1
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Mutoh K, Abe J. Fast photochromism of helicene-bridged imidazole dimers. Chem Sci 2024; 15:13343-13350. [PMID: 39183935 PMCID: PMC11339945 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc03578j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The unique optical and magnetic properties of organic biradicaloids on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are of fundamental interest in the development of novel organic optoelectronic materials. Open-shell π-conjugated molecules with helicity have recently attracted a great deal of attention due to the magnetic-field-dependence and spin-selectivity arising from the combination of helical chirality and electron spins. However, the molecular design for helical biradicaloids is limited due to the thermal instability and high reactivity. Herein, we achieved fast photochromic reactions and reversible photo-generation of biradical species using helicene-bridged imidazole dimers. A [9]helicene-bridged imidazole dimer exhibits reversible photochromism upon UV light irradiation. The transient species produced reversibly by UV light irradiation exhibited ESR spectra with a fine structure characteristic of a triplet radical pair, indicating the reversible generation of the biradical. The half-life of the thermal recombination reaction of the biradical was estimated to be 29 ms at 298 K. Conversely, a substantial activation energy barrier was confirmed for the intramolecular recombination reaction in the [7]helicene-bridged imidazole dimer, attributed to the extended pitch length of [7]helicene. The temperature dependence of the thermal back reactions revealed that the [7]helicene and [9]helicene moieties functioned as 'soft' and 'hard' molecular bridges, respectively. These findings pave the way for future advances in the development of photoswitchable helical biradicaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Mutoh
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, College of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University Sagamihara Kanagawa 252-5258 Japan
| | - Jiro Abe
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, College of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University Sagamihara Kanagawa 252-5258 Japan
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2
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Hamamoto H, Shimizu D, Matsuda K. peri-Benzo-Diindenotetracenyl: Helically π-Extended Allyl Radical with Robust Stability. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401353. [PMID: 38818544 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Here is described the synthesis and characterization of a stable hydrocarbon radical, peri-benzo-diindenotetracenyl, with a helical structure. Although the helical π-radical has no peripheral substituents, it was stable in the solid and solutions. According to the X-ray diffraction analysis and quantum chemical calculations, the radical was best described as an allyl radical fused by five Clar's sextets. The optically resolved enantiomers exhibited mirror image CD spectra with |gCD| of 2.4×10-4 at 522 nm. The racemization barrier was determined to be 95.9 kJ/mol at 298 K, which is compatible with that of [5]helicene (108 kJ/mol).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hodaka Hamamoto
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Daiki Shimizu
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsuda
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8103, Japan
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3
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Hoch M, Sparascio S, Cerveri A, Bigi F, Maggi R, Viscardi R, Maestri G. The effect of tethered bi-naphthyls on visible-light promoted alkene-alkene [2 + 2] cycloadditions. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2024; 23:1543-1563. [PMID: 39073548 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-024-00615-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Dispersion interactions are ubiquitous weak interactions that can play a role in many chemical events. Tailor-made catalysts and additives can lead to more selective reactions by properly exploiting dispersion interactions. Although radical-π dispersion interactions are known to have an important stabilizing role, this concept has been so far overlooked in synthetic photochemistry. We recently proved that similar dispersion interactions can play a profound impact on several reactions involving an energy transfer step. We present herein a study on the co-catalytic effect of tethered bi-naphthyl derivatives on the visible-light-promoted alkene-alkene [2 + 2] cycloaddition. A library of tethered bi-naphthyl derivatives was prepared in order to evaluate the impact of the tether on the efficiency of the prototypical [2 + 2] cycloaddition. The best performing additives showed a dramatic effect on the efficiency of the cyclization, and a rationalization of their relative efficiency was carried out through DFT modeling. The best co-catalyst allowed one to isolate desired products in good to excellent yields even employing several challenging substrates. These results offer new tools to devise optimized [2 + 2] photocycloaddition methods and provide valuable information for the design of organic co-catalyst that can boost photochemical reactions by exploiting dispersion interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Hoch
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Sara Sparascio
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Alessandro Cerveri
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Franca Bigi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
- IMEM-CNR, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Raimondo Maggi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Rosanna Viscardi
- ENEA, Casaccia Research Center, 00123, Santa Maria di Galeria, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Maestri
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy.
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4
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Guo H, Lovell JB, Shu C, Pink M, Morton M, Rajca S, Rajca A. Chiral π-Conjugated Double Helical Aminyl Diradical with the Triplet Ground State. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:9422-9433. [PMID: 38501228 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
We report a neutral high-spin diradical of chiral C2-symmetric bis[5]diazahelicene with ΔEST ≈ 0.4 kcal mol-1, as determined by EPR spectroscopy/SQUID magnetometry. The diradical is the most persistent among all high-spin aminyl radicals reported to date by a factor of 20, with a half-life of up to 6 days in 2-MeTHF at room temperature. Its triplet ground state and excellent persistence may be associated with the unique spin density distribution within the dihydrophenazine moiety, which characterizes two effective 3-electron C-N bonds analogous to the N-O bond of a nitroxide radical. The enantiomerically enriched (ee ≥ 94%) (MM)- and (PP)-enantiomers of the precursors to the diradicals are obtained by either preparative chiral supercritical fluid chromatography or resolution via functionalization with the chiral auxiliary of the C2-symmetric racemic tetraamine. The barrier for the racemization of the solid tetraamine is ΔG‡ = 43 ± 0.01 kcal mol-1 in the 483-523 K range. The experimentally estimated lower limit of the barrier for the racemization of a diradical, ΔG‡ ≥ 26 kcal mol-1 in 2-MeTHF at 293 K, is comparable to the DFT-determined barrier of ΔG‡ = 31 kcal mol-1 in the gas phase at 298 K. While the enantiomerically pure tetraamine displays strong chiroptical properties, with anisotropy factor |g| = |Δε|/ε = 0.036 at 376 nm, |g| ≈ 0.005 at 548 nm of the high-spin diradical is comparable to that recently reported triplet ground-state diradical dication. Notably, the radical anion intermediate in the generation of diradical exhibits a large SOMO-HOMO inversion, SHI = 35 kcal mol-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoxin Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0304, United States
| | - Joshua B Lovell
- Teledyne ISCO, 4700 Superior Street, Lincoln, Nebraska 68504-1328, United States
| | - Chan Shu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0304, United States
| | - Maren Pink
- IUMSC, Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, United States
| | - Martha Morton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0304, United States
| | - Suchada Rajca
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0304, United States
| | - Andrzej Rajca
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0304, United States
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5
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Tuo DH, Ao YF, Wang QQ, Wang DX. Chiral Benzene Triimide (BTI) Radical Anions for Probing the Interplay of Unpaired Electron Spin and Chirality. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302954. [PMID: 37903731 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Herein a series of chiral BTI radical anions bearing different chiral substituents were efficiently prepared by chemical reduction. X-ray crystallography revealed finely-tuned packing and helix assemblies of the radicals by the size of chiral substituents in crystalline state. In accordance with the crystalline-state packing, the powder ESR spectra indicate that 4 a- ⋅CoCp2 + and 4 c- ⋅CoCp2 + π-dimers exhibit thermally excited triplet states arising from strong spin-spin interactions, while discrete 4 b- ⋅CoCp2 + shows a broad doublet-state signal reflecting weak spin-spin interactions. The interplay between the unpaired electron spin and chiral substituents was studied by UV-Vis-NIR spectra, electronic circular dichroism (ECD) and TD DFT calculations. Different NIR absorptions of the radicals attributing to isolated SOMO→LUMO+1 (~889 nm) transitions were recorded. The emergence of Cotton effects (CEs) at the NIR region for 4 c- ⋅CoCp2 + radical enantiomers suggest the interplay between chirality and unpaired electron spin. The origin of the different circularly polarized light absorptions regarding SOMO derived transitions (around 880 nm) was attributed to chiral substitutes regulated electric and magnetic transition dipole moments of the unpaired electron participated transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Hui Tuo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yu-Fei Ao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qi-Qiang Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - De-Xian Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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6
