to designated protein epitopes. The foundational concept of the PCC method is the use of in situ click chemistry to survey large combinatorial libraries of peptides for ligands to designated biological targets. State-of-the-art PCC screens integrate synthetic libraries of constrained macrocyclic peptides with epitope-specific targeting strategies to identify high-affinity (<100 nM) binders de novo. Automated instrumentation can accelerate PCC discovery to a rapid 2-week timeframe. Here, we describe methods to perform combinatorial screens that yield epitope-targeted PCCs.
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5
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Narayanam MK, Lai BT, Loredo JM, Wilson JA, Eliasen AM, LaBerge NA, Nason M, Cantu AL, Luton BK, Xu S, Agnew HD, Murphy JM. Positron Emission Tomography Tracer Design of Targeted Synthetic Peptides via 18F-Sydnone Alkyne Cycloaddition. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:2073-2082. [PMID: 34415731 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chemically synthesized, small peptides that bind with high affinity and specificity to CD8-expressing (CD8+) tumor-infiltrating T cells, yet retain the desirable characteristics of small molecules, hold valuable potential for diagnostic molecular imaging of immune response. Here, we report the development of 18F-labeled peptides targeting human CD8α with nanomolar affinity via the strain-promoted sydnone-alkyne cycloaddition with 4-[18F]fluorophenyl sydnone. The 18F-sydnone is produced in one step, in high radiochemical yield, and the peptide labeling proceeds rapidly. A hydrophilic chemical linker results in a tracer with favorable pharmacokinetic properties and improved image contrast, as demonstrated by in vivo PET imaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maruthi Kumar Narayanam
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Bert T Lai
- Indi Molecular, Inc., 6162 Bristol Parkway, Culver City, California 90230, United States
| | - Jacquie Malette Loredo
- Indi Molecular, Inc., 6162 Bristol Parkway, Culver City, California 90230, United States
| | - Jeré A Wilson
- Indi Molecular, Inc., 6162 Bristol Parkway, Culver City, California 90230, United States
| | - Anders M Eliasen
- Indi Molecular, Inc., 6162 Bristol Parkway, Culver City, California 90230, United States
| | - Nicole A LaBerge
- Indi Molecular, Inc., 6162 Bristol Parkway, Culver City, California 90230, United States
| | - Malley Nason
- Indi Molecular, Inc., 6162 Bristol Parkway, Culver City, California 90230, United States
| | - Annabelle L Cantu
- Indi Molecular, Inc., 6162 Bristol Parkway, Culver City, California 90230, United States
| | - Breanna K Luton
- Indi Molecular, Inc., 6162 Bristol Parkway, Culver City, California 90230, United States
| | - Shili Xu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Heather D Agnew
- Indi Molecular, Inc., 6162 Bristol Parkway, Culver City, California 90230, United States
| | - Jennifer M Murphy
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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6
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Guardiola S, Varese M, Roig X, Sánchez-Navarro M, García J, Giralt E. Target-templated de novo design of macrocyclic d-/l-peptides: discovery of drug-like inhibitors of PD-1. Chem Sci 2021; 12:5164-5170. [PMID: 34163753 PMCID: PMC8179567 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01031j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptides are a rapidly growing class of therapeutics with various advantages over traditional small molecules, especially for targeting difficult protein-protein interactions. However, current structure-based methods are largely limited to natural peptides and are not suitable for designing bioactive cyclic topologies that go beyond natural l-amino acids. Here, we report a generalizable framework that exploits the computational power of Rosetta, in terms of large-scale backbone sampling, side-chain composition and energy scoring, to design heterochiral cyclic peptides that bind to a protein surface of interest. To showcase the applicability of our approach, we developed two new inhibitors (PD-i3 and PD-i6) of programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), a key immune checkpoint in oncology. A comprehensive biophysical evaluation was performed to assess their binding to PD-1 as well as their blocking effect on the endogenous PD-1/PD-L1 interaction. Finally, NMR elucidation of their in-solution structures confirmed our de novo design approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Guardiola
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Baldiri Reixac 10 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Monica Varese
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Baldiri Reixac 10 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Xavier Roig
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Baldiri Reixac 10 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | | | - Jesús García
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Baldiri Reixac 10 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Ernest Giralt
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Baldiri Reixac 10 08028 Barcelona Spain
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona Spain
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7