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Cerveri A, Scarica G, Sparascio S, Hoch M, Chiminelli M, Tegoni M, Protti S, Maestri G. Boosting Energy-Transfer Processes via Dispersion Interactions. Chemistry 2024:e202304010. [PMID: 38224554 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202304010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
The generation of open-shell intermediates under mild conditions has opened broad synthetic opportunities during this century. However, these reactive species often require a case specific and tailored tuning of experimental parameters in order to efficiently convert substrates into products. We report a general approach that can overcome these ubiquitous limitations for several visible-light promoted energy-transfer processes. The use of either naphthalene (5-20 equiv.) or simple binaphthyl derivatives (10-30 mol %) greatly increases their efficiency, giving rise to a new strategy for catalysis. The trend is consistent among different media, photocatalysts, light sources and substrates, allowing one to improve existing methods, to more easily optimize conditions for new ones, and, moreover, to disclose otherwise inaccessible reaction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Cerveri
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Gabriele Scarica
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Sara Sparascio
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Matteo Hoch
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Maurizio Chiminelli
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Matteo Tegoni
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Stefano Protti
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, Università di Pavia, Via Taramelli 10, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Maestri
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
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7
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Duan L, Xue X, Hong B, Gu Z. Conjugation-Induced Spin Delocalization in Helical Chiral Carbon Radicals via Through-Bond and Through-Space Effects. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2304563. [PMID: 37867251 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
A class of highly stable hydrocarbon radicals with helical chirality are synthesized, which can be isolated and purified by routine column chromatography on silica gel. These carbon-centered radicals are stabilized by through-bond delocalization and intramolecular through-space conjugation, which is evidenced by Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculation. The high stability enables to directly modify the carbon radical via palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling with the radical being untapped. The structures and optoelectronic properties are investigated with a variety of experimental methods, including Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR), Ultraviolet Visisble Near Infrared (UV-vis-NIR) measurements, Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), Thermogravimetry Analysis (TGA), Circular Dichroism (CD) spectra, High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), and X-ray crystallographic analysis. DFT calculations indicated that the 9-anthryl helical radical is more stable than its tail-to-tail σ-dimer over 13.2 kJ mol-1 , which is consistent with experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longhui Duan
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoping Xue
- College of Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, P. R. China
| | - Biqiong Hong
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Zhenhua Gu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, P. R. China
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8
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Silber V, Jean M, Vanthuyne N, Del Rio N, Matozzo P, Crassous J, Ruppert R. Porphyrin- and Bodipy-helicene conjugates: syntheses, separation of enantiomers and chiroptical properties. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:8924-8935. [PMID: 37909260 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01459b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of several new compounds containing a chromophore and a helicenic moiety is reported. The preparation, characterisation and some physico-chemical studies are detailed. In particular, the two enantiomers of several chiral molecules of this type were separated by chiral HPLC (both analytically and in a preparative way) and their racemisation rates were determined for short-lived species. Electronic circular dichroism (ECD) and circular polarised luminescence (CPL) measurements were performed for the compounds with a very long racemisation half-life. Chiral porphyrins and Bodipys both gave ECD and CPL responses over a large area of the visible spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Silber
- Institut de Chimie, UMR CNRS 7177, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Marion Jean
- Aix-Marseille Université, UMR CNRS 7313, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, 13397 Marseille cedex 20, France
| | - Nicolas Vanthuyne
- Aix-Marseille Université, UMR CNRS 7313, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, 13397 Marseille cedex 20, France
| | - Natalia Del Rio
- ISCR, UMR CNRS 6226, campus de Beaulieu, Université de Rennes, 35042 Rennes cedex, France.
| | - Paola Matozzo
- ISCR, UMR CNRS 6226, campus de Beaulieu, Université de Rennes, 35042 Rennes cedex, France.
| | - Jeanne Crassous
- ISCR, UMR CNRS 6226, campus de Beaulieu, Université de Rennes, 35042 Rennes cedex, France.
| | - Romain Ruppert
- Institut de Chimie, UMR CNRS 7177, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
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9
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Shu C, Yang Z, Rajca A. From Stable Radicals to Thermally Robust High-Spin Diradicals and Triradicals. Chem Rev 2023; 123:11954-12003. [PMID: 37831948 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Stable radicals and thermally robust high-spin di- and triradicals have emerged as important organic materials due to their promising applications in diverse fields. New fundamental properties, such as SOMO/HOMO inversion of orbital energies, are explored for the design of new stable radicals, including highly luminescent ones with good photostability. A relation with the singlet-triplet energy gap in the corresponding diradicals is proposed. Thermally robust high-spin di- and triradicals, with energy gaps that are comparable to or greater than a thermal energy at room temperature, are more challenging to synthesize but more rewarding. We summarize a number of high-spin di- and triradicals, based on nitronyl nitroxides that provide a relation between the experimental pairwise exchange coupling constant J/k in the high-spin species vs experimental hyperfine coupling constants in the corresponding monoradicals. This relation allows us to identify outliers, which may correspond to radicals where J/k is not measured with sufficient accuracy. Double helical high-spin diradicals, in which spin density is delocalized over the chiral π-system, have been barely explored, with the sole example of such high-spin diradical possessing alternant π-system with Kekulé resonance form. Finally, we discuss a high-spin diradical with electrical conductivity and derivatives of triangulene diradicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Shu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0304, United States
| | - Zhimin Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0304, United States
| | - Andrzej Rajca
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0304, United States
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10
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Harada K, Hasegawa C, Matsumoto T, Sugishita H, Kitamura C, Higashibayashi S, Hasegawa M, Suzuki S, Kato SI. A double-helical S,C-bridged tetraphenyl- para-phenylenediamine and its persistent radical cation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:1301-1304. [PMID: 36633220 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc06144a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A structurally constrained, double-helical S,C-bridged tetraphenyl-para-phenylenediamine (TPPD) has been synthesized. The stable radical cation of the S,C-bridged TPPD was generated by chemical oxidation, and the electron spin was found to be delocalized over the entire π-conjugated framework. The excellent conformational stability of the neutral molecule facilitated the separation of its enantiomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaho Harada
- Department of Materials Science, School of Engineering, The University of Shiga Prefecture, 2500 Hassaka-cho, Hikone, Shiga 522-8533, Japan.
| | - Chika Hasegawa
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Taisuke Matsumoto
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering (IMCE), Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga-koh-en, Kasuga 816-8580, Japan
| | - Hiroki Sugishita
- Department of Materials Science, School of Engineering, The University of Shiga Prefecture, 2500 Hassaka-cho, Hikone, Shiga 522-8533, Japan.
| | - Chitoshi Kitamura
- Department of Materials Science, School of Engineering, The University of Shiga Prefecture, 2500 Hassaka-cho, Hikone, Shiga 522-8533, Japan.
| | - Shuhei Higashibayashi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30, Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Masashi Hasegawa
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Shuichi Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Kato
- Department of Materials Science, School of Engineering, The University of Shiga Prefecture, 2500 Hassaka-cho, Hikone, Shiga 522-8533, Japan.
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11
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Moss A, Jang Y, Arvidson J, Nesterov VN, D'Souza F, Wang H. Aromatic heterobicycle-fused porphyrins: impact on aromaticity and excited state electron transfer leading to long-lived charge separation. Chem Sci 2022; 13:9880-9890. [PMID: 36199634 PMCID: PMC9431455 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc03238d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A new synthetic method to fuse benzo[4,5]imidazo[2,1-a]isoindole to the porphyrin periphery at the β,β-positions has been developed, and its impact on the aromaticity and electronic structures is investigated. Reactivity investigation of the fused benzoimidazo-isoindole component reveals fluorescence quenching of a zinc porphyrin (AMIm-2) upon treatment with a Brønsted acid. The reaction of the zinc porphyrin (AMIm-2) with methyl iodide initiated a new organic transformation, resulting in the ring-opening of isoindole with the formation of an aldehyde and dimethylation of the benzoimidazo component. The fused benzoimidazo-isoindole component acted as a good ligand to bind platinum(ii), forming novel homobimetallic and heterobimetallic porphyrin complexes. The fusion of benzoimidazo-isoindole on the porphyrin ring resulted in bathochromically shifted absorptions and emissions, reflecting the extended conjugation of the porphyrin π-system. Time-resolved emission and transient absorption spectroscopy revealed stable excited state species of the benzoimidazo-isoindole fused porphyrins. Zinc porphyrin AMIm-2 promoted excited state electron transfer upon coordinating with an electron acceptor, C60, generating a long-lived charge-separated state, in the order of 37.4 μs. The formation of the exceptionally long-lived charge-separated state is attributed to the involvement of both singlet and triplet excited states of AMIm-2, which is rarely reported in porphyrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austen Moss
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas 1155 Union Circle, #305070 Denton TX 76203-5017 USA
| | - Youngwoo Jang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas 1155 Union Circle, #305070 Denton TX 76203-5017 USA
| | - Jacob Arvidson
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas 1155 Union Circle, #305070 Denton TX 76203-5017 USA
| | - Vladimir N Nesterov
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas 1155 Union Circle, #305070 Denton TX 76203-5017 USA
| | - Francis D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas 1155 Union Circle, #305070 Denton TX 76203-5017 USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas 1155 Union Circle, #305070 Denton TX 76203-5017 USA
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12
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Moss A, Nevonen DE, Hu Y, Nesterov VN, Nemykin VN, Wang H. Unsymmetric Pentacene- and Pentacenequinone-Fused Porphyrins: Understanding the Effect of Cross- and Linear-Conjugation. ACS PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY AU 2022; 2:468-481. [PMID: 36855607 PMCID: PMC9955193 DOI: 10.1021/acsphyschemau.2c00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Unsymmetric pentacenequinone-fused (cross-conjugated) and pentacene-fused (linear-conjugated) porphyrins were designed and synthesized. The cross-conjugated (AM 1 -AM 3 ) and linear-conjugated (AM 5 -AM 7 ) porphyrins displayed strikingly different sets of optical and electronic properties, both of which are unusual and nontypical of porphyrins. MCD, DFT, and TDDFT calculations suggest that multiple charge transfer states exist in both π-conjugated systems, which contributes to the complex absorption and MCD spectra of these molecular systems. The general Gouterman's four-orbital model used to explain porphyrin spectroscopy led to contradicting theoretical and experimental data, and is thus not applicable for these molecular systems. The "2 + 4" and "3 + 3" active spaces have been deduced and have proven effective to interpret the absorption and MCD spectra of the pentacenequinone-fused (cross-conjugated) and pentacene-fused (linear-conjugated) porphyrins, respectively. Spectroelectrochemistry of AM 5 -AM 7 revealed broad and intense IR absorptions in the range of 1500-2500 nm, illustrating the exceptional ability of these pentacene-fused systems to accommodate positive charges. A pronounced metal effect was observed for pentacene-fused porphyrins. While pentacene-fused Ni(II) porphyrin (AM6 ) demonstrated an abnormal ability to stabilize pentacene with a half-life of >28.3 days, the half-life of the free base and Zn(II) counterparts were normal, similar to those of pentacene analogues. This work provides important and useful information on guiding new material designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austen Moss
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
| | - Dustin E. Nevonen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Yi Hu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
| | - Vladimir N. Nesterov
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
| | - Victor N. Nemykin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada,Department
of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, 552 Buehler Hall, 1420 Circle Dr., Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1600, United States,
| | - Hong Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States,
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13
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Ishizuka T, Kojima T. Recent Development of π-Expanded Porphyrin Derivatives by Peripheral Ring Fusion. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2022. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.80.583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Ishizuka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba
| | - Takahiko Kojima
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba
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14
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Silber V, Gruber N, Jean M, Vanthuyne N, Ruppert R. Synthesis of a helicene-fused porphyrin leading to a π-extended chiral chromophore. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:6012-6015. [PMID: 35485612 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc01475k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The preparation of several covalently linked [6]-helicene-porphyrins is reported. A fused [6]-helicene-porphyrin π-extended aromatic system was isolated, the enantiomers separated and the chiroptical properties determined. The oxidative cyclodehydrogenation proved to be very effective for six-membered fused helical systems, but not suited for the formation of five-membered fused systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Silber
- Institut de Chimie, UMR CNRS 7177, Institut Le Bel, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Nathalie Gruber
- Fédération de Chimie Le Bel, FR 2010, BP 296R8, 1 rue Blaise Pascal, 67008, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Marion Jean
- Aix Marseille Univ, UMR CNRS 7313, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, 13397, Marseille cedex 20, France
| | - Nicolas Vanthuyne
- Aix Marseille Univ, UMR CNRS 7313, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, 13397, Marseille cedex 20, France
| | - Romain Ruppert
- Institut de Chimie, UMR CNRS 7177, Institut Le Bel, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000, Strasbourg, France.