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Kandler R, Das S, Nag A. Copper-ligand clusters dictate size of cyclized peptide formed during alkyne-azide cycloaddition on solid support. RSC Adv 2021; 11:4842-4852. [PMID: 34377440 PMCID: PMC8351437 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07491h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptide and peptidomimetic cyclization by copper-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction have been used to mimic disulfide bonds, alpha helices, amide bonds, and for one-bead-one-compound (OBOC) library development. A limited number of solid-supported CuAAC cyclization methods resulting in monomeric cyclic peptide formation have been reported for specific peptide sequences, but there exists no general study on monocyclic peptide formation using CuAAC cyclization. Since several cyclic peptides identified from an OBOC CuAAC cyclized library has been shown to have important biological applications, we discuss here an efficient method of alkyne-azide 'click' catalyzed monomeric cyclic peptide formation on a solid support. The reason behind the efficiency of the method is explored. CuAAC cyclization of a peptide sequence with azidolysine and propargylglycine is performed under various reaction conditions, with different catalysts, in the presence or absence of an organic base. The results indicate that piperidine plays a critical role in the reaction yield and monomeric cycle formation by coordinating to Cu and forming Cu-ligand clusters. A previously synthesized copper compound containing piperidine, [Cu4I4(pip)4], is found to catalyze the CuAAC cyclization of monomeric peptide effectively. The use of 1.5 equivalents of CuI and the use of DMF as solvent is found to give optimal CuAAC cyclized monomer yields. The effect of the peptide sequence and peptide length on monomer formation are also investigated by varying either parameter systemically. Peptide length is identified as the determining factor for whether the monomeric or dimeric cyclic peptide is the major product. For peptides with six, seven, or eight amino acids, the monomer is the major product from CuAAC cyclization. Longer and shorter peptides on cyclization show less monomer formation. CuAAC peptide cyclization of non-optimal peptide lengths such as pentamers is affected significantly by the amino acid sequence and give lower yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene Kandler
- Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University, Worcester, MA 01610, USA
| | - Samir Das
- Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University, Worcester, MA 01610, USA
| | - Arundhati Nag
- Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University, Worcester, MA 01610, USA
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8
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Idso MN, Akhade AS, Arrieta-Ortiz ML, Lai BT, Srinivas V, Hopkins JP, Gomes AO, Subramanian N, Baliga N, Heath JR. Antibody-recruiting protein-catalyzed capture agents to combat antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Chem Sci 2020; 11:3054-3067. [PMID: 34122810 PMCID: PMC8157486 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc04842a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistant infections are projected to cause over 10 million deaths by 2050, yet the development of new antibiotics has slowed. This points to an urgent need for methodologies for the rapid development of antibiotics against emerging drug resistant pathogens. We report on a generalizable combined computational and synthetic approach, called antibody-recruiting protein-catalyzed capture agents (AR-PCCs), to address this challenge. We applied the combinatorial protein catalyzed capture agent (PCC) technology to identify macrocyclic peptide ligands against highly conserved surface protein epitopes of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae, an opportunistic Gram-negative pathogen with drug resistant strains. Multi-omic data combined with bioinformatic analyses identified epitopes of the highly expressed MrkA surface protein of K. pneumoniae for targeting in PCC screens. The top-performing ligand exhibited high-affinity (EC50 ∼50 nM) to full-length MrkA, and selectively bound to MrkA-expressing K. pneumoniae, but not to other pathogenic bacterial species. AR-PCCs that bear a hapten moiety promoted antibody recruitment to K. pneumoniae, leading to enhanced phagocytosis and phagocytic killing by macrophages. The rapid development of this highly targeted antibiotic implies that the integrated computational and synthetic toolkit described here can be used for the accelerated production of antibiotics against drug resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew N Idso
- Institute for Systems Biology 401 Terry Ave North Seattle 98109 USA
| | | | | | - Bert T Lai
- Indi Molecular, Inc. 6162 Bristol Parkway Culver City CA 90230 USA
| | - Vivek Srinivas
- Institute for Systems Biology 401 Terry Ave North Seattle 98109 USA
| | - James P Hopkins
- Institute for Systems Biology 401 Terry Ave North Seattle 98109 USA
| | | | | | - Nitin Baliga
- Institute for Systems Biology 401 Terry Ave North Seattle 98109 USA
| | - James R Heath
- Institute for Systems Biology 401 Terry Ave North Seattle 98109 USA
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9
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Borges A, Gillespie D, Nag A. Biological applications of amide and amino acid containing synthetic macrocycles. Supramol Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10610278.2019.1650178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Borges
- Department of Chemistry, Clark University, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Dylan Gillespie
- Department of Chemistry, Clark University, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Arundhati Nag
- Department of Chemistry, Clark University, Worcester, MA, USA
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10