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15
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Borissov A, Maurya YK, Moshniaha L, Wong WS, Żyła-Karwowska M, Stępień M. Recent Advances in Heterocyclic Nanographenes and Other Polycyclic Heteroaromatic Compounds. Chem Rev 2022; 122:565-788. [PMID: 34850633 PMCID: PMC8759089 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This review surveys recent progress in the chemistry of polycyclic heteroaromatic molecules with a focus on structural diversity and synthetic methodology. The article covers literature published during the period of 2016-2020, providing an update to our first review of this topic (Chem. Rev. 2017, 117 (4), 3479-3716).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Marcin Stępień
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet
Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
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16
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Kumar R, Chandra S, Nayak MK, Singha Hazari A, Elvers BJ, Schulzke C, Sarkar B, Jana A. An Air-Stable Alkene-Derived Organic Radical Cation. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:837-843. [PMID: 35036750 PMCID: PMC8757455 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Alkenes are known to undergo oxidation to radical cations and dications. The radical cations are often highly reactive and not stable under air. Herein, we report the synthesis, isolation, characterization, and molecular structure of an alkene-derived radical cation A, which is stable in air both in the solid state and in solution. The access to this compound was facilitated from E-diamino tri-substituted alkene B as a synthon for the synthesis of A through one-electron oxidation. The E-diamino tri-substituted alkene B was synthesized by the two-electron reduction of N,N'-1,2-propylene-bridged bis-2-phenyl-pyrrolinium cation C. Under two-electron oxidation, alkene B transforms back to cation C involving a double carbocation rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kumar
- Tata
Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Gopanpally, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Shubhadeep Chandra
- Universität
Stuttgart, Fakultät Chemie, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische
Koordinationschemie, Institut für
Anorganische Chemie, Pfaffenwaldring 55, Stuttgart D-70569, Germany
| | - Mithilesh Kumar Nayak
- Tata
Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Gopanpally, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Arijit Singha Hazari
- Universität
Stuttgart, Fakultät Chemie, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische
Koordinationschemie, Institut für
Anorganische Chemie, Pfaffenwaldring 55, Stuttgart D-70569, Germany
| | - Benedict J. Elvers
- Institut
für Biochemie, Universität
Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 4, Greifswald D-17489, Germany
| | - Carola Schulzke
- Institut
für Biochemie, Universität
Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 4, Greifswald D-17489, Germany
| | - Biprajit Sarkar
- Universität
Stuttgart, Fakultät Chemie, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische
Koordinationschemie, Institut für
Anorganische Chemie, Pfaffenwaldring 55, Stuttgart D-70569, Germany
| | - Anukul Jana
- Tata
Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Gopanpally, Hyderabad 500046, India
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17
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Aoki S, Tsurumaki E, Yamashina M, Wakamatsu K, Toyota S. Structure and Photophysical Properties of 1,1,2,2-Tetra(1-anthryl)ethane: A C(sp 3 )-C(sp 3 ) Bond Substituted with Four Anthracene Units. Chempluschem 2021; 87:e202100447. [PMID: 34811962 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202100447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The title aromatic compound comprising four anthracene units was synthesized by the McMurry coupling of di(1-anthryl) ketone as a hydrogenated product in 65 % yield. The molecule forms a C2 symmetric structure with the ap conformation about the C(sp3 )-C(sp3 ) single bond, as revealed by X-ray analysis and DFT calculations. The UV/vis and fluorescence spectra of this compound were compared with those of anthracene, di(1-anthryl)methane, and 1,2-di(1-anthryl)ethane. The fluorescence spectrum showed a broad emission band at 450 nm having a long lifetime at 21 ns, which was assignable to an excimer-type emission, in contrast to the other reference compounds. The characteristic photophysical property is discussed in terms of the molecular structure with the aid of the noncovalent interaction plots and the conformational analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Aoki
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Eiji Tsurumaki
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yamashina
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Kan Wakamatsu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridaicho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-0005, Japan
| | - Shinji Toyota
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
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18
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Dhbaibi K, Matozzo P, Abella L, Jean M, Vanthuyne N, Autschbach J, Favereau L, Crassous J. Exciton coupling chirality in helicene-porphyrin conjugates. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:10743-10746. [PMID: 34585176 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc03314j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Enantiopure helicene-porphyrin conjugates were prepared. They show strong changes in their circular dichroic response as compared to classical helicene derivatives, with highly intense bisignate Exciton Coupling (EC) signal and Δε values up to 680 M-1 cm-1 for the Soret band. They also display circularly polarized fluorescence in the (far-)red region, with dissymmetry factors up to 7 × 10-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kais Dhbaibi
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR - UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Paola Matozzo
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR - UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Laura Abella
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, USA.
| | - Marion Jean
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS Centrale Marseille, iSm2, 13284 Marseille, France
| | - Nicolas Vanthuyne
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS Centrale Marseille, iSm2, 13284 Marseille, France
| | - Jochen Autschbach
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, USA.