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Liang J, Bunck DN, Mishra A, Hong S, Idso MN, Heath JR. Inhibition of heme sequestration of histidine-rich protein 2 using multiple epitope-targeted peptides. J Pept Sci 2019; 25:e3203. [PMID: 31347248 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum is the most lethal species of malaria. In infected human red blood cells, P. falciparum digests hemoglobin as a nutrient source, liberating cytotoxic free heme in the process. Sequestration and subsequent conversion of this byproduct into hemozoin, an inert biocrystalline heme aggregate, plays a key role in parasite survival. Hemozoin has been a longstanding target of antimalarials such as chloroquine (CQ), which inhibit the biocrystallization of free heme. In this study, we explore heme-binding interactions with histidine-rich-protein 2 (HRP2), a known malarial biomarker and purported player in free heme sequestration. HRP2 is notoriously challenging to target due to its highly repetitious sequence and irregular secondary structure. We started with three protein-catalyzed capture agents (PCCs) developed against epitopes of HRP2, inclusive of heme-binding motifs, and explored their ability to inhibit heme:HRP2 complex formation. Cocktails of the individual PCCs exhibit an inhibitory potency similar to CQ, while a covalently linked structure built from two separate PCCs provided considerably increased inhibition relative to CQ. Epitope-targeted disruption of heme:HRP2 binding is a novel approach towards disrupting P. falciparum-related hemozoin formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- JingXin Liang
- Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Ave North, Seattle, WA, 98109-5263, USA
| | - David N Bunck
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Blvd, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Anvita Mishra
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Blvd, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Sunga Hong
- Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Ave North, Seattle, WA, 98109-5263, USA
| | - Matthew N Idso
- Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Ave North, Seattle, WA, 98109-5263, USA
| | - James R Heath
- Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Ave North, Seattle, WA, 98109-5263, USA
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11
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Dickson P, Kodadek T. Chemical composition of DNA-encoded libraries, past present and future. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:4676-4688. [PMID: 31017595 PMCID: PMC6520149 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob00581a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
DNA-encoded libraries represent an exciting and powerful modality for high-throughput screening. In this article, we highlight recent important advances in this field and also suggest some important directions that would make the technology even more powerful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige Dickson
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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12
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Agnew HD, Coppock MB, Idso MN, Lai BT, Liang J, McCarthy-Torrens AM, Warren CM, Heath JR. Protein-Catalyzed Capture Agents. Chem Rev 2019; 119:9950-9970. [PMID: 30838853 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Protein-catalyzed capture agents (PCCs) are synthetic and modular peptide-based affinity agents that are developed through the use of single-generation in situ click chemistry screens against large peptide libraries. In such screens, the target protein, or a synthetic epitope fragment of that protein, provides a template for selectively promoting the noncopper catalyzed azide-alkyne dipolar cycloaddition click reaction between either a library peptide and a known ligand or a library peptide and the synthetic epitope. The development of epitope-targeted PCCs was motivated by the desire to fully generalize pioneering work from the Sharpless and Finn groups in which in situ click screens were used to develop potent, divalent enzymatic inhibitors. In fact, a large degree of generality has now been achieved. Various PCCs have demonstrated utility for selective protein detection, as allosteric or direct inhibitors, as modulators of protein folding, and as tools for in vivo tumor imaging. We provide a historical context for PCCs and place them within the broader scope of biological and synthetic aptamers. The development of PCCs is presented as (i) Generation I PCCs, which are branched ligands engineered through an iterative, nonepitope-targeted process, and (ii) Generation II PCCs, which are typically developed from macrocyclic peptide libraries and are precisely epitope-targeted. We provide statistical comparisons of Generation II PCCs relative to monoclonal antibodies in which the protein target is the same. Finally, we discuss current challenges and future opportunities of PCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather D Agnew
- Indi Molecular, Inc. , 6162 Bristol Parkway , Culver City , California 90230 , United States
| | - Matthew B Coppock
- Sensors and Electron Devices Directorate , U.S. Army Research Laboratory , Adelphi , Maryland 20783 , United States
| | - Matthew N Idso
- Institute for Systems Biology , 401 Terry Avenue North , Seattle , Washington 98109-5234 , United States
| | - Bert T Lai
- Indi Molecular, Inc. , 6162 Bristol Parkway , Culver City , California 90230 , United States
| | - JingXin Liang
- Institute for Systems Biology , 401 Terry Avenue North , Seattle , Washington 98109-5234 , United States
| | - Amy M McCarthy-Torrens
- Institute for Systems Biology , 401 Terry Avenue North , Seattle , Washington 98109-5234 , United States
| | - Carmen M Warren
- Indi Molecular, Inc. , 6162 Bristol Parkway , Culver City , California 90230 , United States
| | - James R Heath
- Institute for Systems Biology , 401 Terry Avenue North , Seattle , Washington 98109-5234 , United States
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13
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A novel discovery, maturation, and assay integration approach for the development of ruggedized multi-valent capture receptors exemplified against the chikungunya virus E2 protein. SENSING AND BIO-SENSING RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2018.100248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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14
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