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19
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Bodzioch A, Pietrzak A, Kaszyński P. Axially Chiral Stable Radicals: Resolution and Characterization of Blatter Radical Atropisomers. Org Lett 2021; 23:7508-7512. [PMID: 34533961 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Atropisomers of three Blatter radicals were obtained by the addition of 8-substituted 1-naphthyllithiums to 3-phenyl and 3-t-butylbenzo[e][1,2,4]triazine and separated by chiral high-performance liquid chromatography. Their absolute configurations were assigned by a comparison of experimental and time-dependent density functional theory calculated electronic circular dichroism spectra. The free energy of activation, ΔG‡298, and the half life of racemization, t1/2, at 298 K were determined at ∼25 kcal mol-1 and <130 h, respectively. Intramolecular π-π interactions in radicals were evident from single-crystal X-ray diffraction, density functional theory, and electrochemical analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Bodzioch
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, 90-363 Łódź, Poland
| | - Anna Pietrzak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Łódź University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-024 Łódź, Poland
| | - Piotr Kaszyński
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, 90-363 Łódź, Poland.,Faculty of Chemistry, University of Łódź, 91-403 Łódź, Poland.,Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee 37132, United States
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20
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Georg I, Bursch M, Endeward B, Bolte M, Lerner HW, Grimme S, Wagner M. The power of trichlorosilylation: isolable trisilylated allyl anions, allyl radicals, and allenyl anions. Chem Sci 2021; 12:12419-12428. [PMID: 34603672 PMCID: PMC8480423 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03958j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of hexachloropropene (Cl2C
Created by potrace 1.16, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2019
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C(Cl)–CCl3) with Si2Cl6 and [nBu4N]Cl (1 : 4 : 1) in CH2Cl2 results in a quantitative conversion to the trisilylated, dichlorinated allyl anion salt [nBu4N][Cl2CC(SiCl3)–C(SiCl3)2] ([nBu4N][1]). Tetrachloroallene Cl2CCCCl2 was identified as the first intermediate of the reaction cascade. In the solid state, [1]− adopts approximate Cs symmetry with a dihedral angle between the planes running through the olefinic and carbanionic fragments of [1]− of CC–Si//Si–C–Si = 78.3(1)°. One-electron oxidation of [nBu4N][1] with SbCl5 furnishes the distillable blue radical 1˙. The neutral propene Cl2CC(SiCl3)–C(SiCl3)2H (2) was obtained by (i) protonation of [1]− with HOSO2CF3 (HOTf) or (ii) H-atom transfer to 1˙ from 1,4-cyclohexadiene. Quantitative transformation of all three SiCl3 substituents in 2 to Si(OMe)3 (2OMe) or SiMe3 (2Me) substituents was achieved by using MeOH/NMe2Et or MeMgBr in CH2Cl2 or THF, respectively. Upon addition of 2 equiv. of tBuLi, 2Me underwent deprotonation with subsequent LiCl elimination, 1,2-SiMe3 migration and Cl/Li exchange to afford the allenyl lithium compound Me3Si(Li)CCC(SiMe3)2 (Li[4]), which is an efficient building block for the introduction of Me, SiMe3, or SnMe3 (5) groups. The trisilylated, monochlorinated allene Cl3Si(Cl)CCC(SiCl3)2 (6), was obtained from [nBu4N][1] through Cl−-ion abstraction with AlCl3 and rearrangement in CH2Cl2 (1˙ forms as a minor side product, likely because the system AlCl3/CH2Cl2 can also act as a one-electron oxidant). Treatment of hexachloropropene (Cl2CC(Cl)–CCl3) with Si2Cl6 and [nBu4N]Cl (1 : 4 : 1) in CH2Cl2 results in a quantitative conversion to the trisilylated, dichlorinated allyl anion salt [nBu4N][Cl2CC(SiCl3)–C(SiCl3)2] ([nBu4N][1]).![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Georg
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 D-60438 Frankfurt (Main) Germany
| | - Markus Bursch
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Bonn Beringstraße 4 53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Burkhard Endeward
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Str. 7 D-60438 Frankfurt (Main) Germany
| | - Michael Bolte
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 D-60438 Frankfurt (Main) Germany
| | - Hans-Wolfram Lerner
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 D-60438 Frankfurt (Main) Germany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Bonn Beringstraße 4 53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Matthias Wagner
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 D-60438 Frankfurt (Main) Germany
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21
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22
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Wang K, Liu P, Zhang F, Xu L, Zhou M, Nakai A, Kato K, Furukawa K, Tanaka T, Osuka A, Song J. A Robust Porphyrin-Stabilized Triplet Carbon Diradical. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:7002-7006. [PMID: 33393192 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202015356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of robust high-spin carbon radicals is an important topic in organic chemistry. Toward this end, several porphyrin-stabilized radicals have been systematically explored. A singly naphthalene-fused porphyrin radical was synthesized by a reaction sequence consisting of a Suzuki-Miyaura coupling of β-borylated porphyrin with 2-bromobenzaldehyde, addition of mesityl Grignard reagent, intramolecular Friedel-Crafts alkylation, and final oxidation with DDQ or tBuOK/O2 . This strategy was also used to synthesize doubly naphthalene-fused porphyrins and syn- and anti-fused-anthracene-bridged porphyrin dimers. While singly naphthalene-fused porphyrin radical has been shown to be a stable monoradical, doubly naphthalene-fused porphyrins and anti-fused-anthracene-bridged porphyrin dimers have been shown to be closed-shell molecules. Finally, the syn-dimer was characterized as a surprisingly stable radical (t1/2 =28 days under ambient air and at 80 °C) that is storable for more than several months, despite its high-spin triplet ground-state carbon diradical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisheng Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Pingting Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Fenni Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Ling Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Mingbo Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Akito Nakai
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kenichi Kato
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Ko Furukawa
- Center for Instrumental Analysis, Niigata University, Nishi-ku, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
| | - Takayuki Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Jianxin Song
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
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23
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Wang K, Liu P, Zhang F, Xu L, Zhou M, Nakai A, Kato K, Furukawa K, Tanaka T, Osuka A, Song J. A Robust Porphyrin‐Stabilized Triplet Carbon Diradical. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202015356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaisheng Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China) Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional molecules of Hunan Province Hunan Normal University Changsha 410081 China
| | - Pingting Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China) Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional molecules of Hunan Province Hunan Normal University Changsha 410081 China
| | - Fenni Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China) Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional molecules of Hunan Province Hunan Normal University Changsha 410081 China
| | - Ling Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China) Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional molecules of Hunan Province Hunan Normal University Changsha 410081 China
| | - Mingbo Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China) Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional molecules of Hunan Province Hunan Normal University Changsha 410081 China
| | - Akito Nakai
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Kyoto University Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Kenichi Kato
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Kyoto University Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Ko Furukawa
- Center for Instrumental Analysis Niigata University Nishi-ku Niigata 950-2181 Japan
| | - Takayuki Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Kyoto University Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China) Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional molecules of Hunan Province Hunan Normal University Changsha 410081 China
| | - Jianxin Song
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China) Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional molecules of Hunan Province Hunan Normal University Changsha 410081 China
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24
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Urbańska K, Farinone M, Pawlicki M. Changes in porphyrin’s conjugation based on synthetic and post-synthetic modifications. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2019-0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Porphyrins or more broadly defined porphyrinoids are the structures where the extended π-cloud can be significantly modified by several factors. The broad range of introduced structural motifs has shown a possibility of modification of conjugation by a controlled synthetic approach, leading to expected optical or magnetic behaviour, and also by post-synthetic modifications (i.e. redox or protonation/deprotonation), Both approaches lead to noticeab changes in observed properties but also open a potential for further utilization. Thus, this already constituted big family of macrocyclic structures with specific highly extended π-delocalization shows a significant contribution in several fields from fundamental studies, leading to understanding behaviour of skeletons like that with a substantial influence on biological studies and material science. The presented material focuses on the most significant examples of modifications of porphyrinoids skeleton leading to drastic changes in optical response and magnetic properties. Through the presentation, the focus will be placed on the changes leading to the most red-shifted transition as the parameter indicating extending the π-delocalization. Significantly different magnetic character will be also discussed based on the switching between aromatic/antiaromatic character assigned to macrocyclic structures that will be included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Urbańska
- Wydział Chemii , Uniwersytet Wrocławski , F. Joliot-Curie 14 , 50-383 Wrocław , Poland
| | - Marco Farinone
- Wydział Chemii , Uniwersytet Wrocławski , F. Joliot-Curie 14 , 50-383 Wrocław , Poland
| | - Miłosz Pawlicki
- Wydział Chemii , Uniwersytet Wrocławski , F. Joliot-Curie 14 , 50-383 Wrocław , Poland
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25
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Xiao X, Pedersen SK, Aranda D, Yang J, Wiscons RA, Pittelkow M, Steigerwald ML, Santoro F, Schuster NJ, Nuckolls C. Chirality Amplified: Long, Discrete Helicene Nanoribbons. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 143:983-991. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c11260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York 10027, United States
| | - Stephan K. Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York 10027, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Daniel Aranda
- Departamente de Quimica Fisica, Universidad de Malaga, Bulevar Louis Pasteur 31, Malaga 29010, Spain
- CNR-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organo Metallici (ICCOM-CNR), SS di Pisa, Area della Ricerca, via G. Moruzzi 1, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Jingjing Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York 10027, United States
| | - Ren A. Wiscons
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York 10027, United States
| | - Michael Pittelkow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | | | - Fabrizio Santoro
- CNR-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organo Metallici (ICCOM-CNR), SS di Pisa, Area della Ricerca, via G. Moruzzi 1, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Colin Nuckolls
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York 10027, United States
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26
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Hu Y, Thomas MB, Webre WA, Moss A, Jinadasa RGW, Nesterov VN, D'Souza F, Wang H. Nickel(II) Bisporphyrin‐Fused Pentacenes Exhibiting Abnormal High Stability. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202008076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Hu
- Department of Chemistry University of North Texas 1155 Union Circle, #305070 Denton TX 76203 USA
| | - Michael B. Thomas
- Department of Chemistry University of North Texas 1155 Union Circle, #305070 Denton TX 76203 USA
| | - Whitney A. Webre
- Department of Chemistry University of North Texas 1155 Union Circle, #305070 Denton TX 76203 USA
| | - Austen Moss
- Department of Chemistry University of North Texas 1155 Union Circle, #305070 Denton TX 76203 USA
| | - R. G. Waruna Jinadasa
- Department of Chemistry University of North Texas 1155 Union Circle, #305070 Denton TX 76203 USA
| | - Vladimir N. Nesterov
- Department of Chemistry University of North Texas 1155 Union Circle, #305070 Denton TX 76203 USA
| | - Francis D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry University of North Texas 1155 Union Circle, #305070 Denton TX 76203 USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Chemistry University of North Texas 1155 Union Circle, #305070 Denton TX 76203 USA
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27
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Muhammad Q, Pang W, Wang F, Tan C. Ortho-Functionalized Dibenzhydryl Substituents in α-Diimine Pd Catalyzed Ethylene Polymerization and Copolymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2509. [PMID: 33126562 PMCID: PMC7692462 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterically bulky diarylmethyl-based ligands have received increasing attention in the field of late-transition-metal catalyzed olefin polymerization. Ortho-substituents may have a significant impact on the performance of diarylmethyl-based α-diimine Pd catalysts. In this contribution, a series of α-diimine Pd catalysts bearing ortho-methoxyl/hydroxyl functionalized dibenzhydryl units were prepared, characterized, and investigated in ethylene polymerization and copolymerization with methyl acrylate (MA). The catalytic performances were improved by introducing more ortho-substituents. The catalysts exhibited good thermal stabilities at high temperatures, producing branched polyethylenes. The catalysts bearing hydroxyl groups possessing intramolecular H-bonding, resulted in slightly higher incorporation ratios of MA unit when compared with the catalysts bearing methoxyl groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qasim Muhammad
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui, Hefei 230601, China; (Q.M.); (W.P.)
| | - Wenmin Pang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui, Hefei 230601, China; (Q.M.); (W.P.)
| | - Fuzhou Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Anhui, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Chen Tan
- Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Anhui, Hefei 230601, China
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28
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Shaikh AC, Moutet J, Veleta JM, Hossain MM, Bloch J, Astashkin AV, Gianetti TL. Persistent, highly localized, and tunable [4]helicene radicals. Chem Sci 2020; 11:11060-11067. [PMID: 34123196 PMCID: PMC8162278 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04850j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent organic radicals have gained considerable attention in the fields of catalysis and materials science. In particular, helical molecules are of great interest for the development and application of novel organic radicals in optoelectronic and spintronic materials. Here we report the syntheses of easily tunable and stable neutral quinolinoacridine radicals under anaerobic conditions by chemical reduction of their quinolinoacridinium cation analogs. The structures of these [4]helicene radicals were determined by X-ray crystallography. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations, supported by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurements, indicate that over 40% of spin density is located at the central carbon of our [4]helicene radicals regardless of their structural modifications. The localization of the charge promotes a reversible oxidation to the cation upon exposure to air. This unusual reactivity toward molecular oxygen was monitored via UV-Vis spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslam C Shaikh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona Tucson AZ USA
| | - Jules Moutet
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona Tucson AZ USA
| | - José M Veleta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona Tucson AZ USA
| | - Md Mubarak Hossain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona Tucson AZ USA
| | - Jan Bloch
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich Zürich Switzerland
| | - Andrei V Astashkin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona Tucson AZ USA
| | - Thomas L Gianetti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona Tucson AZ USA
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29
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Tani F, Narita M, Murafuji T. Helicene Radicals: Molecules Bearing a Combination of Helical Chirality and Unpaired Electron Spin. Chempluschem 2020; 85:2093-2104. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fumito Tani
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering Kyushu University Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Masahiro Narita
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering Kyushu University Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Toshihiro Murafuji
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation Yamaguchi University Yamaguchi 753-8512 Japan
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30
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Hu Y, Thomas MB, Webre WA, Moss A, Jinadasa RGW, Nesterov VN, D'Souza F, Wang H. Nickel(II) Bisporphyrin-Fused Pentacenes Exhibiting Abnormal High Stability. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:20075-20082. [PMID: 32725753 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202008076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A series of largely π-extended multichromophoric molecules including cross-conjugated, half cross-conjugated, conjugation-interrupted and linearly conjugated systems were synthesized and characterized. These multichromophoric molecular systems revealed interesting structural-property relationships. Bisporphyrin-fused pentacenes Pen-1 b and Pen-2 a showed rich redox chemistry with 7 and 8 observable redox states, respectively. The linearly-conjugated bisporphyrin-fused pentacenes (Pen-1 b and Pen-2 a) possess much narrower HOMO-LUMO gaps (1.65 and 1.42 eV redox, respectively) and higher HOMO energy levels than those of their pentacene analogues (2.23 and 2.01 eV redox, respectively), similar to those of much less stable hexacenes and heptacenes. An estimated half-life of >945 h was obtained for bisporphyrin-fused pentacene Pen-2 a, which is much longer than that of its pentacene analogue (BPE-P, half-life, 33 h).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Michael B Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Whitney A Webre
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Austen Moss
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - R G Waruna Jinadasa
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Vladimir N Nesterov
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Francis D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
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31
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Kato K, Osuka A. Propeller-Shaped Semi-fused Porphyrin Trimers: Molecular-Symmetry-Dependent Chiroptical Response. Chemistry 2020; 26:10217-10221. [PMID: 32459376 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Triple helicene-like semi-fused trimeric NiII porphyrins were constructed by alkyne trimerization of an ethynyl-substituted porphyrin and subsequent three-fold Grignard addition to the formyl groups and acid-catalyzed intramolecular cyclization. The presence of stereogenic sp3 carbons in the central bridge leads to small inter-porphyrin conjugative interactions as was revealed by electrochemical and optical properties. Two diastereomers with stable chiral conformations were optically resolved, and the separated enantiomers displayed considerably intense circular dichroism. Importantly, the chiroptical response of C3 -symmetric helical isomer (|Δϵ|=830 m-1 cm-1 ) is 1.8 times amplified from that of C1 -symmetric one (|Δϵ|=470 m-1 cm-1 ). The observed amplification has been interpreted in terms of different spatial arrangements of the three porphyrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Kato
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Kato
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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33
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Schuster NJ, Joyce LA, Paley DW, Ng F, Steigerwald ML, Nuckolls C. The Structural Origins of Intense Circular Dichroism in a Waggling Helicene Nanoribbon. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:7066-7074. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c00646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Leo A. Joyce
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck and Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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34
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Yamamoto T, Kato K, Shimizu D, Tanaka T, Osuka A. Phenylene-bridged Porphyrin meso-Oxy Radical Dimers. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:4031-4034. [PMID: 31419053 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201901033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Stable meta- and para-phenylene bridged porphyrin meso-oxy radical dimers and their NiII and ZnII complexes were synthesized. All the dimers exhibited optical and electrochemical properties similar to the corresponding porphyrin meso-oxy radical monomers, indicating small electronic interaction between the two spins. Intramolecular spin-spin interaction through the π-spacer was determined to be J/kB =-15.9 K for m-phenylene bridged ZnII porphyrin dimer. The observed weak antiferromagnetic interaction has been attributed to less effective conjugation between the porphyrin radical and linking π-spacer due to large dihedral angle. In the case of ZnII complexes, both para- and meta-phenylene bridged dimers formed 1D-chain in solutions and in the solid states through Zn-O coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kenichi Kato
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Daiki Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Takayuki Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
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35
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Narita M, Teraoka T, Murafuji T, Shiota Y, Yoshizawa K, Mori S, Uno H, Kanegawa S, Sato O, Goto K, Tani F. An Azulene-Based Chiral Helicene and Its Air-Stable Cation Radical. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2019. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20190219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Narita
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takaaki Teraoka
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Murafuji
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8512, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Shiota
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kazunari Yoshizawa
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Shigeki Mori
- Advanced Research Support Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Hidemitsu Uno
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Shinji Kanegawa
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Osamu Sato
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kenta Goto
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Fumito Tani
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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36
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Shu C, Zhang H, Olankitwanit A, Rajca S, Rajca A. High-Spin Diradical Dication of Chiral π-Conjugated Double Helical Molecule. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:17287-17294. [PMID: 31596077 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b08711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We report an air-stable diradical dication of chiral D2-symmetric conjoined bis[5]diazahelicene with an unprecedented high-spin (triplet) ground state, singlet triplet energy gap, ΔEST = 0.3 kcal mol-1. The diradical dication possesses closed-shell (Kekulé) resonance forms with 16 π-electron perimeters. The diradical dication is monomeric in dibutyl phthalate (DBP) matrix at low temperatures, and it has a half-life of more than 2 weeks at ambient conditions in the presence of excess oxidant. A barrier of ∼35 kcal mol-1 has been experimentally determined for inversion of configuration in the neutral conjoined bis[5]diazahelicene, while the inversion barriers in its radical cation and diradical dication were predicted by the DFT computations to be within a few kcal mol-1 of that in the neutral species. Chiral HPLC resolution provides the chiral D2-symmetric conjoined bis[5]diazahelicene, enriched in (P,P)- or (M,M)-enantiomers. The enantiomerically enriched triplet diradical dication is configurationally stable for 48 h at room temperature, thus providing the lower limit for inversion barrier of configuration of 27 kcal mol-1. The enantiomers of conjoined bis[5]diazahelicene and its diradical dication show strong chirooptical properties that are comparable to [6]helicene or carbon-sulfur [7]helicene, as determined by the anisotropy factors, |g| = |Δε|/ε = 0.007 at 348 nm (neutral) and |g| = 0.005 at 385 nm (diradical dication). DFT computations of the radical cation suggest that SOMO and HOMO energy levels are near-degenerate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Shu
- Department of Chemistry , University of Nebraska , Lincoln , Nebraska 68588-0304 , United States
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Nebraska , Lincoln , Nebraska 68588-0304 , United States
| | - Arnon Olankitwanit
- Department of Chemistry , University of Nebraska , Lincoln , Nebraska 68588-0304 , United States
| | - Suchada Rajca
- Department of Chemistry , University of Nebraska , Lincoln , Nebraska 68588-0304 , United States
| | - Andrzej Rajca
- Department of Chemistry , University of Nebraska , Lincoln , Nebraska 68588-0304 , United States
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37
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Adinarayana B, Shimizu D, Furukawa K, Osuka A. Stable radical versus reversible σ-bond formation of (porphyrinyl)dicyanomethyl radicals. Chem Sci 2019; 10:6007-6012. [PMID: 31360409 PMCID: PMC6566382 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc01631g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
(Porphyrinyl)dicyanomethyl radicals were produced by oxidation of dicyanomethyl-substituted porphyrins with PbO2. These radicals constitute a rare example displaying stable radical versus dynamic covalent chemistry (DCC) depending upon the substitution position of the dicyanomethyl radical. meso-Dicyanomethyl-substituted radicals exist as stable monomeric species and do not undergo any dimerization processes either in the solid state or in solution. In contrast, β-dicyanomethyl-substituted radicals are isolated as σ-dimers that are stable in the solid-state but display reversible σ-dimerization behavior in solution; monomeric radical species exist predominantly at high temperatures, while σ-dimerization is favoured at low temperatures. This dynamic behaviour has been confirmed by variable-temperature 1H NMR, UV-vis and EPR measurements. The structures of the stable radical and σ-dimer have been revealed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The observed different reactivities of the two (porphyrinyl)dicyanomethyl radicals have been rationalized in terms of their spin delocalization behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Adinarayana
- Department of Chemistry , Graduate School of Science , Kyoto University , Sakyo-ku , Kyoto 606-8502 , Japan .
| | - Daiki Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry , Graduate School of Science , Kyoto University , Sakyo-ku , Kyoto 606-8502 , Japan .
| | - Ko Furukawa
- Centre for Instrumental Analysis , Niigata University , Nishiku , Niigata , 950-2181 , Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry , Graduate School of Science , Kyoto University , Sakyo-ku , Kyoto 606-8502 , Japan .
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38
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Kato K, Osuka A. meta
‐ and
para
‐Phenylenediamine‐Fused Porphyrin Dimers: Synthesis and Magnetic Interactions of Their Dication Diradicals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:8546-8550. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201901939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Kato
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceKyoto University Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceKyoto University Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
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39
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Kato K, Osuka A. meta
‐ and
para
‐Phenylenediamine‐Fused Porphyrin Dimers: Synthesis and Magnetic Interactions of Their Dication Diradicals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201901939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Kato
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceKyoto University Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceKyoto University Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
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40
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Kato
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceKyoto University Oiwake-cho, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceKyoto University Oiwake-cho, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
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41
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Kato K, Osuka A. Platforms for Stable Carbon‐Centered Radicals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:8978-8986. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201900307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Kato
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceKyoto University Oiwake-cho, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceKyoto University Oiwake-cho, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
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42
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Adinarayana B, Shimizu D, Osuka A. Stable (BIII
-Subporphyrin-5-yl)dicyanomethyl Radicals. Chemistry 2019; 25:1706-1710. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bellamkonda Adinarayana
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Daiki Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
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43
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Maeda C, Tanaka Y, Shirakawa T, Ema T. Synthesis and electronic properties of π-expanded carbazole-based porphyrins. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:10162-10165. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc05079e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral π-expansion of carbazole-based porphyrins was achieved for the first time by the Pt-catalyzed cyclization and the incorporation of a benzocarbazole unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Maeda
- Division of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology
- Okayama University
- Tsushima
- Japan
| | - Yumi Tanaka
- Division of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology
- Okayama University
- Tsushima
- Japan
| | - Takuma Shirakawa
- Division of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology
- Okayama University
- Tsushima
- Japan
| | - Tadashi Ema
- Division of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology
- Okayama University
- Tsushima
- Japan
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44
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Kato K, Furukawa K, Osuka A. A Stable Trimethylenemethane Triplet Diradical Based on a Trimeric Porphyrin Fused π-System. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201804644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Kato
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Ko Furukawa
- Center for Instrumental Analysis; Niigata University; Nishi-ku Niigata 950-2181 Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
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45
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Kato K, Furukawa K, Osuka A. A Stable Trimethylenemethane Triplet Diradical Based on a Trimeric Porphyrin Fused π-System. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:9491-9494. [PMID: 29858542 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201804644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Trimethylenemethane (TMM) diradical is the simplest non-Kekulé non-disjoint molecule with the triplet ground state (ΔEST =+16.1 kcal mol-1 ) and is extremely reactive. It is a challenge to design and synthesize a stable TMM diradical with key properties, such as actual aliphatic TMM diradical centers and the triplet ground state with a large positive ΔEST value, since such species provide detailed information on the electronic structure of TMM diradical. Herein we report a TMM derivative, in which the TMM segment is fused with three NiII meso-triarylporphyrins, that satisfies the above criteria. The diradical shows delocalized spin density on the propeller-like porphyrin π-network and the triplet ground state owing to the strong ferromagnetic interaction. Despite the apparent TMM structure, the diradical can be handled under ambient conditions and can be stored for months in the solid state, thus allowing its X-ray diffraction structural analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Kato
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Ko Furukawa
- Center for Instrumental Analysis, Niigata University, Nishi-ku, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
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Szyszko B, Przewoźnik M, Białek MJ, Białońska A, Chmielewski PJ, Cichos J, Latos-Grażyński L. Helicenophyrins: Expanded Carbaporphyrins Incorporating Aza[5]helicene and Heptacyclic S-Shaped Aza[5]helicene Motifs. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201800879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Szyszko
- Department of Chemistry; University of Wrocław; 14 F. Joliot-Curie St. 50-383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Monika Przewoźnik
- Department of Chemistry; University of Wrocław; 14 F. Joliot-Curie St. 50-383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Michał J. Białek
- Department of Chemistry; University of Wrocław; 14 F. Joliot-Curie St. 50-383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Agata Białońska
- Department of Chemistry; University of Wrocław; 14 F. Joliot-Curie St. 50-383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Piotr J. Chmielewski
- Department of Chemistry; University of Wrocław; 14 F. Joliot-Curie St. 50-383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Jakub Cichos
- Department of Chemistry; University of Wrocław; 14 F. Joliot-Curie St. 50-383 Wrocław Poland
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Szyszko B, Przewoźnik M, Białek MJ, Białońska A, Chmielewski PJ, Cichos J, Latos-Grażyński L. Helicenophyrins: Expanded Carbaporphyrins Incorporating Aza[5]helicene and Heptacyclic S-Shaped Aza[5]helicene Motifs. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:4030-4034. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201800879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Szyszko
- Department of Chemistry; University of Wrocław; 14 F. Joliot-Curie St. 50-383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Monika Przewoźnik
- Department of Chemistry; University of Wrocław; 14 F. Joliot-Curie St. 50-383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Michał J. Białek
- Department of Chemistry; University of Wrocław; 14 F. Joliot-Curie St. 50-383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Agata Białońska
- Department of Chemistry; University of Wrocław; 14 F. Joliot-Curie St. 50-383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Piotr J. Chmielewski
- Department of Chemistry; University of Wrocław; 14 F. Joliot-Curie St. 50-383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Jakub Cichos
- Department of Chemistry; University of Wrocław; 14 F. Joliot-Curie St. 50-383 Wrocław Poland
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Shimizu D, Osuka A. A Benzene-1,3,5-Triaminyl Radical Fused with ZnII
-Porphyrins: Remarkable Stability and a High-Spin Quartet Ground State. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201801080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
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Shimizu D, Osuka A. A Benzene-1,3,5-Triaminyl Radical Fused with Zn II -Porphyrins: Remarkable Stability and a High-Spin Quartet Ground State. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:3733-3736. [PMID: 29442422 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201801080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A benzene-1,3,5-triaminyl radical fused with three ZnII -porphyrins was synthesized through a three-fold oxidative fusion reaction of 1,3,5-tris(ZnII -porphyrinylamino)benzene followed by oxidation with PbO2 as key steps. This triaminyl radical has been shown to possess a quartet ground state with a doublet-quartet energy gap of 3.1 kJ mol-1 by superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) studies. Despite its high-spin nature, this triradical is remarkably stable, which allows its separation and recrystallization under ambient conditions. Moreover, this triradical can be stored as a solid for more than one year without serious deterioration. The high stability of the triradical is attributed to effective spin delocalization over the porphyrin segments and steric protection at the nitrogen centers and the porphyrin meso positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
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Shimizu D, Osuka A. Porphyrinoids as a platform of stable radicals. Chem Sci 2018; 9:1408-1423. [PMID: 29675188 PMCID: PMC5892410 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc05210c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-innocent ligand nature of porphyrins was observed for compound I in enzymatic cycles of cytochrome P450. Such porphyrin radicals were first regarded as reactive intermediates in catabolism, but recent studies have revealed that porphyrinoids, including porphyrins, ring-contracted porphyrins, and ring-expanded porphyrins, display excellent radical-stabilizing abilities to the extent that radicals can be handled like usual closed-shell organic molecules. This review surveys four types of stable porphyrinoid radical and covers their synthetic methods and properties such as excellent redox properties, NIR absorption, and magnetic properties. The radical-stabilizing abilities of porphyrinoids stem from their unique macrocyclic conjugated systems with high electronic and structural flexibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry , Graduate School of Science , Kyoto University , Kyoto 606-8502 , Japan .
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry , Graduate School of Science , Kyoto University , Kyoto 606-8502 , Japan .
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